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The science of language use (parole) or the discursive functions of language, including its contextual uniqueness and variability (irregularities), is known as … o oo o

The science of the abstract (decontextualizable) regularities that constitute linguistic structure (langue) is known as … o o o o

A formally encoded system of denotational meanings is known as … o o o o

The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning is called …

An utterance describing pragmatic function is described as … o o o o

The creator of the modern theory of structuralism and one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics is … o o oo

One of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, calling language a series of interchangeable language-games in which the meaning of words is derived from their public use, is … o o o o

A German psychologist, known for his sign theory with particular emphasis on the functions of language, and a distinction between two “fields” which form the context in which a sign is used, is … o o o o

An English philosopher of language who postulated the existence of a general Cooperative Principle in conversation, as well as of certain context-related maxims of conversation derived from this Principle, is … o ooo

A British philosopher, known for the invention of speech act theory, through which he attempted to account for the various “performative” aspects of conveyed linguistic meaning, is … o oo o

An American philosopher, known for the introduction of the so-called “illocutionary acts” in his work “How to Do Things with Words”, is … o o o o

The director of the Language and Cognition group at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, known for making a considerable contribution to the study of politeness in “Politeness: Universals in Language Usage” (with Penelope Brown) (1987), is … o o o o

Classical theories of reference assume a strong connection between … o oo o

. … is when one or more specific individual entities (persons, things, places, times and so on) are referred to. o o o o

is when the identity of the referent (or referents) is either not known or not relevant to the message being conveyed. o o o o

… is when reference is made to a whole class of referents, rather than to a specific (or nonspecific) individual or group of individuals. o o o o

Reference is generally described in terms of … o o oo

. Linguistic forms used to accomplish “pointing” are called … o o o o

In pragmatics there exists the basic distinction between deictic expressions being … o o o o

Cognitive center of orientation for the speaker is known as … o o o o

There are three main sub-types of deixis: o o o

… designate the basic roles in a speech event. o o oo

… indicate location in space relative to the speaker. ooo o

indicate the timing of an event relative to the time of speaking. o oo o

. Actions performed via utterances are generally called … ooo o

. … are utterances for which a truth value conceivably could be determined. o o o o

… are used in order to perform some act. o o o o

. Austin claimed that all utterances, in addition to meaning whatever they mean, perform specific acts via the specific … of an utterance. o o oo

… is the production of an utterance with a particular intended structure, meaning and reference. oo o

… is the action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a linguistic expression, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it. o o o o

… is the bringing about of consequences or effects on the audience through the uttering of a linguistic expression, such consequences or effects being special to the circumstances of utterance. ooo o

… is an activity in which participants interact via language in some conventional way to arrive at some outcome. o o o o

… are aimed at getting someone to act in a certain way. o o o o

… commit the speaker to the truth of what is said. o o oo

have the effect of committing the speaker to some action in the future. oo o o

… are said to produce a change of some sort in the world. oooo

… express the speaker’s feelings or attitude. o o o o

The following speech event participants may be recognized: o o o o

The additional conveyed meaning is called an … o o o o

0. The Cooperative Principle was suggested by … o o o o

… is the person producing an utterance. o o o

… is the person to whom an utterance is directed in a speech event. o o o o

… is a member of a conversational group not directly addressed, who is expected to attend to what is said. o oo o

is a “bystander” (who may understand and join in conversation without causing offence) or an “eavesdropper” (who is not supposed to hear). o o o o

Maxims of conversation are: o o o o

… is the content of a sentence that affirms or denies something and is capable of being true or false. o o o o

. A … is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. o o o o

An … is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. o o o o

In its broadest sense, the term ‘…’ refers to every kind of mutual transmission of information using signs or symbols between living beings (humans, animals, etc.), between people and dataprocessing machines. oo o o

. In its narrower, linguistic sense, … is the understanding which occurs between humans through linguistic and non-linguistic means. o o o o