10 Form Unit 6 Is the Earth In Danger?

Match the words with their definitions:

A strong wind or a storm that is usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning. The trees fall down.

A large mass of snow, ice, earth, rock, or other material in swift motion down a mountainside.

A long severe snowstorm. A strong cold wind with the snow.

A shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.

A rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land.

A long period when there is little or no rain.

This is lack of food. People suffer extreme hunger.

Choose the correct word

Balls of ice that fall like rain.

Choose the correct word

A large mass of rock or earth descending from a high place.

Choose the correct answer.

What are the _______________ of natural disasters?

Choose the correct answer.

The ________________ I didn't go to the party was because I had to work.

reason

cause

Carelessness is often the _________________ of fire.

Complete the conditional sentences.

If people ____________action now, the environmental problems ___________ worse and more serious.

Complete the conditional sentences.

If people ________ more careful, the fires _____________ happen.

Choose only water-related natural disasters:

forest fire, tsunami, drought, hurricane, tornado, flood, heat wave.

Complete the conditional sentences.

If you _______ this film, you should know what it is about.

Complete the conditional sentences.

I_________ Peter to visit us if he were free.

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

1. How many people died from the Spanish flu of 1918–1919?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

2. What is a "cytokine storm" as described in the text?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

3. What is the primary cause of volcanic eruptions?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

4. According to some scientists, which event nearly wiped out the human species 73,000 years ago?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

5. What does the term "population bottleneck" refer to in the text?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

6. How has the bottleneck theory regarding Mt Toba been confirmed?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

7. Which of the following can trigger an avalanche?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

8. How fast can an avalanche travel?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

9. What two factors cause destruction during an avalanche?

Read the text and aswer the questions:

The other form of the deadliest natural disasters is epidemics — diseases affecting a very large number of people. For example, the Spanish flu of 1918—1919, which killed 50 million — more than World War I, which had occurred just before. The virus is believed to have killed its victims primarily through over activating the immune system in a process called a cytokine storm.

Historically, volcanoes — mountains from which hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash from inside the earth sometimes burst — may have been the biggest type of natural disaster. They are usually caused by the tectonic plates movement. Some scientists believe that the eruption of Mt Toba in Indonesia over 73,000 years ago may have killed off most of the human species, leaving behind only 1,000—10,000 breeding pairs. This phenomenon, called a population bottleneck, has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

An avalanche is any swift movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountainside or slope. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion, can reach speeds of more than 200 miles per hour. They are triggered by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances, or excessive rainfall.

Destruction from avalanches results both from the avalanche wind (the air pushed ahead of the mass) and from the actual impact of the avalanche material.

10. What is the definition of an avalanche provided in the text?

Determine if the following statements are true or false based only on the provided text:

The Spanish Flu killed fewer people than the total casualties of World War I.

Determine if the following statements are true or false based only on the provided text:

The Mt. Toba eruption occurred approximately 73,000 years ago. 

Determine if the following statements are true or false based only on the provided text:

Avalanches can only be triggered by natural events like earthquakes. 

Determine if the following statements are true or false based only on the provided text:

Genetic analysis was used to prove the population bottleneck caused by Mt. Toba.

Match the following scientific terms from the text with their correct definitions:

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events.

Match the following scientific terms from the text with their correct definitions:

Large sections of the Earth's crust that move and cause volcanic activity.

Match the following scientific terms from the text with their correct definitions:

The air pushed ahead of a massive moving force.

Match the following scientific terms from the text with their correct definitions:

The geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported.