іноземна мова 2

A student, who unexpectedly met his

girlfriend, developed an increase in systemic

arterial pressure. This pressure change was

caused by the intensified realization of the

following reflexes:

A patient consulted a therapeutist with

complaints of pain in the chest, cough, fever.

X-ray revealed eosinophilic infiltrates in the

lungs, further investigation of which allowed to

detect presence of larvae. What helminthiasis is

it characteristic of?

A patient with acute bronchitis has

been prescribed sulfanilamide drugs for

treatment. In an hour after administration the

patient developed itching and vesicles filled

with light transparent liquid on the face, palms

and soles. Name the mechanism of immune

response:

Normal metabolic rate and energy

expenditure should be taken into account when

actual basal metabolic rate of a patient is being

determied by means of indirect calorimetry.

Normal metabolic rate can be determined most

accurately based on the patient’s:

A 42-year-old woman, who has been

keeping to a vegetarian diet for a long period of

time, consulted a doctor. Examination revealed negative nitrogen balance in the patient. What

factor is the most likely cause of such a

condition?

A 20-year-old young man, who started

to train systematically in athletics, has the

following resting-state blood values:

erythrocytes - 5,5 · 1 01 2/l, reticulocytes - 12%,

hemoglobin - 160 g/l, color index - 1,03. Such

blood values indicate erythropoiesis stimulation

due to the following occurring in the process of

his training:

The autopsy of a 37-year-old man has

revealed the following: in the aorta on the

smooth glossy ivory-colored intima there are

yellowish-gray spots blending with each other,

which form stripes that do not protrude from the

intima surface. Microscopy reveals swelling and

destruction of elastic membranes, diffuse

impregnation of aortic wall with orange granules

(if stained with Sudan III), orange coloring of

macrophage cytoplasm and nonstriated muscle

elements. Specify this process:

A patient complains of frequent bowel

movements and stool with blood admixtures

(”raspberry jelly” stool). Microscopic

examination revealed large mononuclear cells with absorbed red blood cells. What protozoon

is this morphological structure typical of?

To drain the oral cavity a dentist places

a tampon between the cheek and the 2nd upper

molar. This way secretion of the following

salivary gland WILL NOT be able to accumulate

in the oral cavity:

To terminate hypertensive crisis the

patient was administered solution of magnesium

sulfate. What route of drug administration

should be chosen?

A patient is diagnosed with

inflammatory process in the area of the

excretory duct of submandibular gland. This

duct opens to:

After introdiction of adrenaline the

patient’s blood glucose level increased. It is

caused by intensified:

As a result of an injury a child

developed an abscess of adipose tissue of the

cheek. With time the process spread to the lateral

surface of the pharynx. Pus had spread along the

following fascia:

It is necessary to perform urinary

bladder catheterization of an adult man.

Resistance to the catheter can occur in the

following structure or part of the urethra:

A 56-year-old man presents with

parathyroid tumor. The following is observed:

muscle weakness, osteoporosis, bone

deformation, nephroliths consisting of oxalates

and phosphates. The patient’s condition is

caused by:

Due to severe pain syndrome a patient

has been prescribed a narcotic analgesic. Specify

the prescribed drug:

A victim of a traffic accident has lost

thoracic respiration but retaines diaphragmal.

The spinal cord is most likely to be damaged at:

A doctor examined a patient, studied

the patient’s blood analyses and concluded that

the peripheral organs of immunogenesis are

damaged. What organs are the most likely to be

affected?

A patient during fasting developed

ketoacidosis as a result of increased fatty acids

decomposition. This decomposition can be

inhibited with:

During a brain surgery stimulation of

the cerebral cortex resulted in tactile and thermal

sensations in the patient. What gyrus was

stimulated?

A patient suffering from ciliary

arrhythmia with anamnesis of bronchial asthma

should be prescribed an antiarrhythmic drug. What antiarrhythmic drug is

CONTRAINDICATED in this case?

A 50-year-old man, who has been

suffering for a long time from viral hepatitis,

developed mental impairments, impairments of

consciousness, and motor disturbances (tremor,

ataxia, etc.). What is the mechanism of such

condition?

During oral cavity examination a

dentist noticed eruption of the permanent

canines in a child. The child grows and develops

normally. Determine the child’s age:

A patient is in the state of

hypoglycemic coma. What hormone can cause

this condition if overdosed?

Autopsy of a man with tuberculosis has

revealed a 3x2 cm large cavity in the superior

lobe of the right lung. The cavity was interconnected with a bronchus, its wall was

dense and consisted of three layers: the internal

layer was pyogenic, the middle layer was made

of tuberculous granulation tissue and the

external one was made of connective tissue.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Due to trauma the patient’s parathyroid

glands have been removed, which resulted in

inertness, thirst, sharp increase of

neuromuscular excitability. Metabolism of the

following substance is disturbed:

During thermal stimulation it is

characteristic of oral cavity blood vessels to:

A 69-year-old patient developed a

small plaque with subsequent ulceration on the

skin of the lower eyelid. The formation was

removed. Microscopic examination of dermis

revealed complexes of atypical epithelial cells

arranged perpendicularly to the basal membrane

on the periphery. The cells were dark, of

polygonal prismatic shape, and had

hyperchromic nuclei with frequent mitoses.

What is the histological form of carcinoma in

this patient?

A patient with diabetes mellitus has

been delivered to a hospital unconscious. BP is

low, Kussmaul’s respiration is observed, the

smell of acetone can be detected from the

patient’s mouth. What mechanism is leading in

the coma development in this case?

During examination a dentist noticed

bowl-shaped defects on the frontal surface of the

patient’s canines in the cervical area.

Microscopically the pulp is covered with

compacted dentin, slightly atrophied and

sclerosed. What pathological process occurs in

the patient?

A 12-year-old boy has tetanic

convulsions. What gland can be functionally

impaired in this case?

Gastrulation is the period of

embryogenesis, when germinal layers are

formed, resulting in three-layered structure of an

embryo. What gastrulation mechanism is

characteristic of a human embryo?

Due to morbid affection of the

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the

hypothalamus a 40-year-old patient has

developed polyuria (10-12 liters per day) and

polydipsia. The following hormone is deficient,

thus leading to this disturbance:

During dehelmintization a patient

expelled long fragments of a segmented

helminth. In some segments their width exceeds

their length; there is a rosettelike uterus in the

segment center. Name the helminth:

Ulcer disease of the duodenum has

been detected in a 38-year-old man. A treatment

was prescribed after which the patient

considered himself to be healthy. However, half

a year later the patient developed pain in the

epigastrium, heartburn, and insomnia. The

patient’s condition can be estimated as a:

In 8 days after a surgery the patient

developed tetanus. The surgeon suspects this

condition to be caused by suture material

contaminated by tetanus agent. The material is delivered to a bacteriological laboratory. What

nutrient medium is required for primary

inoculation of the suture material?

A patient complains of toothache. On

examination he has been diagnosed with

pulpitis. Which factor played the main

pathogenic role in the development of pain

syndrome in this case?

A young man has been performing

physical exercises, holding a weight for a long

time. What kind of muscle contraction is the

most characteristic of these exercises?

A patient suffers from an inflammatory

process in the area of the lower wall of orbital

cavity. What anatomical structure makes it

possible for the inflammatory process to spread

to the pterygopalatine fossa?

An 84-year-old patient suffers from parkinsonism. One of the pathogenetic

development elements of this disease is

deficiency of a certain mediator in some of the

brain structures. Name this mediator:

A 36-year-old patient consulted an

ophthalmologist about eye ache. The

examination revealed erosion of the cornea, that

is the lack of superficial and spinous layers of

the epithelium. What cells will provide

regeneration of the damaged epithelium?

In postabsorptive state glycogen

synthesis is increased in liver and muscles. The

syntesis involves the following substance:

A victim of an earthquake has been

remaining under debris for 7 days without food

or water. What type of starvation is it?

To treat chronic heart failure a patient

takes digoxin. What diuretic can increase

digoxin toxicity due to increased excretion of K

+ions?

A woman is diagnosed with fatty tissue

inflammation located between the leaves of

broad ligament of the uterus. Name this

anatomical structure:

To test teeth sensitivity they are

sprayed with cold or hot water. What structure of

cerebral cortex provides subjective estimation of

this thermal test?

Psychological evaluation determined

that a person is able to quickly adapt to changing

situation, has good memory, is emotionally

stable, possesses of high working ability. This

person is the most likely to be:

During development of a frostbite the

exposed skin becomes pale and its temperature

drops. What mechanism is the basis of these

developments?

After restoration of maxllary incisors

with artificial crowns a 44-year-old woman was

found to have a brownish growth in the form of a

node 15 mm in diameter. Histological study

revealed that under the stratified squamous

epithelium of the gingiva there was a connective

tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels,

oval-shaped mononuclear cells forming osteoid

substance, and polynuclear giant cells that

destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

An athlete (a long-distance runner)

during competition has developed acute heart

failure. This pathology developed due to:

A woman with essential hypertension

has been hospitalized. The patient presents with

aneurysm of a. communicans posterior of the

cerebrum arterial circle. What vessels of arterial

circle are normally joined with this artery?

