Reading 9

1154-1189 – Reign of Henry II. Henry II, first of the Royal House of Angevin kings, was one of the most effective England’s monarchs, who reformed the country’s financial, judicial and administrative systems. Henry also reduced the privileges of the clergy, but entered into a conflict with his close friend Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. He refused to allow the clergy to be judged under royal law and was murdered in his cathedral in 1162.

1.Henry II was...

1154-1189 – Reign of Henry II. Henry II, first of the Royal House of Angevin kings, was one of the most effective England’s monarchs, who reformed the country’s financial, judicial and administrative systems. Henry also reduced the privileges of the clergy, but entered into a conflict with his close friend Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. He refused to allow the clergy to be judged under royal law and was murdered in his cathedral in 1162.

2.Henry II reformed the country's financial, judicial and administrative system, reduced the privileges to the clergy, but had a conflict with archbishop of Canterbury.

1199-1216 – Reign of King John. Under King John taxes were enormous; his administration of justice was unfair. So the barons demanded a charter of liberties to secure people from king’s arbitrary behaviour. In May 1215 they rose up in arms against John and conquered London. In June the parties held negotiations and reached the agreements, known as the Magna Carta (Great Charter), which is believed to be the foundation of liberty and main defence against unjust rule in England. It first established a significant principle, which meant the king’s power was no longer absolute, and he was no longer above the law.

3.King John's reign was unfair because...

1199-1216 – Reign of King John. Under King John taxes were enormous; his administration of justice was unfair. So the barons demanded a charter of liberties to secure people from king’s arbitrary behaviour. In May 1215 they rose up in arms against John and conquered London. In June the parties held negotiations and reached the agreements, known as the Magna Carta (Great Charter), which is believed to be the foundation of liberty and main defence against unjust rule in England. It first established a significant principle, which meant the king’s power was no longer absolute, and he was no longer above the law. .

4. Magna Carta ...

1455-1485 – The Wars of the Roses. The name refers to the heraldic symbols associated with two opposing branches of the same royal house, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. They fought a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England, which eventually came to an end after the succession of Henry Tudor VII, who united the two warring roses into one Tudor Rose – the national emblem of England.

5.The War of Roses is the two Royal branches fight for Throne in England

1455-1485 – The Wars of the Roses. The name refers to the heraldic symbols associated with two opposing branches of the same royal house, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. They fought a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England, which eventually came to an end after the succession of Henry Tudor VII, who united the two warring roses into one Tudor Rose – the national emblem of England.

6.Henry VII ...

1509-1547 – Reign of Henry VIII. Henry VIII was a tyrannical ruler, who alone ordered tens of thousands political executions, including a couple of his six wives. However, the king enjoyed great popularity with his subjects and during his long reign established an efficient centralized state. Henry is best known for his break with Rome, when in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy he gained total control over the Anglican Church and appointed himself its supreme head. He dissolved all the Catholic convents and monasteries in England and declared the Church of England as the official religion of the nation.

7.Henry VIII executed many of his wives

1558-1603 – Reign of Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I was Henry VIII’s daughter and the most significant ruler of the Tudor dynasty. Historians depict her reign as the “golden age” in English history. It was the time of exploration, international expansion, naval triumph over the hated enemy, the Spanish Armada. This was a great era of the English Renaissance, most famous for the theatre of William Shakespeare. Elizabeth I was committed to preserving peace and stability above all else; her genuine love for her subjects was legendary.

8. Reign of Elizabeth I was...

1558-1603 – Reign of Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I was Henry VIII’s daughter and the most significant ruler of the Tudor dynasty. Historians depict her reign as the “golden age” in English history. It was the time of exploration, international expansion, naval triumph over the hated enemy, the Spanish Armada. This was a great era of the English Renaissance, most famous for the theatre of William Shakespeare. Elizabeth I was committed to preserving peace and stability above all else; her genuine love for her subjects was legendary.

9.Reign of Elizabeth was the time of naval triumph over the Spanish Armada.

1642-1689 – The English Civil War. King Charles I believed in the Divine right of kings, but when Parliament tried to limit his power, the king dissolved the assembly and managed to rule his kingdom without calling it for eleven years. The Personal Rule of Charles I, also named the period of government without parliaments, caused instability, panic and rebellions among people in England. The disagreements between King and Parliament called conflict between their supporters, namely royalists and parliamentarians, who eventually broke out Civil War.

10.Charles I governed without the parliament,caused instability, panic and rebelions among people in England

1642-1689 – The English Civil War. King Charles I believed in the Divine right of kings, but when Parliament tried to limit his power, the king dissolved the assembly and managed to rule his kingdom without calling it for eleven years. The Personal Rule of Charles I, also named the period of government without parliaments, caused instability, panic and rebellions among people in England. The disagreements between King and Parliament called conflict between their supporters, namely royalists and parliamentarians, who eventually broke out Civil War.

11.It was a period of conflicts between the royalists and the parlimentarians

“New Model Army”, led by Oliver Cromwell, defeated the royalists; King Charles I was sent to trial and executed. As the result, monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was the name chosen for a new republic formed in 1649. But it only lasted until 1660, when Charles II restored the monarchy again. The conflict in the government was settled with the “Glorious Revolution” and the concept of the “Divine right of kings” was brought to an end by the Bill of Rights Act. It limited the monarch’s right to raise money through taxation and guaranteed fair elections of members of Parliament. The two basic principles of Britain’s democracy, the supremacy of Parliament and the rule of law, had been established.

12.Charles II restored the Monarchy in 1660

“New Model Army”, led by Oliver Cromwell, defeated the royalists; King Charles I was sent to trial and executed. As the result, monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was the name chosen for a new republic formed in 1649. But it only lasted until 1660, when Charles II restored the monarchy again. The conflict in the government was settled with the “Glorious Revolution” and the concept of the “Divine right of kings” was brought to an end by the Bill of Rights Act. It limited the monarch’s right to raise money through taxation and guaranteed fair elections of members of Parliament. The two basic principles of Britain’s democracy, the supremacy of Parliament and the rule of law, had been estab

lished.

13. The Bill of Rights Act didnot limit the monarch's rights and didnot garanteed fair election of members of the Parliament