англ іспит(повний)

A specimen presents an endocrine system organ covered with capsule made of connective tissue. Septa branch off from the capsule inwards and divide the organ into lobules. Each lobule consists of two cell types: neurosecretory pinealocytes (polygonal cells with processes) located in the center and gliacytes (astrocytes) located at the periphery. What organ is represented in this specimen?

A diver that submerged to the depth of 75 meters detected signs of CNS functional disturbance: excitation, lapse of concentration, euphoria leading to professional errors. What substance has toxic effect on the neurons, thus leading to the development of these signs?

A person in the state of nervous tension develops transverse wrinkles on the forehead. What muscle contracts to produce this result?

Autopsy of a man with tuberculosis has revealed a 3x2 cm large cavity in the superior lobe of the right lung. The cavity was interconnected with a bronchus, its wall was dense and consisted of three layers: the internal layer was pyogenic, the middle layer was made of tuberculous granulation tissue and the external one was made of connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient diagnosed with botulism has been prescribed antibotulinic serum for treatment. What immunity will be formed in the given patient?

Roentgenologically confirmed obstruction of common bile duct resulted in preventing bile from inflowing to the duodenum. What process is likely to be disturbed?

A patient with a nasal trauma presents with skull fracture that circles the piriform opening. What bone is damaged?

Auscultation reveals that in the patient's intercostal space along the parasternal line on the right the II heart sound is better heard than the I heart sound. What valve produces this sound when closing?

Micromanipulator was used to extract one of the two centrioles of centrosome (cell center) fromhepatocyte (liver cell). What process will STOP OCCURRING in this cell?

An 84-year-old patient suffers from parkinsonism One of the pathogenetic development elements of this disease is deficiency of a certain mediator in some of the brain structures. Name this mediator

To test teeth sensitivity they are sprayed with cold or hot water. What structure of cerebral cortex provides subjective estimation of this thermal test?

 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex with several functionally linked coenzymes. Name this complex:

A 55-year-old man was diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Name the main mechanism of anemia development in this case:

Erythrocytes of the patient with hemolytic anemia present with significant decrease of pyruvate kinase activity. What methabolic process is disturbed in this case?

In dental practice atropine sulfate is used to decrease salivation. This drug belongs to the following group:

On microscopic examination of leftovers of the canned meat eaten by a patient with severe food toxicoinfection the following was detected: grampositive bacilli with subterminal staining defect and configuration alteration of bacilli generally resembling a tennis racket. What agent was detected?

A patient with displaced fracture of the

right coronoid process of mandible has been delivered to a first-aid center. What muscle had displaced the coronoid process?

A patient with parodontosis was prescribed a fat-soluble vitamin that actively participates in redox processes in the organism. This antioxidant is a growth factor, has antixerophthalmic action, and contributes to maintenance of normal vision. In dental practice it is used to accelerate mucosal re-epithelization during parodontosis. Name this substance:

Cells of sensory spinal ganglions are a part of reflex arches. What type of neurons are these cells?

To take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, a doctor makes a puncture into subarachnoid space. To prevent damage to the spinal cord, the needle must be inserted between the two following vertebrae

A woman, who had undergone mastectomy due to breast cancer, was prescribed a course of radiation therapy. What vitamin preparation has marked antiradiation effect due to its antioxidant activity?

A child presents with a wound behind the mastoid bone. Bright red blood streams from the wound. Damage was sustained to the branches of the following artery:

During dehelmintization a patient expelled long fragments of a segmented helminth. In some segments their width exceeds their length; there is a rosettelike uterus in the segment center. Name the helminth:

A patient suffering from ciliary arrhythmia with anamnesis of bronchial asthma should be prescribed an antiarrhythmic drug. What antiarrhythmic drug is CONTRAINDICATED in this case?

In the process of embryogenesis of dentomaxillary system there was an enamel disturbance detected What source of tooth development is damaged in this case?

Chronic overdosage of glucocorticoids leads to the development of hyperglycemia. What process of carbohydrate metabolism is responsible for this effect?

A patient is in the state of hypoglycemic coma. What hormone can cause this condition if overdosed?

According to the data collected by WHO researchers, every year there are approximately 250 millon malaria cases occur in the world. This disease can be encountered predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. The spread of this disease matches the natural habitat of the following genus of mosquitoes:

During examination the doctor performs auscultation to assess the functioning of the patient's mitral valve. Where can the sound of this valve be auscultated?

An experimental animal, a dog, received a weak solution of hydrochloric acid through a tube inserted into the duodenum. Primarily it will result in increased secretion of the following hormone:

On microscopic examination of a surgical biopsy material (part of the lip with an ulcer) near the ulcer margins and under the ulcer floor in the connective tissue of mucosa there are epithelial complexes composed of atypical stratified epithelium with pathological mitotic figures. Within these complexes there are accumulations of bright pink concentric formations. What pathology is it?

 A man, who for a long time has been suffering from chronic mandibular osteomyelitis, died of chronic kidney disease. Autopsy revealed large lardaceous kidneys. What process had occurred in the kidneys?

A trauma patient has wound in the temporal region, with trickle of bright-red blood streaming from it. What blood vessel is damaged?

X-ray detected pus accumulation in the sphenoidal simis. The pus is being excreted into the following nasal meatus:

A woman presents with edemas. In her urine there is a large amount of protein excreted What nephron segment is functionally disturbed in this case?

During examination of the oral cavity at the vestibular surface of the lower right incisor there was detected a rounded growth on the thin pedicle. Histologically in the connective tissue there are numerous thin-walled sinusoids, hemorrhage areas, hemosiderin foci, and giant cells resembling osteoclasts. Make the diagnosis:

 A patient presents with disturbed patency of the airways at the level of small and medium bronchial rubes. What acidbase imbalance can the patient develop?

A child with signs of rickets has been prescribed a certain liposoluble vitamin drug by the pediatrician and dentist. This drug affects the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the body and facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine. If its content in the body is insufficient, there develop disorders of ossification process, dental structure, and occlusion. Name this drug:

 A patient is diagnosed with deformed posterior portion of the nasal septum. What bone is deformed?

A patient has been administered conduction anesthesia with novocaine in preparation for tooth extraction. After the anesthesia administration the patient developed swelling and hyperemy around the injection site, skin itch, general fatigue, motor agitation. Name the developed complication:

A patient presents with dysfunction of the cerebral cortex accompanied by epileptic seizures. He has been administered a biogenic amine synthetized from glutamate and responsible for central inhibition. What substance is it?

Beriberi is a classical example of thiamine deficiency. Active form of this vitamin is synthesized by an enzyme belonging to the following group:

 A patient came to the doctor with complaints of general weakness and sleep disturbances. Objectively the patient's skin is yellow. In blood there is increased concentration of direct bilirubin and bile acids. Acholic stool is observed. What condition can be characterized by these changes?

A specimen of intestine demonstrates complex branching tubuloalveolar glands with their ends embedded in the submucous layer. What organ is it?

Often the cause of secondary immmunodeficiency is an infectious affection of an organism, when agents reproduce directly in the cells of immune system and destroy them. Specify the diseases, during which the described above occurs

Autopsy of a 58-year-old man, who had been suffering from rheumatic heart disease and died of cardiopulmonary decompensation, revealed gray diffuse film- and fiber-shaped coating in his pericardium. What type of inflammation is characteristic of this pericarditis?

A 72-year-old man with hepatocirrhosis developed hepatic coma. Its development is caused by the substances, that are being neutralized in the liver, entering into general circulation through portacaval shunts (portal hypertension syndrome) and necrosis of hepatic cells. What type of hepatic coma is characterized by these presentations?

A doctor has established significant growth retardation, disproportional body build, and mental deficiency of a child. What is the most likely cause of this pathology?

Alcoholic intoxication is accompanied by disturbed motor coordination and equilibrium due to the damage caused to structural elements of the cerebellum. Functional disturbance of the following cells occurs in the first place:

A woman complains of painful chewing, especilly when she moves her lower jaw backwards. What muscles are affected?

 A patient suffers from diabetes mellitus with fasting hyperglycemia over 7.2 mmol/L. What blood plasma protein would allow to assess the patient's glycemia level retrospectively (4-8 weeks prior to examination)?

A patient with acute pancreatitis presents with significantly increased urine diastase content. What proteolysis inhibitor must be included into complex therapy of this patient?

Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain parasitic protozoa. It is established that they belong to the Sarcodina class. Specify these protozoa:

Histological investigation of an extracted tooth revealed presence of necrotic detritus with fatty acid crystals and numerous microbe colonies in the pulp chamber. What diagnosis is the most likely?

Bacilli were extracted from the investigated sample. The bacilli are curved, extremely mobile, gramnegative, form no spores or capsules, have anaerobic form of respiration. They form transparent smooth colonies in alkaline agar, ferment saccharose and mannose into acid, produce exotoxin, fibrinolysin, collagenase, hyaluronidase. What agent was extracted?

Histologic specimen of a tooth slice shows a tissue consisting of intercellular substance permeated with tubules, in which cellular processes of odontoblasts are situated. What tissue is presented in this histologic specimen?

In the course of experiment it is necessary to detect muscle excitation. For this purpose the following measurement should be made:

A. 68-year-old man, who had been suffering from essential hypertension for a long time, was delivered to a resuscitation unit with hemiplegia. The patient died after 7 hours. On autopsy: in the right cerebral hemisphere there is a cavity 5x5 cm in size with uneven margins, filled with dark red blood clots. What cerebral circulation disorder developed in the patient?

A 50-year-old man, who has been suffering for a long time from viral hepatitis, developed mental impairments, impairments consciousness, and motor disturbances (tremor, ataxia, etc.). What is the mechanism of such condition?

A 46-year-old patient consulted an oculist about drooping of the upper eyelid. On examination he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. The pathological process must have affected the nuclei of the following pair of cranial nerves:

A patient has been diagnosed with bicuspid valve insufficiency. Where is this valve located?

A lancelet embryo is at the developmental stage during which its cells multiply, while its general volume remains practically unchanged. What developmental stage is it?

A patient consulted a doctor about an increased pain sensitivity of the ear sirin and ear canal. Palpation behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle was painful. Such clinical presentations are typical of the irritation of the following nerve:

A victim of an earthquake has been remaining under debris for 7 days without food or water. What type of starvation is it?

A patient suffers from disturbed blood

supply of superior lateral surface of the cerebral

hemispheres. What blood vessel is damaged?

To treat osteomyelitis, a patient was prescribed an antibiotic that easily penetrates into bone tissue. Name this drug:

After the cerebral hemorrhage a patient

developed aphasia lost the ability to articulate words. The hemorrhage is localized in the:

Microscopic examination of pus sample taken from mandibular fistula canal and stained by Gram's method has revealed druses with gram-positive coloring in the center and cone-shaped structures with gram-negative coloring. Such morphology is characteristic of the agent of:

Analysis of sputum taken from a patient with suspected pneumonia revealed slightly elongated gram-positive diplococci with tapered opposite ends. What microorganisms were revealedin the sputum?

During examination a dentist noticed bowl-shaped defects on the frontal surface of the patient's canines in the cervical area. Microscopically the pulp is covered with compacted dentin, slightly atrophied and sclerosed. What pathological process occurs in the patient?

A. 35-year-old man has come to a dentist with complaints of decreased density of the dental tissue and increased brittleness of his teeth during consumption of hard food Laboratory analysis measured Ca/P correlation in the enamel sample. What value of Ca/P indicates increased demineralization?

Heterozygous parents with A (II) and B (III) blood groups according to ABO system gave birth to a child. What is the probability of the child having 0 (1) blood group?

. A patient presents with osteoporosis; hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia are observed in the patient's blood. What is the cause of this condition?

 Autopsy of a 45-year-old man revealed the following: wrinkled shagreen-resembling intima in the ascending aorta; elastic staining is negative. Wall of the left ventricle is up to 1,5 cm in width; no myocardial alterations. Specify the most probable disease of the aorta:

A patient with autoimmune thyroiditis has been prescribed a peptide hormonal agent. Specify this agent:

Breakdown of cyclic monophosphate (CAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) into simple, non-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates is catalyzed by the following enzyme:

During development of a frostbite the exposed skin becomes pale and its temperature drops. What mechanism is the basis of these developments?

A dental patient was prescribed a psychosedative for his fear of pain. What drug would be the most effective in this case?

Electric current has affected skeletal muscle fiber resulting in depolarization of the membrane. Depolarization develops due to the following ions penetrating the membrane

A patient in a grave condition has been delivered to an admission ward. Examination revealed pupil mydriasis, no reaction to the light, considerable reddening and dryness of skin and mucous membranes. What drug could have caused the intoxication symptoms?

A 30-year-old woman complains of intense thirst and dryness of the mouth that developed after a severe emotional shock. Laboratory analysis revealed increase of the patient's blood sugar level up to 10 mmol/L. What endocrine gland is affected in the patient?

In the course of experiment the vagus nerve of the test animal was severed, which resulted in the animal developing constant tachycardia. What effect of parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac performance is demonstrated by this experiment?

A histological specimen shows terminal secretory parts of glands made of conic cells with basophilic cytoplasm and a roundish nucleus in the centre. Specify the type of terminal secretory parts by the type of secretion:

A patient with dislocated jaw was given a short-acting muscle relaxant by a doctoName this drug:

 During autopsy of the patient, who died of cardiovascular insufficiency, the patient's right foot is darkly colored. The vessels of the patient's thigh. are partially obstructed by grayish-red clots. On the vessel walls there are yellowish-gray spots and fibrous plaques, some of which are of stony density. What clinicopathological type of atherosclerosis was complicated in the patient?

Biological material taken from a patient contains several species of microorganisms (staphylococci and streptococci) that are causative agents of the patient's disease. Name this type of infection

During experiment, the myotome mas destroyed in the rabbit fetus. This manipulation will result in malformation of the following structure:

A 33-year-old man has a cystic growth connected to the 2nd molar of the lower jaw. Within the cystic cavity there is a rudimentary tooth. On microscopy: inner cystic surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, there are groups of mucin-producing cells. What diagnosis is the most likely?

A woman with essential hypertension has been hospitalized. The patient presents with aneurysm of a. communicans posterior of the cerebrum arterial circle. What vessels of arterial circle are normally joined with this artery?

A patient complains of frequent bowel movements and stool with blood admixtures ("raspberry jelly" stool). Microscopic examination revealed large mononuclear cells with absorbed red blood cells. What protozoon is this morphological structure typical of?

When determining comparative tissue radiosensitivity, it was revealed that different tissues have different level of sensitivity toward ionizing radiation. What tissue of those listed below is the most radiosensitive?

A patient is diagnosed with pancreatitis. Starch decomposition disturbance occurs in the patient's intestine due to deficiency of the following pancreatic enzyme:

A 45-year-old man with a history of left-sided croupous pneumonia died of multiple traumas received as the result of a car accident. On autopsy in the lower lobe of his left lung its posterolateral wall is attached to the chest wall with fibrous adhesions. The lobe is diminished, dense, fleshy on section, grayish-pink in color; its pieces sink, when placed in water. Histological analysis reveals diffuse excessive growth of fibrous connective tissue in these areas. Name this complication of croupous pneumonia:

Due to sustained trauma the patient presents with unevenly dilated pupils (anisocoria). What muscle is blocked?

According to the law of constancy of chromosome mumbers, most animal species have definite and constant chromosome mumber. The mechanism that maintains this constancy during sexual reproduction of organisms is called:

 A patient suffering from acute bronchitis with difficult expectoration was prescribed acetylcysteine. What drug action will provide curative effect?

A 26-year-old woman presents with skin rashes and itching after eating citrus fruits. Prescribe her a drug that is an Hihistamine receptor antagonist.

During inspection of dental tools for sterility in one case gram-positive cocci were detected. They were situated in clusters and yielded positive plasma coagulation reaction; the cocci were fermenting mannitol in anaerobic conditions and exhibiting lecithinase activity. What microorganism was detected?

A patient has undergone recurring blood tests that revealed sharp fluctuations of glucose content: significant increase in absorptive state and significant decrease in postabsorptive state. What

pathology can be the cause of it?

A connective tissue specimen stained with hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenous cell groups surrounded with basophilic intercellular substance.

No fibrous structures are detected. What type of connective tissue is it?

In 8 days after a surgery the patient developed tetanus. The surgeon suspects this condition to be caused by suture material contaminated by tetanus agent. The material is delivered to a bacteriological laboratory. What nutrient medium is required for primary inoculation of the suture material?

After restoration of maxllary incisors with artificial crowns a 44-year-old woman was found to have a brownish growth in the form of a node 15 mm in diameter. Histological study revealed that under the stratified squamous epithelium of the gingiva there was a connective tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels, oval-shaped monomuclear cells forming osteoid substance, and polynuclear giant cells that destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 67-year-old man was delivered to a cardiology department with complaints of periodical pains in his heart, dyspnea caused by even slight exertion, cyanosis and edemas. ECG shows additional excitations of heart ventricles. Name this type of rhythm disturbance:

As a result of an injury a child developed an abscess of adipose tissue of the cheek. With time the process spread to the lateral surface of the pharynx. Pus had spread along the following fascia:

After spinal trauma the patient presents with absence of voluntary movements and tendon reflexes; sensitivity is retained only in the lower extremities. What is the mechanism of these disturbances and what part of the spine was injured?

A victim of an accident has hemorrhage in the area of lateral surface of the mastoid process. What branch of the external carotid artery supplies this area with blood?

After examining a patient a doctor recommended him to exclude rich meat and vegetable broths, spices, and smoked products from the diet, since the patient was found to have:

Preventative examination of a 55year-old patient revealed type II diabetes mellitus. An endocrinologist detected an increase in body weight and liver enlargement. The man is a non-smoker and does not abuse alcohol but likes to have a "hearty meal". Histological examination by means of diagnostic liver puncture revealed that the hepatocytes were enlarged mostly on the lobule periphery, their cytoplasm had transparent vacuoles that reacted positively with sudan III. What liver pathology was revealed?

On autopsy of a 69-year-old woman, who for a long time had been suffering from hypertension, the pathologist determined that both of her kidneys are dense, markedly diminished with finegrained surface. These changes are indicative of:

A 30-year-old man had suffered a thoracic trauma in a traffic accident, which resulted in disturbance of extemal respiration. What ventilatory failure can be observed in this case?

In Western Europe nearly half of all congenital malformations occur in the children conceived in the period, when pesticides were used extensively in the region. Those congenital conditions result from the following influence:

During a brain surgery stimulation of the cerebral cortex resulted in tactile and thermal sensations in the patient. What gynus was stimulated?

After an abortion a 25-year-old woman developed oliguria, anuria, and increasing azotemia. The patient died of acute renal failure. Autopsy revealed degeneration and necrosis of the convoluted renal tubules epithelium. What disease was the cause of death in this case?

It is known that in metabolism of catecholamine mediators the special role belongs to monoamine oxidase (MAO). How does this enzyme activate these mediators (noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine)?

A student, who unexpectedly met his girlfriend, developed an increase in systemic arterial pressure. This pressure change was caused by the intensified realization of the following reflexes:

A patient with acne is prescribed doxycycline hydrochloride. What should the patient be warned against, regarding administration of this drug?

A 60-year-old with hepatocirrhosis developed hemorrhagic syndrome. What mechanism leads to the development of this condition?

In postabsorptive state glycogen synthesis is increased in liver and muscles. The syntesis involves the following substance:

During experiment the processes of food and water hydrolysis products absorption were studied. It was determined that these processes mainly occur in the following gastrointestinal segment:

A newborn failed to take his first breath. Autopsy revealed that despite unobstructed airways the lungs of the newborn were unable to stretch. What is the most likely cause of this condition?

A 55-year-old man with acute heart failure has been administered a quickrelief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?

On histological examination of biopsy material taken from the liver of a woman, who for a long time had been suffering from viral hepatitis type B, the pathologist detected diffuse hepatic fibrosis with formation of porto-portal and portocentral fibrotic septa and disturbance of the liver lobular structure (development of pseudolobules). What process can be characterized by the given morphological changes?

What coenzyme of flavin-dependent dehydrogenases participates in the reactions of tricarboxylic acid cycle?

Red bone marrow has been damaged

under radioactive emission of 5 Gy. What determines the red bone marrow sensitivity towards ionizing radiation?

Gastroscopy of a patient revealed the lack of mucus in the coating of the mucous membrane. This can be caused by the dysfunction of the following cells of the gastric wall:

 A patient has a history of chronic heart failure. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is a major symptom of cardiac decompensation development?

A bacteriological laboratory received a sample of dried fish from an outbreak of food poisoning. Inoculation of the sample on Kitt-Tarozzi medium revealed microorganisms resembling tennis racket. These microorganisms are causative agents of the following disease:

Autopsy of a 7-year-old child, who died of uncompensated congenital heart disease, revealed increase in mass and volume of the thymus. On microscopy thymus structure is normal. What pathologic process had occurred in the thymus?

The patient exhausted by starvation presents with intensification of the following process in the liver and kidneys:

On tooth section in the area of the root apex there is a tissue consisting of cells with processes surrounded by mineralized intercellular substance. Name this tissue:

At the end of winter a student, who had been lately in the state of nervous tension, developed a case of URTI after overexposure to cold. What is the case of this disease?

Histologic specimen of endometrium

demonstrates isolated epithelial cells with

chromosomes that form a "plate" located in the equatorial plane of the cell. What stage of the cell cycle is it?

A patient suffering from acute vascular purpura 15 prescribed a firstgeneration antihistamine with local anaesthetic, antispasmodic, and sedative action. Specify this drug:

A 3-year-old child presents with facial deformation that was gradually developing over the course of 6 months and manifests as symmetrical enlargement of both mandibular angles. Microscopy shows the space between the bone trabeculae to be filled with connective tissue that contains mumerous blood vessels and smaller primitive bone trabeculae. What disease is the most likely in this case?

A woman had been taking synthetic hormones during her pregnancy. Her newborn girl presents with excessive hairiness which has formal resemblance to adrenogenital syndrome. This sign of variability is called:

 A patient complains of painful chewing, especially when his lower jaw moves forward and to the side. It indicates functional disorder of the following muscles:

During cell analysis, their cytoplasm was determined to have high content of aminoscyl tRNA synthetase. This enzyme ensures the following process:

A patient came to the traumatologist with complaints of developing difficulties during active extension of elbow. What muscle is the most likely to be damaged?

To terminate hypertensive crisis the patient was administered solution of magnesium sulfate. What route of drug administration should be chosen?

A patient with glossitis presents with disappearance of lingual papillae, reddening and burning pain in the tongue. Blood test: erythrocytes 2,210 12/1, hemoglobin- 103 g/l, color index - 1.4.

What type of anemia is it?

A young man has been performing physical exercises, holding a weight for a long time. What kind of muscle contraction is the most characteristic of these exercises?

A patient with damaged muscles of the lower limbs has been delivered to a firstaid center. What cells enable reparative regeneration of muscle fibers and restoration of muscle function?

Among organic substances of a cell there is a polymer composed of dozens, hundreds, and thousands of monomers. This molecule is capable of self-reproduction and can be an information carrier. X-ray structure analysis shows this molecule to consist of two complementary spiral threads. Name this compound:

 A pregnant woman developed severe toxemia with exhausting recurrent vomiting throughout a day. By the end of the day she developed tetanic convulsions and dehydration. The described changes were caused by the following type of acid-base imbalance:

Autopsy of a man who died of ethylene glycol poisoning revealed that his kidneys are slightly enlarged, edematic; their capsule can be easily removed. Cortical substance is broad and light gray. Medullary substance is dark red. What pathology did this man develop?

A 24-year-old patient has been administered glutamic acid to treat epilepsy. Medicinal effect in this case occurs not due to glutamate itself, but due to the product of its decarboxylation:

A patient was diagnosed with a monogenic hereditary disease. Name this disease:

During oral cavity examination a dentist noticed eruption of the permanent canines in a child. The child grows and develops normally. Determine the child's age:

. A 19-year-old young man has been examined in a nephrological hospital. Increased potassium content was detected in secondary urine of the patient. Such alterations are the most likely to be caused by the increased secretion of the following hormone:

A woman is diagnosed with Turner's syndrome (karyotype 45, X0). How many autosomal pairs would her somatic cells contain?

Autopsy of a 46-year-old man, who had untreated enteric infection and died of sepsis, revealed the following: perirectal phlegmon, multiple ulcers of the rectum and sigmoid colon some of which are perforated; mucosa of these intestinal segments is thickened and covered with firmly attached grayish films. What is the most likely disease in this case?

Electron diffraction pattern of a spermatozoon clearly presents a sheathlike structure localized in the spermiocalyptrotheca and participating in dissolution of ovular membranes. Name this structure:

During gastrulation an embryo proceeds from histiotrophic to hematotrophic nutrition. What provisory organ makes it possible at first?

Autopsy of a 52-year-old man revealed changes in his lungs: there is a segmented area of caseous necrosis in the upper right lung, the segments merge with each other. The lung is enlarged, dense, yellowishcolored on section, there are fibrinous films on the pleura. Name the type of tuberculosis:

A patient has suffered a head injury. On examination there is a subcutaneous hematoma in the temporal area. What vessel was damaged, thus resulting in the hematoma development?

What enzyme has demineralization effect, i. e. intensifies decomposition of mineral components of the tooth tissues?

The patient's examination in a hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by the damage of the following brain structures:

Differentiation of B-lymphocytes into

plasma cells leads to synthesis of immunoglobulins that ensure specific immune response of the body. Differentiation of B-lymphocytes takes place in the following organ of immune system:

 A child with a foreign body in the lungs has been hospitalized. What bronchus is the most likely to contain this foreign body, if its diameter approximates to 1,5 cm?

Examination of histological specimen of oral mucosa reveals non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with lymphocyte infiltrations. What structure of oral cavity is the most likely to be represented by this mucosa

 It is necessary to perform urinary bladder catheterization of an adult man. Resistance to the catheter can occur in the following structure or part of the uretlira:

 During thermal stimulation it is characteristic of oral cavity blood vessels to:

 A 38-year-old woman developed an attack of bronchial asthma. What bronchial spasmolytic for emergency medical aid is a beta-2-adrenergic agonist?

A patient with electrical injury to the neck area developed pathologic fixed sideways flexion of the head towards the injured area, while the face is fixed away from the injury. What neck muscle sustained scarring?

 Due to morbid affection of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus a 40-year-old patient has developed polyuria (10-12 liters per day) and polydipsia. The following hormone is deficient, thus leading to this disturbance:

30 minutes after dental treatment the patient developed red itching spots on the face and oral mucosa. The patient was diagnosed with urticaria. What bioactive substance with vasodilating and pruriginous effect is produced during this type of allergic reaction?

A slide mount of an ovary presents a rounded structure with glandular cells that contain lipid droplets. Name this structure:

A doctor has made a diagnosis of gingivitis and recommended the patient to rinse the oral cavity with an oxidizing agent. Specify this agent:

Autopsy of a 72-year-old man with recurrent transmural myocardial infarction revealed his epicardium and pericardium membranes to be swollen, thickened, coarce, as if covered in hair. Name the type of inflammation that occurred in the cardiac membranes:

Typical signs of food poisoning caused by C. botulinum include diplopia, swallowing and respiration disorders. These signs develop due to

Increased stumulation rate of isolated

heart of a rabbit leads to incomplete relaxation of the heart ventricles due to:

To determine functional state of the patient's liver, the analysis of animal indican excreted with urine was conducted. This substance is produced in the process of detoxification of putrefaction products of a certain amino acid, which takes place in the large intestine. Name this amino acid:

During examination a neurologist taps the tendon under the patient's kneecap with a reflex hammer to evaluate reflex extension of the Inee. This response is provoked by stimulation of the following receptors:

Amino acids join to each other in ribosomes of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Knowing the sequence of amino acids and applying genetic code, it is possible to determine the sequence of nucleoids in

To drain the oral cavity a dentist places a tampon between the cheek and the 2nd upper molar. This way secretion of the following salivary gland WILL NOT be able to accumulate in the oral cavity:

After introdiction of adrenaline the patient's blood glucose level increased. It is caused by intensified:

A victim of a traffic accident has lost thoracic respiration but retaines diaphragmal. The spinal cord is most likely to be damaged at:

 During examination of the patient's oral cavity a dentist noticed deformation of the teeth and a crescent indentation on the upper right inscisor. The teeth are undersized, barrel-shaped tooth cervix is wider than its edge. The patient uses a hearing aid, suffers from visual impairment. What type of syphilis affects teeth in such a way?

 A surgeon accidentally damaged a nerve that innervates mylohyoid muscle. Name this nerve:

A puncture sample has been taken from the inguinal lymph nodes of a patient provisionally diagnosed with plague. The sample was inoculated into hard nutrient medium. What shape will the colonies have, if the diagnosis is confirmed?

 Along with normal hemoglobin types there can be pathological ones in the body of an adult. Specify one of them:

 A patient complains of acute spastic abdominal pain, frequent urge to defecate, liquid bloody feces with mucus. Laboratory analysis of fecal smear revealed inconstant in shape organisms with erythrocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

 Ulcer disease of the duodenum has been detected in a 38-year-old man. A treatment was prescribed after which the patient considered himself to be healthy. However, half a year later the patient developed pain in the epigastrium, heartburn, and insomnia. The patient's condition can be estimated as a:

 A microspecimen of heart shows rectangular cells from 50 to 120 micrometer in size with central position of nucleus and developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by intercalated discs. These cells are responsible for the following function

To treat tuberculosis, an antibiotic that colors urine red is prescribed. Name this antibiotic:

 Examination revealed the patient to have decreased secretory function of the nasal cavity glands. What nerve provides parasympathetic innervation of these glands?

During teeth examination on the lateral surface of the first upper molar there was detected a cone-shaped carious cavity with base oriented towards the tooth surface and apex - towards the tooth center. Softened dentin is visible at the floor of the carious cavity. Make the diagnosis:

A 67-year-old patient has ordered a full fiunctional denture. It was necessary to extract his left upper canine. After infraorbital anaesthesia the patient presented with progressing hematoma in the frontal part of his face. The patient was found to have an injury of the artery that is the branch of

A patient has been hospitalised with provisional diagnosis of diphyllobothriasis. What food products can be the cause of this condition?

 A forensic laboratory received clothes of a citizen, who a day before was reported missing. The clothes were found in a shed, there are red stains identified as blood by an expert. What reaction should be performed to determine whether these red stains are dried human blood?

 In the armpits of a patient there are small (1-1,5 mm), dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, blood-sucking insects. Their larvae have been developing in the armpits as well. What disease is caused by these insects?

A patient consulted a therapeutist with complaints of pain in the chest, cough, fever. X-ray revealed eosinophilic infiltrates in the lungs, further investigation of which allowed to detect presence of larvae. What helminthiasis is it characteristic of

Various types of muscle contractions occurring in the alimentary canal of a test animal were studied and their different functional purposes were determined. It was noted that only one type of motor activity occurred in the circular and longitudinal muscles. Name this motor activity:

The patient, who for a long time has been keeping to an unbalanced lowprotein diet, developed fatty liver infiltration. Name the substance, absence of which in the diet can lead to this condition:

 After a traffic accident a man presents with severe blood loss, consciousness disturbance, low blood pressure, as well as compensatory activation of the reninangiotensin system, which results in.

Examination of a patient revealed glycosuria and hyperglycemia. He complains of dry mouth, itchy skin, frequent urination, thirst. He has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What is the cause of polyuria in this patient?

Gastrulation is the period of embryogenesis, when germinal layers are formed, resulting in three-layered structure of an embryo. What gastrulation mechanism is characteristic of a human embryo?

A man came to a surgeon with complains of pain in his lower right abdomen. On deep palpation the doctor detected a painful area in the right inguinal region. What part of the intestine is the most likely to be affected with pathological process?

A man presents with suppurative wound in the area of mastoid bone, which resulted in development of cerebral meningitis in the patient. Specify the way of infection penetration into the patient's cranial cavity:

A 28-year-old patient complains of frequent gingival hemorrhages. Blood test revealed the clotting factor II (prothrombin) deficiency.

What phase of blood coagulation is impaired in this

patient?

The autopsy of the body of a man, who suffered from toxic diphtheria and died on the 9th day from the onset of disease with signs of cardiac decompensation, has revealed the following: dilated cardiac cavities, dull flaccid myocardium, myocardial section is variegated. Microscopy revealed fatty degeneration of cardiac hystiocytes, large foci of myocytolysis, stromal edema with scant lymphocytic and macrophageal infiltration.

Specify the type of myocarditis in this case: 

The autopsy of a 37-year-old man has revealed the following: in the sorta on the smooth glossy ivory-colored Intima there are yellowish-gray spots blending with each other, which form stripes that do not protrude from the intima surface. Microscopy reveals swelling and destruction of elastic membranes, diffuse impregnation of aortic wall with orange granules (if stained with Sudan III), orange coloring of macrophage cytoplasm and nonstriated muscle elements. Specify this process

An accident had resulted in a 65-year-old man drowning in a lake. Resuscitation measures allowed to restore his respiration and cardiac function. What factor prolongs the period of apparent death

 A 45-year-old man came to the hospital complaining of sensory loss in the posterior 1/3 of his tongue. Which pair of the cranial nerves is functionally disturbed?

After facial trauma the patient developed a buccal hematoma. What salivatory gland has its outflow blocked by the hematoma?

Blood serum of the patient has milky appearance. Biochemical analysis revealed high content of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons. This condition is caused by hereditary defect of the following enzyme:

A 30-year-old woman has decreased enzyme content in the pancreatic juice. This condition can be caused by insufficient secretion of the following hormone:

 Oral examination revealed dark yellow and brown spots and stripes on the labial and lingual surfaces of the patent's teeth, more than the half of the dental surface is affected; enamel and dentin are destroyed. What diagnosis is the most likely?

 Longitudinal tooth section shoes a tissue that makes up the tooth basis and consists of collagen fibers, mineralized matrix, and tubules that hold dentinal fibers. This tissue develops from:

In the skin biopsy material in the epidermis there are cells with processes and cytoplasm that contains dark brown granules. Name these cells:

 A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with faucial diphtheria. The patient died with signs of acute heart failure. On autopsy: heart cavities are enlarged in the diameter, heart muscle is dull, flaccid, striped on section, with yellowish areas under the endocardium. What type of degeneration was detected in cardiac hystiocytes?

A 33-year-old man presents with disturbed pain and thermal sensitivity after a spinal cord trauma. The following ascending tract is injured:

A patient with a bleeding knife wound in the area of carotid triangle has been delivered to a hospital. Blood flowing from the wound is dark. What vessel is injured?

In hot weather the bus passengers asked to open the roof hatches. What way of heat transfer is activated in this situation?

Enzymes and other active substances

regulating connective tissue density and

permeability are being produced in connective tissue cells. What enzyme drug is used to make the connective tissue growths looser and more permeable?

Rotenone is known to inhibit respiratory chain. What complex of mitochondrial respiratory chain is inhibited by this substance?

During examination of a patient with a periodontal disease it would be advisable to investigate functional state of blood vessels of the dentomaxillary area. What method can be applied in this case?

A patient suffers from an inflammatory process in the area of the lower wall of orbital cavity. What anatomical structure makes it possible for the inflammatory process to spread to the

pterygopalatine fossa?

A patient with heatstroke was delivered to the admission room. What compensatory reactions develop in the

patient's body in such case?

At a certain stage of human ontogenesis, physiological bond occurs between circulatory systems of the mother and the fetus. This function is being carried out by the following provisory organ:

For biochemical diagnostics of cardiac infarction it is necessary to determine activity of a number of enzymes and their izoenzymes in the blood. What enzyme assay is considered to be optimal for confirming or ruling out cardiac infarction at the early stage, after the patient develops thoracic pain?

A 50-year-old man declined anaesthesia during dental manipulations. Due to severe pain he developed amuria caused by acute increase in production of:

During postmortem examination of a

9-month-old infant it was determined that the cause of death ras cerebral edema. What water-electrolyte imbalance is the most likely cause of the edema development?

During postmortem examination of a

9-month-old infant it was determined that the cause of death ras cerebral edema. What water-electrolyte imbalance is the most likely cause of the edema development?

A patient presents with lymphocytic-monocytic leukogram pattern. It is characteristic of

A patient with knife wound of the neck presents with hemorrhage. Initial wound management revealed damage to the vessel that is located along the lateral edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Name this vessel:

Electric current has affected skeletal muscle fiber resulting in depolarisation of the membrane. Depolarisation develops due to the following ions penetrating the membrane:

To perform conduction anesthesia a patient had been administered a drug used in dental surgery. The patient developed the symptoms of poisoning: central nervous system excitation followed by paralysis and acute cardiovascular insufficiency (collapse). Additionally there were allergic reactions (itching, swelling, erythema).Name this drug.

After anaesthetic application during tooth extraction the patient developed marked soft tissue edema of the upper and lower jaw, skin rash on the face, reddening, and itching. What pathological process results in such reaction to the anaesthetic?

A man with signs of intestinal obstruction was delivered to a hospital. In the process of treatment, roundworms 25-40 cm in size were extracted from the patent's intestine. Determine the species of this helminth:

Fetal malformations can be caused by such maternal diseases as rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly, herpes, and chlamydiosis. These malformations belong to the following type of variability:

What drugs are used for specific treatment of diphtheria?

During examination of a child's oral cavity a dentist noted the appearance of the first permanent molars on the child's lower jaw. How old is the child

A patient with chronic renal failure

presents with reduced imulin clearance of ml/min. The following renal function is disturbed:

A. patient with symptoms of acute heart failure, namely pallor, acrocyanosis, and rapid shallow breathing, has been delivered to an emergency department. Which of these drugs is indicated in this case?

A 47-year-old man consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (trismus). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

An athlete (a long-distance runner) during competition has developed acute heart failure. This pathology developed due to

An experimet was conducted to study major indicators of hemodynamics. What hemodynamics indicator would be the same for both systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A patient, who after a trauma suffers from impeded active flexion of elbow, consulted a traumatologist. What muscle is the most likely to be damaged?

To treat peptic ulcer disease of the stomach a patient has been prescribed famotidine. Specify the mechanism of action of this drug:

A woman has come to a dentist with complaints of bruising and swelling around her eye. Anamnesis is as follows: several days prior her Ist premolar tooth had been extracted, with infraorbital anaesthesia administered; several days later hematoma appeared in the area of foramen intraorbitale. The branch of the following artery was damaged:

A patient is registered for regular check-ups. Laboratory analyses for viral hepatitis diagnostics are made. In the blood serum only antibodies to HbsAg are detected. Such result is indicative of:

Microscopy of a plaque-like structure

extracted from the lateral surface of the tongue of a man with dentures revealed significant thickening of the epithelial layer along with processes of parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and acanthosis, in the connective tissue there are small round cell infiltrations. Make the diagnosis of the given pathological state:

A 69-year-old patient developed a small plaque with subsequent ulceration on the skin of the lower eyelid. The formation was removed. Microscopic examination of dermis revealed complexes of atypical epithelial cells arranged perpendicularly to the basal membrane on the periphery. The cells were dark, of polygonal prismatic shape, and had hyperchromic nuclei with frequent mitoses. What is the histological form of

carcinoma in this patient

 After the water supply system had been put into operation in a new residential area, the medical officers of sanitary and epidemiological station measured total microbial number in the water. Name the maximum permissible value of this indicator for potable water:

In the course of an experiment researchers stimulate a branch of the sympathetic nerve that innervates heart. What alterations of cardiac activity should be registered?

2 days after a hunter cut a ground squirrel's body, he developed fever up to 90C, his lymph nodes enlarged. Later he developed pneumonia with serohemorrhagic exudate that contained egg-shaped microorganisms with bipolar staining. What provisional diagnosis can be made in this case?

Microscopy of an oval cell, 150 micron in size, revealed the following: cytoplasm has yolk inclusions but no centrioles. Name this cell:

 A diabetus mellitus patient developed

unconsciousness and convulsions after

administration of insulin. What result of bloodglucose analysis is the most likely in this case?

 At the cementoenamel junction there are non-calcified areas, through which infection often penetrates into the tooth. Name these structures,

A worker of a cattle farm consulted a surgeon about fever up to 0oC, headache, weakness. Objective examination of his back revealed hyperemia and a dark red infiltration up to 5 cm in diameter with black bottom in its center, which was surrounded with pustules. What disease are these presentations typical ooC, headache, weakness. Objective examination of his back revealed hyperemia and a dark red infiltration up to 5 cm in diameter with black bottom in its center, which was surrounded with pustules. What disease

are these presentations typical of?

A patient is diagnosed with inflammatory process in the area of the excretory duct of submandibular gland. This duct opens to:

 Due to overdosage of a vasodilator a 58-year-old patient has developed acute vascular insufficiency. What drug would be advisable for termination of this pathological condition?

A girl presents with high fever and sore throat. Objectively the soft palate is swollen, the tonsils are covered with gray films that are firmly attached and leave deep bleeding lesions when removed. What is the most likely disease in this case?

Detoxification of bilirubin occurs in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Bilirubin is secreted by hepatocytes into bile for the most part as:

A 25-year-old man has lost all sensitivity due to damage of his peripheral nerves. Name this disorder.

A patient on the 2nd day after cardiac infarction presents with acute decrease of systolic blood pressure down to 60 mm Hg with tachycardia 140/min., dyspnea, loss of consciousness. What mechanism is essential in the pathogenesis of shock developed in this case?

During tooth brushing it is not uncommon for oral unicosa to be injured. However, bleeding quickly stops on its own. What substances in saliva quickly staunch the flow of blood during minor oral injuries?

A patient complains of urine excretion that occurs during sexual intercourse. What organ is affected?

Chronic inflammation of gingiva resulted in excessive growth of connective tissue fibers. What cell elements are leading in the development of this condition?

A. patient has developed a painful sore with soft ragged edges in the oral cavity. Microscopically there is lymphocytic infiltration with epithelioid and giant multinucleate Langhans cells in the sore floor. What diagnosis is the most likely?

A patient suffering from malaria has developed hemolytic anemia after taking primaquine antimalarial drug. Hereditary insufficiency of the following enzyme in erythrocytes will be observed in this case:

To prevent wound infection associated with surgical procedures a patient was given a synthetic antiprotozoan drug demonstrating high activity against Helicobacter pylori. Specify this drug:

A surgeon must amputate the damaged part of the patient's foot along the line of Lisfranc joint. What ligament must be cut in this case?

A 45-year-old patient with essential hypertension, who has been taking an antihypertensive drug for 4 days, notes that his blood pressure is normalized; however the patient complains of sleepiness and sluggishness. What drug is the patient talking?

Mucin aggregates retain water, which

results in their viscosity and protective action. It is possible because mucin structure contains:

A. 20-year-old woman came to the doctor with complaints of general weight loss, loss of appetite, weakness, skin discoloration resembling bronze tan. In addtition to hyperpigmentation, examination in the hospital revealed bilateral adrenal tuberculosis. What substance leads to skinhyperpigmentation, excessively? when accumulated

Histologic specimen of renal cortex shows renal corpuscle and renal tubules. It is known that reabsorption of substances occurs in the renal rubules. What nephron tissue takes part in this process?

 Psychological evaluation determined that a person is able to quickly adapt to changing situation, has good memory, is emotionally stable, possesses of high working ability. This person is the most likely to be:

One of the coats of a hollow organ has anastomotic fibers with nuclei. The fibers consist of cells that form intercalated disks at the places of contact. What tissue forms this coar?

Miners' work at the coal-face often leads to development of anthracosis. What type of respiratory failure arises along with this disease?

A 12-year-old boy has tetanic convulsions. What gland can be functionally impaired in this case?

A patient with megaloblastic anemia was taking a water-soluble vitamin. Name this substance:

Autosomal nondisjunction had occurred in a woman during meiosis. An ovum with the third copy of the 18th chromosome was formed. The ovum was impregnated by normal spermatozoon.

The resulting child will suffer from:

A patient developed burning sensation in the oral cavity and white fuzzy coating on the tongue. Oral thrush is diagnosed. What drug of those listed below should be used?

Several patients with similar complaints came to the doctor. They all present with weakness, pain in the intestines, indigestion. Feces analysis revealed the need for urgent hospitalization of the

patient, who had microbial cysts with four nuclei detected in his samples. Such cysts are characteristic of the following protozoon:

 Lateral X-ray of the occipital bone area demonstrates fracture of the occipital condyle. Integrity of the following anatomical structure is disturbed:

A patient undergoing treatment with nitrofurans has imbibed a small amount of alcohol, which resulted in severe poisoning. The poisoning developed due to:

In what organ biotransformation (metabolic transformation) of most medicinal agents occurs upon their introduction into an organism?

A 40-year-old patient suffers from intolerance of dairy products. This condition has likely developed due to insufficiency of the following digestive enzyme:

A patient with ischemic heart disease presents with increased blood plasma content of triglycerides and very lowdensity lipoproteins.. What drug should be prescribed?

An experiment was conducted to measure the threshold of tactile receptors stimulation with various stimuli. What stimulus will have the lowest threshold?

ormal metabolic rate and energy expenditure should be taken into account when actual basal metabolic rate of a patient is being determied by means of indirect calorimetry. Normal metabolic rate can be determined most accurately based on the patient's:

Due to severe pain syndrome a patient has been prescribed a narcotic analgesic. Specify the prescribed drug

A. 49-year-old man presents with facial edema, significant proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, and hyperlipidemia. What provisional diagnosis can be made?

A patient with acute bronchitis has been prescribed sulfanilamide drugs for treatment. In an hour after administration the patient developed itching and vesicles filled with light transparent liquid on the face, palms and soles. Name the mechanism of immune response:

Oral examination reveals marked reddening of mucosa at the root of the tongue. What structure is involved in the inflammatory process?

 During ultrasound a patient with atherosclerosis was diagnosed with bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries. Specify the bioactive substance that is the key pathogenetic link in the development of arterial hypertension in this case:

A patient, who had been eating only polished rice, developed polyneuritis caused by thiamine deficiency. What compound can be indicative of this kind of avitaminosis when excreted with urine?

In the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43year-old man came to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation belongs to the following type of vaccines:

A man has developed downturning mouth and smoothed out nasolabial fold due to influenza complication. What nerve is damaged?

To assess the rate of collagen

disintegration during certain connective tissue disturbances, it is necessary to measure the urine content of the following:

Dopamine precursor-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is used in treatment of Parkinson's disease. This active substance is produced from the

following amino acid: