English PMK 150-200

151. In the solution being used for perfusing the isolated heart of rat, the K + concentration has been increased to 8 mmol/L. What changes in the heart are to be expected? 

152. Examination of a 6-year-old patient gave reasons to suspect the deterioration in airway patency. What is the most reliable research method to identify the pathology?

153. A 58-year-old patient with essential hypertension complains about general health deterioration. She has been administered methyldopa. Specify the mechanism of this drug action:

154. Examination of a patient revealed dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. What vitamin deficiency is the cause of this condition ?

155. Examination of a patient with a brain cortex injury revealed that he had lost the tactile sensitivity. What part of the cerebral cortex is damaged?

156. What vitamin is a component of glutamic acid decarboxylase, participates in the production of GABA, and its deficiency is manifested by seizures?

157. Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40 o C. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?

158. Pyruvic acid as an intermediate metabolite of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism can undergo oxidative decarboxylation. The cause of this process is the lack of the following nutrient in the diet:

159. A 25-year-old patient got an injury as a result of which a portion of the nail plate was removed. What structures will be responsible for its restoration?

160. While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci looking like coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads. Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:

161. A 49-year-old male patient with myocardial infarction has been admitted to the cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?

162. A 39-year-old patient underwent hematologic tests. The following results were obtained: RBC- 2,8 · 10 12 /L, Нb-80 g/L, color index - 0,85, reticulocytes - 0,1%, platelets - 160 · 10 9 /L, WBC 60 · 10 9 /L. Basophils - 2, eosinophils - 8, promyelocytes - 5, myelocytes - 5, immature neutrophils - 16, stab neutrophils - 20, segmented neutrophils - 34, lymphocytes - 5, monocytes 5. What form of blood pathology are these results indicative of?

163. In the experiment, the permeability of cell membrane for potassium ions has been increased. What changes can be expected in the membrane state?

164. Microscopy of a dental plaque revealed a large number of cocci arranged in pairs and strings, as well as Gram-positive bacilli which were likely to be the cause of cariogenesis. What microorganism associations are involved in the development of dental caries?

165. To perform a scheduled surgery on the upper jaw, a surgeon decided to apply ataralgesia. What medications are used for this manipulation?

166. A 34-year-old patient has a history of periodontitis. As a result of increased collagen degradation, there is a significantly increased urinary excretion of one of the amino acids. Which one?

167. A 31-year-old patient has deep caries of the fifth maxillary tooth on the right. Acute purulent inflammation in the region of the tooth apex has developed. There is marked edema with isolated neutrophils in the perifocal tissues and soft tissues of cheek and palate. Diagnose the pathologic process in the soft tissues of cheek and palate:  

168. A 47-year-old patient with symptoms of severe intoxication and respiratory failure died. A section of lung tissue had a mottled pattern with multiple small focal hemorrhages and foci of emphysema. Histological examination revealed hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia accompanied by abscess; the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells had eosinophil and basophil inclusions. According to the section analysis, make your diagnosis:

169. Transfusion of Rh-incompatible blood resulted in hemolytic jaundice development in the patient. What laboratory blood value confirms this type of jaundice?

170. A patient under examination is in a stage of rapid eye movement sleep. This is confirmed by the following waves registered by EEG:

171. A 35-year-old female patient has HIV at the AIDS stage. On the skin of the lower extremities and palatine mucosa there appeared rusty red spots, bright red nodules of various sizes. One of the nodules was taken for histological study. It revealed a lot of randomly distributed thin-walled vessels lined with endothelium, the bundles of spindle cells containing hemosiderin. What kind of tumor developed in the patient?

172. A 50-year-old patient with a hypertensive crisis had been administered magnesium sulfate, which led to an abrupt decrease in blood pressure. The side effects of magnesium sulfate can be avoided if the following drug is administered:

173. In a 52-year-old patient with chronic glomerulonephritis, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced by 20% compared to normal. What causes the decrease in GFR in patients with chronic renal failure?

174. A severe injury in a 36-year-old patient resulted in a significant blood loss which was accompanied by a blood pressure drop. What hormones provide rapid recovery of blood pressure after the blood loss?

175. A 49-year-old patient has psychotic manifestations in form of psychomotor agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations. What drug is indicated in the described case?

176. A histological specimen of submandibular salivary gland represents basket cells from which some processes radiate and embrace the secretory unit. Contraction of the processes of these cells helps in expelling secretions from the lumen of secretory units and moving them to the system of excretory ducts. Name these cells:

177. A 58-year-old male patient consulted an urologist about acute pain during urination and decreased amount of the excreted urine. Urolithiasis was suspected. The concrements are most likely to be found in the following part of the urethra:

178. The effect of some harmful factors caused focal damage to the gastric epithelium. What cells are responsible for its regeneration?

179. A histological specimen represents the parenchyma composed of lymphoid tissue which forms the diffusely arranged lymph nodules with a central artery. What anatomic formation has the given morphological structure?

180. A histological specimen represents a structure of the oral cavity, which is formed by bone tissue. It is covered by mucous membrane consisting of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The structure has fatty, glandular and marginal zone. In all parts of the lamina propria the collagen fibers form thick bundles that penetrate deep into the periosteum. What kind of structure is it?

181. Proliferation of connective tissue in the parenchyma of liver (fibrosis) caused by chronic diseases is typically accompanied by an impairment of blood circulation in the classic lobules. What is the direction of blood flow in these lobules?

182. In the uterine cavity an embryo was found that was not attached to the endometrium. What stage of embryonal development is it?

183. A 4-year-old child has purulent inflammation of the middle ear. The pathological process has spread to the artery that borders the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity. What vessel is involved in the pathological process?

184. A 34-year-old patient underwent a tooth extraction. The tooth crown was of diamond shape and had four tubercles on the masticatory surface, the tooth had three roots. What tooth was extracted?

185. Examination of an 18-year-old girl revealed the following features: ovarian hypoplasia, broad shoulders, narrow hips, shortening of the lower extremities, webbed neck. Mental development is normal. The patient has been diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome. What chromosomal abnormality does this patient have?

186. The surgically excised connective tissue of the deformed mitral valve gives a basophilic reaction when stained with hematoxylin and eosin. When stained with toluidine blue, it turns purple (metachromasia). What changes of the connective tissue can be detected by these reactions?

187. Arterial pH is 7,4; primary urine 7,4; final urine - 5,8. Decrease in the pH of final urine is the result of the secretion of the following ions in the nephron tubules:

188. A histological specimen represents a blood vessel. Its inner tunica is composed of endothelium, subendothelium and internal elastic lamina. The middle tunica is rich in smooth muscle cells. What vessel is characterized by these morphological features?

189. During examination of a 3-monthold infant a pediatrician revealed that the baby’s oral mucosa and tongue were covered with a thick white deposit. In the material taken from the affected site a bacteriologist revealed the presence of yeast fungi giving the reasons for suspecting a fungal infection which occurs most often in children of this age, namely:

190. An animal has been given a weak solution of hydrochloric acid introduced into the duodenum through a tube. Which hormone concentration will increase in the animal?

191. Alterations in protein digestion in the small intestine are induced by the impairment of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity. What enzyme deficiency may be the cause of this impairment?

192. A patient with a toxic paralysis of the respiratory center has been repeatedly administered cordiamine for the center stimulation. What side effect may occur?

193. A 36-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus had seizures with loss of consciousness after an insulin injection. What was the result of blood glucose test?

194. A 55-year-old mae patient with acute heart failure has been administered a quick-relief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?

195. In some anaerobic bacteria the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to the ethyl alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). What is the biological significance of this process?

196. Following thyroid surgery, a 47-yearold female patient had fibrillary twitching of muscles in the arms, legs and face. These disorders can be treated by the introduction of the following hormone:

197. Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed that the tissue had no blood vessels, and the cells were packed tightly together making layers. Specify this tissue:

198. A 10-year-old child cut his leg with a piece of glass and was sent to a clinic for an anti-tetanus serum injection. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock, the Besredka desensitization method was applied. What mechanism underlies this method?

199. A 43-year-old patient is to be administered an antibiotic from the penicillin group which would be resistant to penicillinase. What drug can be recommended?

200. A patient has an inflammation in the pterygopalatine fossa. The infection has spread to the nasal cavity. What anatomic structure has the infection penetrated through?