І етап всеукраїнської олімпіади з англійської мови 2023-2024

STEP 1 - Read the following article: 

Swimming under Antarctic Ice (melting glaciers/ climate change)

Fifty-year-old Lewis Pugh says he was terrified when he plunged into the water of East Antarctica in nothing but swim briefs, a swim cap and goggles. He was even more terrified when he swam below the Antarctic ice sheet, through melting tunnels -- though he said it was the most beautiful swim he's ever done.

Pugh is known for swimming in Arctic water to raise awareness for climate change, but on January 23, he became the first person to swim in a supraglacial lake -- a lake that has formed on top of a glacier because of melting ice.

"(The swim) was terrifying for a number of reasons," Pugh told CNN. "First, the water is so cold for a swimmer. It was 0 degrees centigrade, just above freezing. But also, it illustrates very very graphically what is happening in East Antarctica."

The point he was trying to make, he said, is that it shouldn't be possible to do the swim, but it is because of cracks in the glacier.

Pugh said he was motivated by a September 2019 study in the journal Scientific Reports that discovered more than 65,000 supraglacial lakes on East Antarctica's ice sheet. The study explains that supraglacial water is concerning because it can pour into cracks, fracturing glaciers and speeding up glacier melting and sea level rise.

This alarms Pugh, who says climate change is already moving rapidly. He says he wants immediate action at this November's climate change negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland, which is why he chose to go swimming in an area that he calls "the front line of climate change."

"I'm saying to world leaders please, come to Glasgow, come there with a lot of ambition," Pugh said, "Step up, or step aside, because we simply don't have any more time on our hands."

STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1. A supraglacial lake forms because of ________________.

STEP 1 - Read the following article: 

Swimming under Antarctic Ice (melting glaciers/ climate change)

Fifty-year-old Lewis Pugh says he was terrified when he plunged into the water of East Antarctica in nothing but swim briefs, a swim cap and goggles. He was even more terrified when he swam below the Antarctic ice sheet, through melting tunnels -- though he said it was the most beautiful swim he's ever done.

Pugh is known for swimming in Arctic water to raise awareness for climate change, but on January 23, he became the first person to swim in a supraglacial lake -- a lake that has formed on top of a glacier because of melting ice.

"(The swim) was terrifying for a number of reasons," Pugh told CNN. "First, the water is so cold for a swimmer. It was 0 degrees centigrade, just above freezing. But also, it illustrates very very graphically what is happening in East Antarctica."

The point he was trying to make, he said, is that it shouldn't be possible to do the swim, but it is because of cracks in the glacier.

Pugh said he was motivated by a September 2019 study in the journal Scientific Reports that discovered more than 65,000 supraglacial lakes on East Antarctica's ice sheet. The study explains that supraglacial water is concerning because it can pour into cracks, fracturing glaciers and speeding up glacier melting and sea level rise.

This alarms Pugh, who says climate change is already moving rapidly. He says he wants immediate action at this November's climate change negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland, which is why he chose to go swimming in an area that he calls "the front line of climate change."

"I'm saying to world leaders please, come to Glasgow, come there with a lot of ambition," Pugh said, "Step up, or step aside, because we simply don't have any more time on our hands."

STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

2. Which of the following is NOT true?

STEP 1 - Read the following article: 

Swimming under Antarctic Ice (melting glaciers/ climate change)

Fifty-year-old Lewis Pugh says he was terrified when he plunged into the water of East Antarctica in nothing but swim briefs, a swim cap and goggles. He was even more terrified when he swam below the Antarctic ice sheet, through melting tunnels -- though he said it was the most beautiful swim he's ever done.

Pugh is known for swimming in Arctic water to raise awareness for climate change, but on January 23, he became the first person to swim in a supraglacial lake -- a lake that has formed on top of a glacier because of melting ice.

"(The swim) was terrifying for a number of reasons," Pugh told CNN. "First, the water is so cold for a swimmer. It was 0 degrees centigrade, just above freezing. But also, it illustrates very very graphically what is happening in East Antarctica."

The point he was trying to make, he said, is that it shouldn't be possible to do the swim, but it is because of cracks in the glacier.

Pugh said he was motivated by a September 2019 study in the journal Scientific Reports that discovered more than 65,000 supraglacial lakes on East Antarctica's ice sheet. The study explains that supraglacial water is concerning because it can pour into cracks, fracturing glaciers and speeding up glacier melting and sea level rise.

This alarms Pugh, who says climate change is already moving rapidly. He says he wants immediate action at this November's climate change negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland, which is why he chose to go swimming in an area that he calls "the front line of climate change."

"I'm saying to world leaders please, come to Glasgow, come there with a lot of ambition," Pugh said, "Step up, or step aside, because we simply don't have any more time on our hands."

STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

3. Is this Lewis Pugh's first time swimming in Arctic water?

STEP 1 - Read the following article: 

Swimming under Antarctic Ice (melting glaciers/ climate change)

Fifty-year-old Lewis Pugh says he was terrified when he plunged into the water of East Antarctica in nothing but swim briefs, a swim cap and goggles. He was even more terrified when he swam below the Antarctic ice sheet, through melting tunnels -- though he said it was the most beautiful swim he's ever done.

Pugh is known for swimming in Arctic water to raise awareness for climate change, but on January 23, he became the first person to swim in a supraglacial lake -- a lake that has formed on top of a glacier because of melting ice.

"(The swim) was terrifying for a number of reasons," Pugh told CNN. "First, the water is so cold for a swimmer. It was 0 degrees centigrade, just above freezing. But also, it illustrates very very graphically what is happening in East Antarctica."

The point he was trying to make, he said, is that it shouldn't be possible to do the swim, but it is because of cracks in the glacier.

Pugh said he was motivated by a September 2019 study in the journal Scientific Reports that discovered more than 65,000 supraglacial lakes on East Antarctica's ice sheet. The study explains that supraglacial water is concerning because it can pour into cracks, fracturing glaciers and speeding up glacier melting and sea level rise.

This alarms Pugh, who says climate change is already moving rapidly. He says he wants immediate action at this November's climate change negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland, which is why he chose to go swimming in an area that he calls "the front line of climate change."

"I'm saying to world leaders please, come to Glasgow, come there with a lot of ambition," Pugh said, "Step up, or step aside, because we simply don't have any more time on our hands."

STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

4. The water that Lewis was swimming in was ______________.

STEP 1 - Read the following article: 

Swimming under Antarctic Ice (melting glaciers/ climate change)

Fifty-year-old Lewis Pugh says he was terrified when he plunged into the water of East Antarctica in nothing but swim briefs, a swim cap and goggles. He was even more terrified when he swam below the Antarctic ice sheet, through melting tunnels -- though he said it was the most beautiful swim he's ever done.

Pugh is known for swimming in Arctic water to raise awareness for climate change, but on January 23, he became the first person to swim in a supraglacial lake -- a lake that has formed on top of a glacier because of melting ice.

"(The swim) was terrifying for a number of reasons," Pugh told CNN. "First, the water is so cold for a swimmer. It was 0 degrees centigrade, just above freezing. But also, it illustrates very very graphically what is happening in East Antarctica."

The point he was trying to make, he said, is that it shouldn't be possible to do the swim, but it is because of cracks in the glacier.

Pugh said he was motivated by a September 2019 study in the journal Scientific Reports that discovered more than 65,000 supraglacial lakes on East Antarctica's ice sheet. The study explains that supraglacial water is concerning because it can pour into cracks, fracturing glaciers and speeding up glacier melting and sea level rise.

This alarms Pugh, who says climate change is already moving rapidly. He says he wants immediate action at this November's climate change negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland, which is why he chose to go swimming in an area that he calls "the front line of climate change."

"I'm saying to world leaders please, come to Glasgow, come there with a lot of ambition," Pugh said, "Step up, or step aside, because we simply don't have any more time on our hands."

STEP 2 - Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

5. Lewis wants world leaders _______________.

І LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEST

Watch a video about the history of Halloween.

https://youtu.be/R-VRAemIvbI

For questions 1 to 6, choose the correct answer.

1. For the Celts, 31st October was...