Early New English 1

c. 1476 – now 

1476-1660    

1660-1800

industrial Revolution: more intensive urbanization, technical vocabulary based on Latin and Greek roots

defeat of Spanish Armada 1588, control of seas

Black Death

a way of representing in writing regional or dialect variations by spelling words in nonstandard ways.

a bit-by-bit, or morpheme-by-morpheme, translation of one word in one language into another word in another language, often used to avoid bringing new or loan words into the translating language

scientific words from Latin or Romance languages, coined and introduced into English in the 16th and 17th centuries

Yes 

No

– silent –e to mark the length

final –e is still pronounced

initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- are still pronounced

appearance of velar nasal [ŋ]

appearance of alveo-palatal fricative [ʒ]  

 back mutation    

palatalisation   

 i-umlaut

w dropped after s or t: sweostor →sister

[w] lost in initial position before r: wrong, wrinkle, wrist

l lost in the vicinity of palatal c in adjectival pronouns: ælc, swilc → each, such

initial stops in gn- and kn- still pronounced

[g/k] lost in initial position before n: gnome, knight

[g] lost in -ng in final position, producing the phonemic velar nasal

ou instead of u : hus → house

addition of new phonemic sound called schwa - Ə

diphthongs         

diphthongoids       

long vowels     

short vowels  

all vowels

the 15th to 18th centuries 

the 11h to 14th centuries

the 19th century  

short vowels shifted downwards  

diphthongs became monophthongs  

long vowels shifted upwards or got diphthongised

diphthongoids turned to monophthongs 

i

ai

iə 

u

i:

ai

iə 

e

ei 

ai 

ʌ

æ

u: 

u

ɔɪ 

əu

o:  

au

u

əu

m

s  

r

Greek  

French  

Spanish

Greek   

French           

Spanish

Greek   

French           

Spanish

Turkish 

Persian  

Hindi