Екзамен Англ

A specimen presents an endocrine system organ covered with capsule made of connective tissue. Septa branch off from the capsule inwards and divide the organ into lobules. Each lobule consists of two cell types: neurosecretory pinealocytes (polygonal cells with processes) located in the center and gliacytes (astrocytes) located at the periphery. What organ is represented in this specimen?

A diver that submerged to the depth of 75 meters detected signs of CNS functional disturbance: excitation, lapse of concentration, euphoria leading to professional errors. What substance has toxic effect on the neurons, thus leading to the development of these signs?

A person in the state of nervous tension develops transverse wrinkles on the forehead. What muscle contracts to produce this result?

Autopsy of a man with tuberculosis has revealed a 3x2 cm large cavity in the superior lobe of the right lung. The cavity was interconnected with a bronchus, its wall was dense and consisted of three layers: the internal layer was pyogenic, the middle layer was made of tuberculous granulation tissue and the external one was made of connective

tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient diagnosed with botulism has been prescribed antibotulinic serum for treatment. What immunity will be formed in the given patient?

Roentgenologically confirmed obstruction of common bile duct resulted in preventing bile from inflowing to the duodenum. What process is likely to be disturbed?

A patient with a nasal trauma presents with

skull fracture that circles the piriform opening

What bone is damaged?

Auscultation reveals that in the patient's II

intercostal space along the parasternal line on the

right the II heart sound is better heard than the I

heart sound. What valve produces this sound when

closing?

Micromanipulator was used to extract one of the two centrioles of centrosome (cell center) fromhepatocyte (liver cell). What process will STOP OCCURRING in this cell?

An 84-year-old patient suffers from parkinsonism One of the pathogenetic development elements of this disease is deficiency of a certain mediator in some of the brain structures. Name this mediator

To test teeth sensitivity they are sprayed with cold or hot water. What structure of cerebral cortex provides subjective estimation of this thermal test?

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex with several functionally linked coenzymes. Name this

complex:

A 55-year-old man was diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Name the main mechanism of anemia development in this case:

Erythrocytes of the patient with hemolytic anemia present with significant decrease of pyruvate kinase activity. What methabolic process is disturbed in this case?

In dental practice atropine sulfate is used to decrease salivation. This drug belongs to the

following group:

On microscopic examination of leftovers of the canned meat eaten by a patient with severe food toxicoinfection the following was detected: grampositive bacilli with subterminal staining defect and configuration alteration of bacilli generally resembling a tennis racket. What agent was detected?

A patient with displaced fracture of the

right coronoid process of mandible has been delivered to a first-aid center. What muscle had displaced the coronoid process?

A patient with parodontosis was prescribed a fat-soluble vitamin that actively participates in redox processes in the organism. This antioxidant is a growth factor, has antixerophthalmic action, and contributes to maintenance of normal vision. In dental practice it is used to accelerate mucosal re-epithelization during parodontosis. Name this substance:

Cells of sensory spinal ganglions are a part of reflex arches. What type of neurons are these cells?

To take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, a doctor makes a puncture into subarachnoid space. To prevent damage to the spinal cord, the needle must be inserted between the

two following vertebrae:

Chronic overdosage of glucocorticoids leads to the development of hyperglycemia. What process of carbohydrate metabolism is responsible for this effect?

According to the data collected by WHO researchers, every year there are approximately 250 millon malaria cases occur in the world. This disease can be encountered predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. The spread of this disease matches the natural habitat of the following

genus of mosquitoes:

An experimental animal, a dog, received a weak solution of hydrochloric acid through a tube inserted into the duodenum. Primarily it will result in increased secretion of the following hormone:

A man, who for a long time has been

suffering from chronic mandibular osteomyelitis,

died of chronic kidney disease. Autopsy revealed

large lardaceous kidneys. What process had

occurred in the kidneys?

A woman presents with edemas. In her urine there is a large amount of protein excreted What nephron segment is functionally disturbed in this case?

A patient presents with disturbed patency of the airways at the level of small and medium bronchial rubes. What acidbase imbalance can the

patient develop?

A child with signs of rickets has been prescribed a certain liposoluble vitamin drug by the pediatrician and dentist. This drug affects the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the body and facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine. If its content in the body is insufficient, there develop disorders of ossification process, dental structure, and occlusion. Name this drug:

Beriberi is a classical example of thiamine deficiency. Active form of this vitamin is synthesized by an enzyme belonging to the following group:

A patient came to the doctor with complaints of general weakness and sleep disturbances. Objectively the patient's skin is yellow. In blood there is increased concentration of direct bilirubin and bile acids. Acholic stool is observed. What condition can be characterized by these changes?

A woman complains of painful chewing, especilly when she moves her lower jaw backwards. What muscles are affected?

A patient with acute pancreatitis presents with significantly increased urine diastase content. What proteolysis inhibitor must be included into complex therapy of this patient?

Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain parasitic protozoa. It is established that they belong to the Sarcodina class. Specify these protozoa:

In the course of experiment it is necessary

to detect muscle excitation. For this purpose the

following measurement should be made:

A 50-year-old man, who has been suffering for a long time from viral hepatitis, developed mental impairments, impairments consciousness, and motor disturbances (tremor, ataxia, etc.). What is the mechanism of such condition? of

A lancelet embryo is at the developmental stage during which its cells multiply, while its general volume remains practically unchanged. What developmental stage is it?

To treat osteomyelitis, a patient was

prescribed an antibiotic that easily penetrates into

bone tissue. Name this drug:

A patient presents with osteoporosis; hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia are observed in the patient's blood. What is the cause of this condition?

Breakdown of cyclic monophosphate (CAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) into simple, non-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates is catalyzed by the following enzyme:

A dental patient was prescribed a psychosedative for his fear of pain. What drug would be the most effective in this case?

A 30-year-old woman complains of intense thirst and dryness of the mouth that developed after a severe emotional shock. Laboratory analysis revealed increase of the patient's blood sugar level up to 10 mmol/L. What endocrine gland is affected in the patient?

In the course of experiment the vagus nerve of the test animal was severed, which resulted in the animal developing constant tachycardia. What effect of parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac performance is demonstrated by this experiment?

A patient with dislocated jaw was given a Іноземна мова/ 1 курс 1 семестр/ іспит

short-acting muscle relaxant by a doctor. Name this drug:

During autopsy of the patient, who died of cardiovascular insufficiency, the patient's right foot is darkly colored. The vessels of the patient's thigh. are partially obstructed by grayish-red clots. On the vessel walls there are yellowish-gray spots and fibrous plaques, some of which are of stony density. What clinicopathological type of atherosclerosis was complicated in the patient?

Biological material taken from a patient contains several species of microorganisms (staphylococci and streptococci) that are causative agents of the patient's disease. Name this type of infection

A patient complains of frequent bowel movements and stool with blood admixtures ("raspberry jelly" stool). Microscopic examination revealed large mononuclear cells with absorbed red blood cells. What protozoon is this morphological structure typical of?

When determining comparative tissue radiosensitivity, it was revealed that different tissues have different level of sensitivity toward ionizing radiation. What tissue of those listed below is the most radiosensitive?

A 45-year-old man with a history of left-sided croupous pneumonia died of multiple traumas received as the result of a car accident. On autopsy in the lower lobe of his left lung its posterolateral wall is attached to the chest wall with fibrous adhesions. The lobe is diminished, dense, fleshy on section, grayish-pink in color; its pieces sink, when placed in water. Histological analysis reveals diffuse excessive growth of fibrous connective tissue in these areas. Name this complication of croupous pneumonia:

Due to sustained trauma the patient presents with unevenly dilated pupils (anisocoria). What muscle is blocked?

A patient suffering from acute bronchitis

with difficult expectoration was prescribed acetylcysteine. What drug action will provide curative effect?

A 26-year-old woman presents with skin rashes and itching after eating citrus fruits. Prescribe her a drug that is an Hihistamine receptor

antagonist.

A 67-year-old man was delivered to a cardiology department with complaints of periodical pains in his heart, dyspnea caused by even slight exertion, cyanosis and edemas. ECG shows additional excitations of heart ventricles. Name this type of rhythm disturbance:

After spinal trauma the patient presents with absence of voluntary movements and tendon reflexes; sensitivity is retained only in the lower extremities. What is the mechanism of these disturbances and what part of the spine was injured?

On autopsy of a 69-year-old woman, who for a long time had been suffering from hypertension, the pathologist determined that both of her kidneys are dense, markedly diminished with finegrained surface. These changes are indicative of:

It is known that in metabolism of catecholamine mediators the special role belongs to monoamine oxidase (MAO). How does this enzyme activate these mediators (noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine)?

A 60-year-old with hepatocirrhosis developed hemorrhagic syndrome. What mechanism leads to the development of this condition?

A 55-year-old man with acute heart failure has been administered a quickrelief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?

On histological examination of biopsy material taken from the liver of a woman, who for a long time had been suffering from viral hepatitis type B, the pathologist detected diffuse hepatic fibrosis with formation of porto-portal and portocentral fibrotic septa and disturbance of the liver lobular structure (development of pseudolobules). What process can be characterized by the given morphological changes?

Autopsy of a 7-year-old child, who died of uncompensated congenital heart disease, revealed increase in mass and volume of the thymus. On

microscopy thymus structure is normal. What pathologic process had occurred in the thymus?

The patient exhausted by starvation presents with intensification of the following process in the liver and kidneys:

On tooth section in the area of the root apex there is a tissue consisting of cells with processes surrounded by mineralized intercellular substance. Name this tissue:

At the end of winter a student, who had

been lately in the state of nervous tension,

developed a case of URTI after overexposure to

cold. What is the case of this disease?

A 3-year-old child presents with facial deformation that was gradually developing over the course of 6 months and manifests as symmetrical enlargement of both mandibular angles. Microscopy shows the space between the bone trabeculae to be filled with connective tissue that contains mumerous blood vessels and smaller primitive bone trabeculae. What disease is the most likely in this case?

During cell analysis, their cytoplasm was determined to have high content of aminoscyl tRNA synthetase. This enzyme ensures the following process:

Autopsy of a man who died of ethylene glycol poisoning revealed that his kidneys are slightly enlarged, edematic; their capsule can be

easily removed. Cortical substance is broad and light gray. Medullary substance is dark red. What pathology did this man develop?

Autopsy of a 46-year-old man, who had untreated enteric infection and died of sepsis, revealed the following: perirectal phlegmon, multiple ulcers of the rectum and sigmoid colon some of which are perforated; mucosa of these intestinal segments is thickened and covered with firmly attached grayish films. What is the most likely disease in this case?

Autopsy of a 52-year-old man revealed changes in his lungs: there is a segmented area of caseous necrosis in the upper right lung, the segments merge with each other. The lung is enlarged, dense, yellowishcolored on section, there are fibrinous films on the pleura. Name the type of tuberculosis:

What enzyme has demineralization effect,

i. e. intensifies decomposition of mineral

components of the tooth tissues?

During thermal stimulation it is characteristic of oral cavity blood vessels to:

30 minutes after dental treatment the patient developed red itching spots on the face and oral mucosa. The patient was diagnosed with urticaria. What bioactive substance with vasodilating and pruriginous effect is produced during this type of allergic reaction?

A slide mount of an ovary presents a rounded structure with glandular cells that contain lipid droplets. Name this structure:

Increased stumulation rate of isolated

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heart of a rabbit leads to incomplete relaxation of the heart ventricles due to:

To determine functional state of the patient's liver, the analysis of animal indican excreted with urine was conducted. This substance is produced in the process of detoxification of putrefaction products of a certain amino acid, which takes place in the large intestine. Name this amino acid:

During examination a neurologist taps the

tendon under the patient's kneecap with a reflex

hammer to evaluate reflex extension of the Inee.

This response is provoked by stimulation of the

following receptors:

A patient complains of acute spastic abdominal pain, frequent urge to defecate, liquid bloody feces with mucus. Laboratory analysis of fecal smear revealed inconstant in shape organisms with erythrocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A microspecimen of heart shows rectangular cells from 50 to 120 micrometer in size with central position of nucleus and developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by intercalated discs. These cells are responsible for the following function

To treat tuberculosis, an antibiotic that colors urine red is prescribed. Name this antibiotic:

Various types of muscle contractions occurring in the alimentary canal of a test animal were studied and their different functional purposes were determined. It was noted that only one type of motor activity occurred in the circular and longitudinal muscles. Name this motor activity:

The patient, who for a long time has been keeping to an unbalanced lowprotein diet, developed fatty liver infiltration. Name the substance, absence of which in the diet can lead to this condition:

After a traffic accident a man presents with severe blood loss, consciousness disturbance, low blood pressure, as well as compensatory activation of the reninangiotensin system, which results in.

Examination of a patient revealed glycosuria and hyperglycemia. He complains of dry mouth, itchy skin, frequent urination, thirst. He has

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been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What is the cause of polyuria in this patient?