Energetics (Units 1-5)

____all activities in the universe require energy?

Energy ______ essential to all life on our planet

What ______ people need for life?

The total energy of a system ______ with time.

This _______ a floating wave converter which ____ power transmission.

Expensive and hardly available energy ____ not make possible the development of great centers of civilization on the Earth.

Plants and animals are not forming the food supply for other organisms

Energy is necessary for all ... systems on the Earth.

Industrial civilization is decaying the ... of the planet.

All activities in the universe require energy. Nothing moves, changes, grows, or decays without the expenditure of energy. Energy flows downhill from high-potential sources like the stars at millions of degrees temperatures to the cosmic cold of outer space at a few degrees above absolute zero. The planet Earth takes some of this energy from the Sun, transforms and stores some of it. Energy is necessary for all natural and human-developed systems on the Earth.

        During much of the 5 billion years the Earth is formed, the natural systems of the planet are evolving slowly and progressively under the forces of radioactive energy of the Sun. Life evolves, atmospheric composition changes, and complex ecosystems of millions of organisms are developing. Plants are forming the food supply for other organisms in the evolutionary chain of events.

        Industrial civilization is decaying the energy balance of the natural system and through chemical releases is poisoning the environment.  

Choose three questions to the text

There are different forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, thermal,  gravitational, ..., electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc. 

The anaerobic ... of non-fossil organic material produces methane-rich gases known as biogas

I think any matter possesses energy. Hot steam, electric current, magnet, chemical reactions are the forms of energy.

Choose the question to the situation

We __________ in the age of great developments in science and engineering.

 Theory _________ without applied science.    

The problem clearly ___________(require; requires; required) a multi-lateral approach

Ми пояснюємо усі відомі природні явища через різні форми енергії

Величина енергії залежить від здатності її зберігати.

Energy is converted from one form to another, but it is neither created nor destroyed. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.

Energy can be used to perform work; work can be made to increase the energy of a system. Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference.

Choose the example to the situation

As far as I remember Dr. Thomas Young, in 1807, employed the term «...» to designate the active force of a moving body

We can find the definition of the word energy in the Essentials of Physics.  Energy is the Greek word.

Different types of fuels, technologies, or users behavior do not affect the actual amounts of pollutants being released

Figure 3 and Table 1 show what happens to solar radiation as it passes through the biosphere, performing useful work every step of the way. On a square meter basis, solar energy comes in at the rate of about 5 million kcal per year. The large flow is reduced exponentially as it possess through the clouds, water vapor, and other gases of the atmosphere, so the annual amount actually reaching the autotrophic layer of ecosystems is only about 1-2 million kcal per square meter (lowest in the cloudy north and highest in the deserts). Of this amount, about half is absorbed by a well-stocked green layer, and about 1 percent of this on average (up to 5 percent under the most favorable conditions) is converted to organic matter by photosynthesis.

             A large part of the solar energy flow is dissipated into unavailable heat at each transfer, as required by the second law of thermodynamics. This dissipation is not wasted energy because useful work is accomplished at each transfer, not just in the biological part, but all along the chain.  One advantage of solar energy compared with fossil fuels is that it is renewable.

Choose three questions to the text.

Fundamental to our understanding of energy is a description of the laws of motion. Who _____________ experimentally the laws of motion?                 

. Any matter possesses energy. There are different forms of energy – from kinetic and potential till chemical and nuclear. Does the total ___________ of the system change or only transform with time?

Read the sentences, define the Tense 

Energy was not the necessity for primitive people. When did energy become a necessity? In what way did energy improve people’s life?

Read the sentences, define the Tense 

Everything we do is connected with energy in one form or another. Energy is defined as «the ability to do work». But what are the most essential sources of energy.

Read the sentences, define the Tense 

The example assumes the engine is operating in what we call «steady state».

Read the sentences, define the Tense 

Look! During this process energy is transforming into a form more usable for a certain purpose.

Read the sentences, define the Tense 

Human population grew, consumption of materials increased, ancient reserves were drawn down with alarming rate, organisms died and decayed and global climate was changed. 

What type of state verbs can you find in the sentences below:

I don’t believe in the efficiency of this device. I think you do not destroy the chain. Do you know the sources of energy included into electric chain? He does not remember the definition of energy. I do not understand what you need. I forget all essential laws of physics. Do you recognize the source?

Alcohol is still used in thermometers today, but the preferred thermometric medium is mercury. As noted earlier, its advantages include a much higher boiling point, a tendency not to stick to glass, and a silvery color that makes its levels easy to gauge visually.

Faster temperature measures can be obtained by thermometers ...

Many units in everyday and scientific use are not created from the seven SI base units ( ) combined with the SI prefixes. 

Потужність виражається або у ергах на секунду або у джоулях на секунду. Один джоуль на секунду називається Ват, та є одиницею потужності. Кіловат є іншою одиницею потужності і дорівнює 1000 Ватам.