Electric current has affected skeletal

muscle fiber resulting in depolarisation of the

membrane. Depolarisation develops due to the

following ions penetrating the membrane:

А woman has come to a dentist with

complaints of bruising and swelling around her

eye. Anamnesis is as follows: several days prior

her 1st premolar tooth had been extracted, with

infraorbital anaesthesia administered; several

days later hematoma appeared in the area of

foramen intraorbitale. The branch of the

following artery was damaged:

A 30-year-old woman has decreased

enzyme content in the pancreatic juice. This

condition can be caused by insufficient secretion

of the following hormone:

In the skin biopsy material in the

epidermis there are cells with processes and

cytoplasm that contains dark brown granules.

Name these cells:

Lateral X-ray of the occipital bone area

demonstrates fracture of the occipital condyle.

Integrity of the following anatomical structure is

disturbed:

A patient has suffered a head injury.

On examination there is a subcutaneous

hematoma in the temporal area. What vessel was

damaged, thus resulting in hematoma

development?

A 67-year-old patient has ordered a full

functional denture. It was necessary to extract

his left upper canine. After infraorbital

anaesthesia the patient presented with

progressing hematoma in the frontal part of his

face. The patient was found to have an injury of

the artery that is the branch of:

Mucin aggregates retain water, which

results in their viscosity and protective action. It

is possible because mucin structure contains:

During investigation of skin epithelium

it was determed, that it consists of several

cellular layers. Epithelial cells of the external

layer have no nuclei. What type of epithelium is

it?

A histological specimen shows

terminal secretory parts of glands made of conic

cells with basophilic cytoplasm and a roundish

nucleus in the centre. Specify the type of

terminal secretory parts by the type of secretion:

After an abortion a 25-year-old woman

developed oliguria, anuria, and increasing

azotemia. The patient died of acute renal failure.

Autopsy revealed degeneration and necrosis of

the convoluted renal tubules epithelium. What

disease was the cause of death in this case?

A person found oneself in an

emotionally straining situation. As the result the

blood adrenaline level has risen, therefore

increasing the strength of cardiac contractions.

In what way does adrenaline increase the

strength of cardiac contractions?

A patient has been diagnosed with

bicuspid valve insufficiency. Where is this valve

located?

Histologic specimen of a tooth slice

shows a tissue consisting of intercellular

substance permeated with tubules, in which

cellular processes of odontoblasts are situated.

What tissue is presented in this histologic

specimen?

Often the cause of secondary

immunodeficiency is an infectious affection of

an organism, when agents reproduce directly in

the cells of immune system and destroy them.

Specify the diseases, during which the described

above occurs:

A 30-year-old man had suffered a

thoracic trauma in a traffic accident, which

resulted in disturbance of external respiration.

What ventilatory failure can be observed in this

cаse?

During gastrulation an embryo

proceeds from histiotrophic to hematotrophic

nutrition. What provisory organ makes it

possible at first?

A patient, who after a trauma suffers

from impeded active flexion of elbow, consulted

a traumatologist. What muscle is the most likely

to be damaged?

During examination of the patient’s

oral cavity a dentist noticed deformation of the

teeth and a crescent indentation on the upper

right inscisor. The teeth are undersized,

barrel-shaped - tooth cervix is wider than its

edge. The patient uses a hearing aid, suffers

from visual impairment. What type of syphilis

affects teeth in such a way?

Preventative examination of a

55year-old patient revealed type II diabetes

mellitus. An endocrinologist detected an

increase in body weight and liver enlargement.

The man is a non-smoker and does not abuse

alcohol but likes to have a ”hearty meal”.

Histological examination by means of

diagnostic liver puncture revealed that the

hepatocytes were enlarged mostly on the lobule

periphery, their cytoplasm had transparent

vacuoles that reacted positively with sudan III.

What liver pathology was revealed?

In the epicenter of the registered rabies

cases among wild animals a 43year-old man came to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten

by a stray dog. He was given a course of

anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation belongs to

the following type of vaccines:

A patient suffering from acute vascular

purpura is prescribed a firstgeneration

antihistamine with local anaesthetic,

antispasmodic, and sedative action. Specify this

drug:

А child with a foreign body in the

lungs has been hospitalized. What bronchus is

the most likely to contain this foreign body, if its

diameter approximates to 1,5 cm?

After the cerebral hemorrhage a patient

developed aphasia - lost the ability to articulate

words. The hemorrhage is localized in the:

A 46-year-old patient consulted an

oculist about drooping of the upper eyelid. On

examination he was diagnosed with a brain

tumor. The pathological process must have affected the nuclei of the following pair of

cranial nerves:

A 68-year-old man, who had been

suffering from essential hypertension for a long

time, was delivered to a resuscitation unit with

hemiplegia. The patient died after 7 hours. On

autopsy: in the right cerebral hemisphere there is

a cavity 5x5 cm in size with uneven margins,

filled with dark red blood clots. What cerebral

circulation disorder developed in the patient?

Typical signs of food poisoning caused

by C. botulinum include diplopia, swallowing

and respiration disorders. These signs develop

due to:

Histological investigation of an

extracted tooth revealed presence of necrotic

detritus with fatty acid crystals and numerous

microbe colonies in the pulp chamber. What

diagnosis is the most likely?

A woman, who had undergone

mastectomy due to breast cancer, was prescribed a course of radiation therapy. What vitamin

preparation has marked antiradiation effect due

to its antioxidant activity?

In a 12-year-old patient an

inflammatory process in the internal ear spread

to the meninges, diffusely affecting them. A

doctor suspects the process to have spread

through the connection between the

subarachnoid space of the brain and

perilymphatic space of the internal ear. What

anatomic structure became the pathway for the

spreading inflammation?

During postmortem examination of a

9-month-old infant it was determined that the

cause of death was cerebral edema. What

water-electrolyte imbalance is the most likely

cause of the edema development?

Analysis of sputum taken from a

patient with suspected pneumonia revealed

slightly elongated gram-positive diplococci with

tapered opposite ends. What microorganisms

were revealed in the sputum?

A 35-year-old man has come to a

dentist with complaints of decreased density of

the dental tissue and increased brittleness of his

teeth during consumption of hard food.

Laboratory analysis measured Ca/P correlation

in the enamel sample. What value of Ca/P

indicates increased demineralization?

A patient consulted a doctor about an

increased pain sensitivity of the ear skin and ear

canal. Palpation behind the sternocleidomastoid

muscle was painful. Such clinical presentations

are typical of the irritation of the following

nerve:

To treat peptic ulcer disease of the

stomach a patient has been prescribed

famotidine. Specify the mechanism of action of

this drug:

Brain investigation by means of

nuclear magnetic resonance revealed the patient

to have a hematoma in the genu of the internal

capsule. What pathway is damaged in this case?

During examination of a patient with a

periodontal disease it would be advisable to

investigate functional state of blood vessels of

the dentomaxillary area. What method can be

applied in this case?

A patient in a grave condition has been

delivered to an admission ward. Examination

revealed pupil mydriasis, no reaction to the light,

considerable reddening and dryness of skin and

mucous membranes. What drug could have

caused the intoxication symptoms?

A patient on the 2nd day after cardiac

infarction presents with acute decrease of

systolic blood pressure down to 60 mm Hg with

tachycardia 140/min., dyspnea, loss of

consciousness. What mechanism is essential in

the pathogenesis of shock developed in this

case?

Along with normal hemoglobin types

there can be pathological ones in the body of an

adult. Specify one of them:

A patient suffering from arthritis is

prescribed a COX 2 selective inhibitor with

anti-inflammatory action. Specify this drug:

In the patient’s feces there were eggs of

Fasciola hepatica. The doctor, however,

refrained from making diagnosis and insisted on

a repeat of analysis, with beef liver excluded

from the patient’s diet. What led the doctor to

make such decision?

A girl is diagnosed with primary

microcephaly that is a monogenic autosomal

recessive disease. Her natural brother develops

normally. What genotypes do the parents of

these children have?

Heterozygous parents with А (II) and В

(III) blood groups according to AB0 system

gave birth to a child. What is the probability of

the child having 0 (I) blood group?

During inspection of dental tools for

sterility in one case gram-positive cocci were

detected. They were situated in clusters and

yielded positive plasma coagulation reaction;

the cocci were fermenting mannitol in anaerobic

conditions and exhibiting lecithinase activity.

What microorganism was detected?

А patient with a bleeding knife wound

in the area of carotid triangle has been delivered

to a hospital. Blood flowing from the wound is

dark. What vessel is injured?

In what organ biotransformation

(metabolic transformation) of most medicinal

agents occurs upon their introduction into an

organism?

Micromanipulator was used to extract

one of the two centrioles of centrosome (cell

center) from hepatocyte (liver cell). What

process will STOP OCCURRING in this cell?

A patient undergoing treatment with

nitrofurans has imbibed a small amount of

alcohol, which resulted in severe poisoning. The

poisoning developed due to: