READING TEST 10th

TEXT 1

Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

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Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

Having a song, tune, or commercial jingle stuck in one's head is a phenomenon (1) ______ as having an earworm. Most people have had an earworm at one time. The experience is harmless and unrelated to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and endomusia, the (2) ______ of music that is not really there. Certain songs — simple, repetitive, or oddly incongruous — have properties that act as mental mosquito bites in that they produce a cognitive "itch." The condition also arises when people struggle (3) ______ forgotten lyrics or how a song ends. To scratch a cognitive itch, the brain repeats the song, which then traps the hapless victim in a repeated cycle of itching and scratching. Everyone has his or her own list of demon tunes that haunt. Earworms occur more often among women, musicians, and individuals who (4) ______ to worry. Earworms also vary across situations, striking when people (5) ______ or under stress. How can you make an earworm go away? Thinking of something else or actually listening to the song in question are thought to help, but there is presently no research evidence showing what works best. Fortunately, (6) ______ episodes eventually dissipate on their own.

TEXT 2

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds

Some male songbirds can sing (7) ______ notes than females because they have stronger muscles to make the sounds. Some scientists used to think it was all about how well the birds could force air out of their lungs, but new research says it has more to do with muscles in the (8) ______ throats. There’s a reason the boy birds are better singers. They have (9) ______ a mate. The more varied their songs, (10) ______ it will stand out from other boy birds who are also singing in hopes of finding a mate. Varied songs also are easier to hear over noises, like a rushing stream or the noisy calls of other birds. Although all birds (11) ______ knowing certain calls, songbirds learn how to sing from their parents. That ability is only found in songbirds, humans and a few other mammals like dolphins, whales and bats. So think about muscles the next time you hear a bird singing. Muscles (12) ______ just in your arms and legs, or in a bird’s wings. They also help us make a variety of sounds