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When examining a female patient a doctor observed the following: misshapen auricles elevated palate, teeth growth disorder; mental retardation; no disruption of reproductive function. Provisional diagnosis is the 'super woman' syndrome. Point out the karyotype of this disease. 

As a result of dysfunction of protein synthesis in liver a patient with hepatic insufficiency has disturbed synthesis of procoagulants, prothrombin, fibrinogen. Which of the listed syndromes can be expected in this patient?

A patient complains of pain in the thorax during breathing, dyspnea, restriction of coughing movements, hiccup. What respiratory muscles are affected?

Osteolaterism is characterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by much less intensive formation of cross-links in the collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by hypoactivity of the following enzyme:

A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?

A 55-year-old mae patient with acute heart failure has been administered a quick-relief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?

To prevent possible negative effect upon the gastric mucosa patient with rheumatoid arthritis was administered nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug COX-2 selective inhibitor. Specify this drug:

A patient nas myocardial infarction. The first several hours of such medical condition will be characterized by significant increase of activity of the following enzyme in his blood serum:

A patient suffering from stenocardia takes 100 mg of acetylsalicilic acid daily. What is the effect of acetylsalicilic acid in this patient?

Denture installation has caused excessive salivation in patient. It is caused by the following reflexes:

There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is:

A patient at the early stage of diabetes mellitus was found to have polyuria. What is its cause?

A patient has lost his ability to recognize objects by their characteristic sounds (clock, bell, music). What part of his brain damaged?

A 9-month-old infant is on bottlefeeding. Fomula used in feeding has insufficient content of vitamin B 6. The infant has seizures possibly caused by disruption in production of the following substance in the body:

The patient's lower pair of mesencephalon quadrigeminal bodies has been damaged due to hemorrhage. What reflex is lost?

The patient's examination in hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by damage of the following brain structures:

Certain brain structures of test animals have been subjected to electrostimulation, as an experiment, resulting in development of polyphagia (abnormal desire to consume excessive amounts of food) in test animals. Electrodes have been inserted in the following brain structures:

A patient suffers from a severe lifethreatening generalised septic infection. What group of chemotherapeutical drugs should be prescribed in this case?

A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?

Peripheral nerve trauma causes muscle atrophy; bones become porous and brittle: sores appear on slain and mucosa. What function of nervous system is damaged?

Periodontitis induces the development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as an increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?

Normal implantation of human embryo is possible only if uterus endometrium undergoes certain changes, with the following type of endometrium cells increasing in number:

A patient has temporal bone fracture caused by an accident. What muscle functioning is disrupted?

32-year-old patient has B 2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and comeal lesions are most likely to be caused by the deficiency of:

A preparation of intestine reveals complex branching tubuloalveolar glands with their ends in submucous layer. What organ is it?

A 43-year-old female complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympatheticadrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone:

A 30-year-old driver complains of allergic rhinitis that usually excerbates in spring. He has been administered an antihistamine drug with slight sedative effect and 24-hour period of action. Which of the listed drugs has been administered?

A patient, who has been suffering from severe injury of thorax, went into shock followed by symptoms of acute renal failure. What is the primary mechanism of acute renal failure development in this case?

As a result of development anomaly newborn has malformation of major salivary glands. This anomaly is caused by the damage of the following embryonal structure:

A patient with incised wound of trapezius muscle has been referred to traumatology department. What cervical fascia forms sheath of this muscle?

A rounded whitish-pink tumor node with diameter of 6 cm has been removed from uterine cavity. Microscopy revealed it to consist of chaotically arranged smooth muscle fibers with large amount of stroma threaded through with nerves and blood vessels. What diagnosis is most probable?

Autopsy of a man who died from intraintestinal hemorrhage revealed necrosis of grouped and solitary follicles, dead tissues imbibed with bile and blood in the ileum; sequestration and rejection of necrotic masses with defect formation in the lower segment of the intestine. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely?

When examining the oral caity of a 22-year-old patient, the dentist noticed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar. This tubercle is called:

Calcification of dental tissues significantly influenced by osteocalcin protein which has an ability to bind calcium ions due to the presence of the following modified amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain:

A patient in a collaptoid state has been given an injection of mesatonum for the correction of blood pressure. What is the mechanism of this drug action?

A patient has been prescribed pyridoxal phosphate. What processes are corrected with this drug?

A patient has some vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis. What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?

Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procariotic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but of there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of division. Name this process.

A patient has chronic rhinitis. Nasal cavity mucosa swelling causes disruption of the olfactory nerve receptors placed in the nasal cavity olfactory region. What formation allows for olfactory nerve endings to enter into anterior cranial fossa?

There is a large amount of effusion in the pericardial cavity of patient with exudative pericarditis. What cells cause such a phenomenon when their functional activity is disrupted?

A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria). Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/l. What hormone can be the cause of this if its secretion is disturbed?

A patient with liver cirrhosis has been given intravenously 500,0 ml of 5% glucose solution along with other drugs. There is a high risk of the following water-electrolytic balance disruption:

After arriving in the polar region researchers from Australia have complained of nervous disorders, loss of appetite, aggravation of chronic diseases for 6 months. What process has been disrupted in extreme conditions?

A 32-year-old patient has purulent wound in the lower third of forearm. Smear of purulent wound content has been made. What cells will be generally detected, if it is stained using Romanovsky-Giemsa stain?

As a result of rapid change from horizontal to vertical body position a 16year-old girl lost consciousness. What is the reason for it?

A 7-year-old child suffers from acute disease. A pediatrician observed the following during examination: pharynx mucosa is hyperemic, edematous, swollen, cowered with large amount of mucus. Buccal mucosa has whitish discoloured spots. On the next day the child came out in rash with large spots covering the skin of his face, neck and torso. What kind of inflammation causes changes in pharynx mucosa?

A 43-year-old patient has acute pancreatitis with concomitant disruption of common bile duct patency. What condition can it result in?

A patient with acute cardiac failure has been taking cardiac glycoside drug for a long time. He has developed the following symptoms: nausea, fatigue, extrasystole. What is the cause of this symptoms?

A nuclear power plant disaster fighter had absorbed radiation dose of 5 Gy; in a week he was diagnosed with blood agranulocytosis. What pathogenetic mechanism is principal in its origination?

A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity in was tested. In 30 seconds full-body fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0 mm Hg, followed cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in patient?

A patient with hypoparathyreosis has multiole carious lesions of teeth. This pathology is caused by insufficiency of the following hormone:

A female patient suffering tom coronary artery disease has been prescribed amiodarone that has antianginal action. What other action does this drug have?

A 46-year-old patient consulted a doctor

about pustular rash on the skin of the limbs. What

antiseptic should be administered to the patient?

There is a 7-year-old child with complains

of cough, lacrimation, rhinitis, skin rash,

photophobia and three-day-long fever high as 38

C. Physical examination has revealed the

following. conjunctivitis; bright red maculopapular

rash covering the skin of face. neck and torso;

hyperemic pharynx; serous purulent secretions

from the nose; dry rales in the lungs. What is the

most probable diagnosis?

A preparation of endocrine gland

demonstrates cortical and medullary substances

divided with connective tissue layer. In the cortical

substance parenchyma cells make up three zones:

they form rounded clusters in the superficial zone,

parallel strands in the middle one, and in the deep

zone cell strands form net-like structure. What

gland is it?

A patient is diagnosed with acute

morphine hydrochloride poisoning. Choose the

oxidant drug to be prescribed for gastric lavage.

Continuous treatment of cancer patients

with methotrexate over time reduces the target

cell's sensitivity to the drug. In this case gene

amplification of the following enzyme is observed:

A female patient presents with the ovarian

hyperaemia, increased permeability of the

blood-follicle barrier with the development of

edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with

segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in

volume. Its wall is thickened. What period of the

sex cycle is the described situation typical for?

A 42-year-old patient with tetanus

developed an acute respiratory failure. What type of

respiratory failure occurs in this case?

Microscopy of dental plaque revealed

unicellular organisms. Their cytoplasm had two

distinct layers, barely visible core,

wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have:

Examination of a 23-year-old patient

reveals that when his tongue is protruded, its tip

deviates to the side. This is caused by the

dysfunction of the following tongue muscle:

There is high content of proteine and

erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by

increased:

A patient has air embolism as a result of a

skin injury in the middle portion of the

stemocleidomastoid muscle. Which cervical vein

wAs injured?

In course of an experiment researchers

a stimulate a branch of a sympathetic nerve that

innervates heart. What changes in cardiac activity

should be registered?

Wilson's disease is a disorder of copper

transport which leads to the accumulation of this

metal in brain and liver cells. It is associated with a

disturbance in the synthesis of the following

protein:

A patient with mandibular osteomyelitis

shows the signs of plexus dentalis inferior damage

and innervation disruption of his mandibular teeth

and gums. What nerve provides this innervation

with its branches?

Having lost significant amount of body

weight, a 70-year-old patient complains of dull pain

in the lumbar area. In the result of examination he

was diagnosed with floating kidney. What part of

kidney supporting apparatus is most likely to be to

damaged?

A connective tissue preparation stained

with hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenous cell

groups surounded with basophilic intercellular

substance. No fibrous structures detected. What

type of connective tissue is it?

Histological examination of the

grayishpink elastic nodule of 0,3 cm in diameter

found by a surgeon at the root of the extracted tooth

shows granulation tissue with cords of stratified

squamous epithelium. What is the most likely

diagnosis?

A patient with acute retention of urine has

been brought to an admission room. During

examination a doctorfound out that the patient has

urethral obturation caused by pathology of the

surrounding organ. Name this organ.

An irregular-shaped dense grey and white

focus has appeared on the patient's oral cavity

mucosa, raising above mucosa surface. The patient

considers it to be denture-caused damage of

mucosa. Microscopy has revealed the following:

hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis,

acanthosis of stratified epithelium of mucosa;

underlaying connective tissue has lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. What pathology is

it?

A patient is diagnosed with pancreatic

diabetes with associated hyperglycemia. Glycemia

rate can be assessed retrospectively (4-8 weeks

prior to examination) by measuring concentration

of the following blood plasma protein:

Otopyosis has caused tympanic cavity

roof to be broken by pus. From tympanic cavity pus

spreads to the following cranial fossa:

Mother had noticed her 5-year-old child's

urine to become dark in colour. Bile pigments in

urine were not detected. The diagnosis of

alkaptomuria was made. What pigment is deficient?

Postmortem examination of a patient with

a long history of rheumatism revealed thickening

and shortening of the mitral valve leaflets with

abundant thrombotic deposits. Histological

examination of the valve leaflets confirmed

sclerosis and revealed multiple foci of connective

tissue disorganization in form of mucoid and

fibrinoid swelling, as well as deendothelization

foci. Endothelium defects were covered with

thrombotic deposits of 1-2 mm. What type of

valvular endocarditis is the case?

A 33-year-old patient complains of an

impairment of skin sensitivity in the medial part of the dorsal and palmar surface of hand Which nerve

is damaged?

After the transfusion of the concentrated

red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading

mechanism of acute renal failure in this case?

Tooth extraction in patient with chronic

persistent hepatitis was complicated by a prolonged

bleeding. What is the cause of hemorrhagic

syndrome?

A patient has sustained a traumatic injury

of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted mn

decrease of:

A female patient with heavy poisoning

caused by sepsis has died. "Tiger heart"was

revealed during autopsy. Microscopic investigation

to allowed to detect lipides in the cardiac myocytes

cytoplasm. What morphogenetic development

mechanism is the main cause of this kind of

dystrophy?

The effect of some harmful factors caused

to focal damage to the gastric epithelium. What cells

are responsible for its regeneration?

A patient has addressed a doctor with complaint of gastric ulcer exacerbation.

The following membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked in the course of the patient's complex therapy:

A shepherd who has tended sheep together with dogs consulted a doctorabout pain in his right subcostal area, nausea, vomiting.

Roentgenoscopy revealed a tumour-like formation.

What kind of helminthiasis might be suspected?

An isolated heart of a mammal has had diastolic arrest in the process of perfusion with an ion.rich solution. Solution ha excess of the following ions:

There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat.

Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends placed in the shape of Roman numeral five. What infection can be suspected in this case?

After restoration of maxllary incisors with artificial crowns a 44-year-old female was found to have a brownish overgrowth in form of a node of 15 mm in diameter. Histological study revealed that under the stratified squamous epitheliun of gingiva there was a connective tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels, ovalshaped mononuclear cells forming osteold substance, and polynuclear giant cells that destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw. What is the most likely diagnosis?

When examining the child's oral cavity, a dentist has noticed growth of the child's first permanent camines. How old is the child?

A 60-year-old man consulted a doctor about an onset of chest pain. In blood serum analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the following enzymes: creatine kinase and its MBisoform, aspartate aminotransferase. These changes indicate the development of the pathological process in the following tissues

Squamous part of temporal bone and the artery situated on its inner surface have been damaged in the result of inflicted gunshot wound.

What artery is it?

A patient has been preliminarily diagnosed withf paragonimiasis. This disease is caused by lung flukes. The causative agent entered into the patient's body through:

 A histologic study of a red bone marrow puncture sample had been conducted in the course of examination of a 35-year-old patient, and significant megakaryocyte number depletion was detected. What peripheral blood changes will result from that?

A patient suffering from pericarditis with rapid progression has developed acute cardiac tamponade. What regulation mechanism is most likely to compensate for this pathology?

A patient was taken to a hospital with dizziness, dry mouth, mydriatic pupils, accommodation disorder, tachycardia, difficult urination, intestinal atony. These symptoms might have been caused by overdose of the following drug:

Experimental studies revealed steroid hormones to have an effect on proteosynthesis. They influence synthesis of the following substances:

A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

A 45-year-old female patient has neurosis with irritability, insomnia, amotivational anxiety. What tranquilizer will be able to eliminate all symptoms of the disease?

Tooth temperature increases during its preparation due to dental borer friction, which may cause painful sensations. What is the threshold of teeth thermal sensitivity?

A young couple has a child with encephalopathy. A doctor determined this disease to be caused by mitochondrial DNA disorder. In what way are mitochondrial pathologies inherited?

A histological preparation shows organ, where lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymph nodules, medullary cords and lymphatic simuses. What organ is it?

Microscopy of smear preparation stained with methylene blue revealed bacilli with clublike expansions on their ends similar to C diphteriae. What additional method of staining should be used to verify this assumption?

A histological preparation of cerebellum transverse section shows large number of multipolar neurons in the grey matter. What morphological feature allows to identify them as multipolar?

Human X chromosome contains a dominant gene that is reponsiblefor normal blood clotting. An autosomal dominant gene plays a similar role. Lack of any of these genes leads to the coagulation disorder. The form of interaction between these genes is called:

A patient complains of decreased abilty to produce proper pressure with his masticatory muscles. What method of study allows checking the patient's complaint?

Activation of certain hemostasis system factors is done through calcium ions attachment. What structural component allows this attachment?

A 49-year-old male patient with myocardial infarction has been admitted to the cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?

A patient complains of feeling of pain in his upper jaw and teeth. Physical examinations reveals painful feeling when supraorbital incisure area is pressed. What nerve is

To conduct serum diagnostics of typhoid fever a test is carried out, when diagnosticums of three types of microorganisms are being added into different solutions of patient's serum; then agglutinate formation is checked. Name the author of this kind of test.

Preventive examination of a 55year-old patient revealed type II diabetes mellitus. An endocrinologist revealed an increase in body weight and liver enlargement. The man is non-smoker and doesn't abuse alcohol but likes to have a good meal. Histological examination by means of diagnostic liver puncture revealed that the hepatocytes were enlarged mostly on the lobule periphery, their cytoplasm had transparent vacuoles showing positive reaction with sudan III. What liver pathology was revealed?

Orthodontic treatment of a child proved to be ineffective due to the chronic mouth breathing since the nasal breathing is impaired. This is caused by the hypertrophy of the following tonsils:

A woman with A (II). Rh-negative blood had a child with B (III), Rh-positive blood. The child was diagnosed with congenital anaemia of newborns. What is the most likely cause of its development?

A 25-year-old woman has died when giving birth. The histological study of her kidneys has revealed the following in the epithelium of nephron tubules: condensation of nucleus chromatin, nuclei breaking down into lumps, and lysis, along with plasmorrhexis and cytolysis. What pathologic process was revealed in the epithelium of kidney tubules?

A patient presented to a hospital with complaints about quick fatigability and significant muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes functional disorder of receptors in the neuromuscular synapses. This will result in the disturbed activity of the following mediator.

A patient was suffering from primary tuberculosis 5 years ago. Radiography has revealed a sharply marginated nodular shadow with diameter of 4 cm in the 2nd segment of the right lung. Focus was surgically removed. Histological study has revealed the following: the focus of caseous necrosis surrounded by the thick capsule of connective tissue. What kind of secondary tuberculosis has occurred in patient?

A 5-year-old child with diagnosis of diphtheria has been hospitalised in severe condition in a contagious isolation ward. Tracheostomy had to be performed on the child to prevent asphyxiation. This operation was caried out in the following neck triangle (trigonum):

A 67-year-old patient has atherosclerosis of cardiac and cerebral vessels. Examination revealed hyperlipidemia. What class of blood plasma lipoproteids is most important in atherosclerosis pathogenesis?

Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperature. What substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of feverinducing mechanism?

A histological preparation of lower jaw shows dentin being formed. Collagen fibers synthesized by odontoblasts are thin and situated perpendicular to dentinal tubules. What fibers are being produced in dentin?

Biogenic amines, such as histamine serotonin, dopamine and others, are highly active substances affecting various physiological functions. What transformation process of amino acids results in biogenic amines being produced in somatic tissues?

A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomy. The kidney looks as a thin-walled sac filled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis