Англійська Залік 1-100

1.When examining a female patient a doctor observed the following: misshapen auricles, elevated palate, teeth growth disorder; mental retardation; no disruption of reproductive function. Provisional diagnosis is the "super woman" syndrome. Point out the karyotype of this disease.

2. As a result of dysfunction of protein synthesis in liver a patient with hepatic insufficiency has disturbed synthesis of procoagulants, prothrombin, fibrinogen.Which of the listed syndromes can be expected in this

patient? 

A patient complains of pain in the thorax during breathing, dyspnea, restriction of coughing movements, hiccupWhat respiratory muscles areaffected?

4 Osteolaterism is characterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by much less intensive formation of cross-links in the collagen fibrilsThis phenomenon is caused by hypoactivity of thefollowing enzyme:

5. A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?

A 55-year-old mae patient with acute heart failure has been administered a quick-relief cardiac glycosideWhich of the following drugs has beengiven to the patient?

To prevent possible negative effect upon the gastric mucsa a patient with rheumatoid arthritis was administered a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory druga COX-2 selective inhibitor. Specify thisdrug:

A patient has myocardial infarction.The first several hours of such medical condition will be characterized by significant increase of activity of the following enzyme in his blood serum:

A patient suffering from stenocardia takes 100 mg of acetylsalicilic acid dailyWhat is the effect of acetylsalicilic acid in this patient? 

Denture installation has caused excessive salivation in patient. It is caused by the following reflexes

There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is:

A patient at the early stage of diabetes mellitus was found to have polyuria. What is its cause?

A patient has lost his ability to recognize objects by their characteristic sounds (clock, bell, music). What part of his brain is damaged?

A 9-month-old infant is on bottlefeeding. Formula used in feeding has insufficient content of vitamin B6 The infant has seizures possibly caused by disruption in production of the following substance in the body:

The patient's lower pair of mesencephalon quadrigeminal bodies has been damaged due to hemorrhage. What reflex is lost?

The patient's examination in a hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by damage of the following brain structures: 

Certain brain structures of test animals have been subjected to electrostimulation, as an experiment, resulting in development of polyphagia (abnormal desire to consume excessive amounts of food) in test animals. Electrodes have been inserted in the following brain structures:

A patient suffers from a severe lifethreatening generalised septic infection. What group of chemotherapeutical drugs should be prescribed in this case?

A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infectionWhat immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?

Peripheral nerve trauma causes muscle atrophy; bones become porous and brittle; sores appear on skin and mucosa. What function of nervous system is damaged? 

Periodontitis induces the development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as an increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?

Normal implantation of human embryo is possible only if uterus endometrium undergoes certain changes, with the following type of endometrium cells increasing in number:

A patient has temporal bone fracture caused by an accident.What muscle functioning is disrupted?

A 32-year-old patient has B2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and corneal lesions are most likely to be caused by the deficiency of

A preparation of intestine reveals complex branching tubuloalveolar glands with their ends in submucous layerWhat organ is it?

A 43-year-old female complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympatheticadrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone: 

A 30-year-old driver complains of allergic rhinitis that usually excerbates in spring. He has been administered an antihistamine drug with a slight sedative effect and 24-hour period of action. Which of the listed drugs has been administered?

A patient, who has been suffering from severe injury of thorax, went into shock followed by symptoms of acute renal failure. What is the primary mechanism of acute renal failure development in this case?

As a result of a development anomaly a newborn has malformation of major salivary glands. This anomaly is caused by the damage of the following embryonal structure: 

A patient with incised wound of trapezius muscle has been referred to a traumatology department.What cervical fascia forms sheath of this muscle?

A rounded whitish-pink tumor node with diameter of 6 cm has been removed from uterine cavity. Microscopy revealed it to consist of chaotically arranged smooth muscle fibers with large amount of stroma threaded through with nerves and blood vessels. What diagnosis is most probable?

Autopsy of a man who died from intraintestinal hemorrhage revealed necrosis of grouped and solitary follicles, dead tissues imbibed with bile and blood in the ileum; sequestration and rejection of necrotic masses with defect formation in the lower segment of the intestine. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely? 

When examining the oral cavity of a 22-year-old patient, the dentist noticed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar. This tubercle is called:

Calcification of dental tissues is significantly influenced by osteocalcin protein which has an ability to bind calcium ions due to the presence of the following modified amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain:

A patient in a collaptoid state has been given an injection of mesatonum for the correction of blood pressureWhat is the mechanism of this drug action?

A patient has been prescribed pyridoxal phosphateWhat processes are corrected with this drug?

A patient has some vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis. What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?

Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procariotic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of division. Name this process.

A patient has chronic rhinitis. Nasal cavity mucosa swelling causes disruption of the olfactory nerve receptors placed in the nasal cavity olfactory region. What formation allows for olfactory nerve endings to enter into anterior cranial fossa?

There is a large amount of effusion in the pericardial cavity of a patient with exudative pericarditis. What cells cause such a phenomenon when their functional activity is disrupted?

 A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria)Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/ What hormone can be the cause of this if its secretion is disturbed?

A patient with liver cirrhosis has been given intravenously 500,0 ml of 5% glucose solution along with other drugsThere is a high risk of the following water-electrolytic balance disruption:

After arriving in the polar region, researchers from Australia have complained of nervous disorders, loss of appetite, aggravation of chronic diseases for 6 monthsWhat process has been disrupted in extreme 

A 32-year-old patient has purulent wound in the lower third of forearm. Smear of purulent wound content has been madeWhat cells will be generally detected, if it is stained using Romanovsky-Giemsa stain?

As a result of a rapid change from horizontal to vertical body position a 16year-old girl lost consciousness. What is the reason for it? 

A 7-year-old child suffers from acute diseaseA pediatrician observed the following during examination: pharynx mucosa is hyperemic, edematous, swollen, cowered with large amount of mucusBuccal mucosa has whitish discoloured spots. On the next day the child came out in rash with large spots covering the skin of his face, neck and torsoWhat kind of inflammation causes changes in pharynx mucosa?

A 43-year-old patient has acute pancreatitis with concomitant disruption of common bile duct patency. What condition can it result in?

A patient with acute cardiac failure has been taking cardiac glycoside drug for a long time. He has developed the following symptoms: nausea, fatigue, extrasystole. What is the cause of this symptoms?

 A nuclear power plant disaster fighter had absorbed radiation dose of 5 Gy; in a week he was diagnosed with blood agranulocytosis. What pathogenetic mechanism is principal in its origination?

A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity was tested. In 30 seconds full-body fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0 mm Hg, followed by cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in patient?

A patient has been preliminarily diagnosed withf paragonimiasisThis disease is caused by lung flukesThe causative agent entered into the patient's body through:

A histologic study of a red bone marrow puncture sample had been conducted in the course of examination of a 35-year-old patient, and significant megakaryocyte number depletion was detectedWhat peripheral blood changes will result from that?

 A patient suffering from pericarditis with rapid progression has developed acute cardiac tamponade.What regulation mechanism is most likely to compensate for this pathology?

 A patient was taken to a hospital with dizziness, dry mouthmydriatic pupils, accommodation disorder, tachycardia, difficult urination, intestinal atonyThese symptoms might have been caused by overdose of the following drug:

Experimental studies revealed steroid hormones to have an effect on proteosynthesis. They influence synthesis of the following substances:

A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremityWhat infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

A 45-year-old female patient has neurosis with irritability, insomnia, amotivational anxiety. What tranquilizer will be able to eliminate all symptoms of the disease?

Tooth temperature increases during its preparation due to dental borer friction, which may cause painful sensations. What is the threshold of teeth thermal sensitivity?

A young couple has a child with encephalopathy.A doctor determined this disease to be caused by mitochondrial DNA disorderIn what way are mitochondrial pathologies inherited?

A histological preparation shows organ, where lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymph nodules, medullary cords and lymphatic sinuses. What organ is it?

Microscopy of smear preparation stained with methylene blue revealed bacilli with clublike expansions on their ends similar to C.diphteriae. What additional method of staining should be used to verify this assumption?

A histological preparation of cerebellum transverse section shows large number of multipolar neurons in the grey matterWhat morphological feature allows to identify them as multipolar?

Human X chromosome contains dominant gene that is reponsiblefor normal blood clottingAn autosomal dominant gene plays a similar roleLack of any of these genes leads to the coagulation disorder. The form of interaction between these genes is called

A patient complains of decreased abilty to produce proper pressure with his masticatory musclesWhat method of study allows checking the patient's complaint?

Activation of certain hemostasis system factors is done through calcium ions attachment. What structural component allows this attachment?

A 49-year-old male patient with myocardial infarction has been admitted to the cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?

A patient complains of feeling of pain in his upper jaw and teeth. Physical examinations reveals painful feeling when supraorbital incisure area is pressed. What nerve is damaged?

To conduct serum diagnostics of typhoid fever a test is carried out, when diagnosticums of three types of microorganisms are being added into different solutions of patient's serum; then agglutinate formation is checked. Name the author of this kind of test.

Preventive examination of a 55year-old patient revealed type II diabetes mellitus. An endocrinologist revealed an increase in body weight and liver enlargement. The man is non-smoker and doesn't abuse alcohol but likes to have a good meal. Histological examination by means of diagnostic liver puncture revealed that the hepatocytes were enlarged mostly on the lobule periphery, their cytoplasm had transparent vacuoles showing positive reaction with sudan III. What liver pathology was revealed?

Orthodontic treatment of a child proved to be ineffective due to the chronic mouth breathing since the nasal breathing is impairedThis is caused by the hypertrophy of the following tonsils:

A woman with A (II), Rh-negative blood had a child with B (III)Rh-positive blood. The child was diagnosed with congenital anaemia of newbornsWhat is the most likely cause of its development?

A 25-year-old woman has died when giving birth. The histological study of her kidneys has revealed the following in the epithelium of nephron tubules: condensation of nucleus chromatin, nuclei breaking down into lumps, and lysis, along with plasmorrhexis and cytolysis. What pathologic process was revealed in the epithelium of kidney tubules?

A patient presented to a hospital with complaints about quick fatigability and significant muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes functional disorder of receptors in the neuromuscular synapses. This will result in the disturbed activity of the following mediator:

A patient was suffering from primary tuberculosis 5 years agoRadiography has revealed a sharply marginated nodular shadow with diameter of 4 cm in the 2nd segment of the right lung. Focus was surgically removed. Histological study has revealed the following: the focus of caseous necrosis surrounded by the thick capsule of connective tissueWhat kind of secondary tuberculosis has occurred in patient? 

A 5-year-old child with diagnosis of diphtheria has been hospitalised in severe condition in a contagious isolation wardTracheostomy had to be performed on the child to prevent asphyxiation. This operation was caried out in the following neck triangle (trigonum):

 A 67-year-old patient has atherosclerosis of cardiac and cerebral vessels. Examination revealed hyperlipidemiaWhat class of blood plasma lipoproteids is most important in atherosclerosis pathogenesis? A) Chylomicrons

Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperatureWhat substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of feverinducing mechanism?

A histological preparation of lower jaw shows dentin being formed Collagen fibers synthesized by odontoblasts are thin and situated perpendicular to dentinal tubules. What fibers are being produced in dentin? 

Biogenic amines, such as histamine, serotonin, dopamine and others, are highly active substances affecting various physiological functionsWhat transformation process of amino acids results in biogenic amines being produced in somatic tissues?

A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomyThe kidney looks as a thin-walled sac filled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis: 

During ventricular systole the muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:

After examining the patient the doctor recommended him to eliminate rich meat and vegetable broth, spices, smoked products from the diet, since the patient was found to have:

A 38-year-old man died all of a sudden. Autopsy revealed myocardial infarction in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. What are the most likely alterations in myocardiocyte structure that can be revealed microscopically in the infarction focus?

The patient's condition after blood transfusion has been aggravated by posttransfusion shock. Name the type of allergic reaction causing this pathology.

A 2-year-old child has congenital spastic contraction of muscles on one side of neck, that is torticollis. What muscle is affected?

A pregnant woman complains of vaginal mucosa irritation, itching and genital tracts secretion. Bacterioscopy of vaginal smears revealed large gram-positive oval oblong cells that form pseudomicelium. What is the most probable channel of infection?

A 12-year-old child is of short stature, has disproportionate body structure and mental retardation. These characteristics might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following hormone

Microscopy of perianal folds scrape has revealed colourless eggs in the shape of asymmetrical ovals sized 50x23 micrometers.Name the kind of helminth.

A histological preparation of multirooted tooth reveals polygonal cells with processes in the root bifurcation area. What cells and what dental tissues are characterised by these morphologic features?

During ABO blood grouping by using coliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), haemagglutination did not occur with any of the coliclonsWhat is the blood group of the patient under examination?

A 36-year-old patient underwent tooth extraction at a dental clinicAfter two weeks the stratified squamous epithelium regenerated at this site. What organelles were involved in the restoration of the mucous membrane?

An oncological patient had been administered methotrexate. With time target cells of the tumour lost sensitivity to this drug. At the same time the change in gene expression of the following enzyme is observed:

X-chromatin test of somatic cells is used for quick diagnostics of hereditary diseases caused by variations of sex chromosomes number. What is the karyotype of a male, whose cells mostly contain one X-chromatin body?

Nucleoli of nuclei have been damaged due to tissue culture nuclear irradiation. Regeneration of the following organelles becomes hampered in cytoplasm:

A 28-year-old patient had been diagnosed with multifragmental fracture of the right hipOn the third day after the injury he began to complain of pain in the right side of chest, difficult respiration. A day later the patient died of progressive heart and respiratory failure. Histological study of pulmonary and cerebral blood vessels revealed orange sudanophilic droplets that completely obstructed the vessels of microvasculatureWhat complication caused the death of the patient? 

A patient has oliguria caused by acute renal failureWhat daily amount of urine corresponds with this symptom? 

Alveolar bleeding has been detected following the extraction of the maxillary second premolarWhat artery causes this kind of bleeding,when damaged?

Histological examination of a lymph node removed from the posterior triangle of neck of an 18-year-old patient revealed some cell agglomerations that included single multinuclear Reed-Stemberg cells, major Hodgkin's cells, minor Hodgkin's cells and many lymphocytes, single plasmatic cells, eosinophilsWhat is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn boy has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus. Doctors consider it to be caused by teratogenic factors. What germ layers are affected by teratogen?

An autopsy of the body of an aged man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed. What diagnosis is most probable?