Англійська ПМК2 (451-500)

451. Examination of a patient revealed dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. What vitamin deficiency is the cause of this condition ?

452. At a certain stage of development of a human embryo one can observe formation of a cavity in its structure, small light blastomeres on the periphery and large dark blastomeres at one of the poles. The embryo at this stage of development is called:

453. The patient’s mobile phone rang during EEG recording. What changes will be observed on the EEG?

454. The patient’s lower pair of mesencephalon quadrigeminal bodies has been damaged due to hemorrhage. What reflex is lost?

455. A patient being treated for tuberculosis is suffering from hearing deterioration. What drug causes this complication?

456. A physician is planning to diagnose an infectious disease by means of agglutination test. What is required for this reaction apart from the serum of a patient?

457. Having lost significant amount of body weight, a 70-year-old patient complains of dull pain in the lumbar area. In the result of examination he was diagnosed with floating kidney. What part of kidney supporting apparatus is most likely to be damaged?

458. A 50-year-old patient with a hypertensive crisis had been administered magnesium sulfate, which led to an abrupt decrease in blood pressure. The side effects of magnesium sulfate can be avoided if the following drug is administered:

459. A doctor has prescribed clonidine for rapid relief of hypertensic crisis. What group does this drug belong to according to its mechanism of action?

460. A patient has a history of chronic heart failure. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is a major symptom of cardiac decompensation development?

461. A 49-year-old patient has a tumor of the ventral surface of the pons. An impaired blood flow will be observed in the following artery:

462. An animal has been given a weak solution of hydrochloric acid introduced into the duodenum through a tube. Which hormone concentration will increase in the animal?

463. Before an exam a student complained of acute dental pain which grew less during the exam. What inhibition caused the pain abatement?

464. A specimen of the pia mater shows a vessel with no middle membrane in its wall, its outer membrane adheres to the surrounding tissues, the inner membrane is made up of the basal membrane and endothelium. Specify this vessel:

465. A patient has acute laryngotracheitis with nonproductive cough that is very exhaustive. Prescribe an antitussive drug:

466. A 38-year-old female patient has been brought into admission room with uterine bleeding. What will be revealed by blood test?

467. Sharp decrease of lungs surfactant activity has been detected in a patient. It will result in the following:

468. A 36-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus had seizures with loss of consciousness after an insulin injection. What was the result of blood glucose test?

469. A patient with acute heart failure refractory to cardiac glycosides was given an injection of dobutamine. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

470. A patient complains about retrosternal pain, dyspnea and palpitation. After examination he was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and prescribed verapamil. What is the mechanism of its action?

471. In the solution being used for perfusing the isolated heart of rat, the K +concentration has been increased to 8 mmol/L. What changes in the heart are to be expected?

472. Loose fibrous connective tissue of salivary glands contains oval averagesized cells which synthesize antibodies. The cells have round eccentric nucleus and "spoke-wheel"chromatin pattern made by small clumps of chromatin. What are these cells called?

473. A 12-year-old girl has a bleeding ulcer 5 mm in diameter which is localized on the mouth floor. The ulcer is surrounded by bright-red tissue that turns white when pressed. Microscopic examination of a biopsy sample reveals a tumor constituted by a number of large cavities filled with blood. The cavities are lined with endothelial cells. Between the cavities there is stroma represented by the loose connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

474. As a result of dysfunction of protein synthesis in liver a patient with hepatic insufficiency has disturbed synthesis of procoagulants, prothrombin, fibrinogen. Which of the listed syndromes can be expected in this patient?

475. A 42-year-old man died with symptoms of

severe intoxication and respiratory failure. A slide

of lung tissue was heterogenous, with multiple

microfocal hemorrhages and foci of emphysema.

Histological examination of lungs revealed

hemorrhagic abscessing bronchopneumonia;

eosinophilic and basophilic granules in the

cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bronchi. What is the

most likely diagnosis?

476. During AB0 blood grouping by using coliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), haemagglutination did not occur with any of the coliclons. What is the blood group of the patient under examination?

477. An autopsy of the body of an aged man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened;the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed. What diagnosis is most probable?

477. An autopsy of the body of an aged man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened;the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed. What diagnosis is most probable?

478. A boy has been diagnosed with a hydrocele (fluid collection within the scrotum). Which scrotum tunica contains this liquid?

479. While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci looking like coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads. Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:

480. A 67-year-old patient has atherosclerosis of cardiac and cerebral vessels. Examination revealed hyperlipidemia. What class of blood plasma lipoproteids is most important in atherosclerosis pathogenesis?

481. An isolated heart of a mammal has had diastolic arrest in the process of perfusion with an ion-rich solution. Solution had excess of the following ions:

482. There is a large amount of effusion in the pericardial cavity of a patient with exudative pericarditis. What cells cause such a phenomenon when their functional activity is disrupted?

483. A 33-year-old patient complains of an impairment of skin sensitivity in the medial part of the dorsal and palmar surface of hand. Which nerve is damaged?

484. Histological examination of a lymph node removed from the posterior triangle of neck of an 18-year-old patient revealed some cell agglomerations that included single multinuclear Reed-Sternberg cells, major Hodgkin’s cells, minor Hodgkin’s cells and many lymphocytes, single plasmatic cells, eosinophils. What is the most likely diagnosis?

485. A 66-year-old male patient has liver carcinoma with syndrome of portal hypertension. What kind of portal hypertension does the patient have?

486. A patient was suffering from primary tuberculosis 5 years ago. Radiography has revealed a sharply marginated nodular shadow with diameter of 4 cm in the 2nd segment of the right lung. Focus was surgically removed. Histological study has revealed the following: the focus of caseous necrosis surrounded by the thick capsule of connective tissue. What kind of secondary tuberculosis has occurred in patient?

487. A patient of neurological department has a sensitivity loss caused by the damage to pseudounipolar neurocytes. Pseudounipolar neurons are a kind of bipolar neurons and the only place of their localization in the human body is:

488. A preparation of intestine reveals complex branching tubuloalveolar glands with their ends in submucous layer. What organ is it?

489. A patient with alcohol-induced liver injury has an impairment of biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds. These changes are likely to be caused by hypoactivity of the following chromoprotein:

490. A 40-year-old male has hearing impairment and paresis of facial muscles resulting from a blow to his head. He was diagnosed with a hematoma of cerebellopontine angle. What nerves had been damaged?

491. A patient with incised wound of trapezius

muscle has been referred to a traumatology department. What cervical fascia forms sheath of this muscle?

492. A patient consulted a doctor about the inflammation of the ethmoid bone cells (ethmoiditis). Examination revealed the disorder of blood supply to the bone. The ethmoidal cells are normally supplied with blood by the branches of the following artery:

493. Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procariotic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of division. Name this process.

494. A female patient with heavy poisoning caused by sepsis has died. "Tiger heart"was revealed during autopsy. Microscopic investigation allowed to detect lipides in the cardiac myocytes cytoplasm. What morphogenetic development mechanism is the main cause of this kind of dystrophy?

495. A 42-year-old patient has an inflammation of the inner ear. After the examination, the doctor revealed the affection of the first neuron bodies of the auditory analyzer. Where are they localized?

496. Transfusion of Rh-incompatible blood resulted in hemolytic jaundice development in the patient. What laboratory blood value confirms this type of jaundice?

497. Treatment of a patient with hereditary form of immunodeficiency involved gene therapy: the enzyme gene was introduced into the cells of the patient by means of a retrovirus. What property of the genetic code allows to use retroviruses as vectors of functional genes?

498. A patient with a craniocerebral injury presents with respiration characterized by progressively deeper respiratory movements followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing. What pattern of abnormal respiration are these features typical for?

499. A woman with A (II), Rh-negative blood had a child with B (III), Rh-positive blood. The child was diagnosed with congenital anaemia of newborns. What is the most likely cause of its development?

500. In the histological specimen of a tooth germ the outer surface of the enamel organ is uneven, the cells of the inner layer show the reversal of polarity (inversion). These changes precede the beginning of the following process: