Кончена англійська

100. An autopsy of the body of an aged man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed. What diagnosis is most probable?

101. A patient with hypoparathyreosis has multiple carious lesions of teeth. This pathology is caused by insufficiency of the following hormone: 

102. A female patient suffering from coronary artery disease has been prescribed amiodarone that has antianginal action. What other action does this drug have?

103. A 46-year-old patient consulted a doctor about pustular rash on the skin of the limbsWhat antiseptic should be administered to the patient?

104. There is a 7-year-old child with complains of cough, lacrimation, rhinitis, skin rash, photophobia and three-day-long fever as high as 38 C. Physical examination has revealed the following: conjunctivitis; bright red maculopapular rash covering the skin of face, neck and torso; hyperemic pharynx; serous purulent secretions from the nose; dry rales in the lungs

What is the most probable diagnosis? 

A preparation of endocrine gland demonstrates cortical and medullary substances divided with connective tissue layerIn the cortical substance parenchyma cells make up three zones: they form rounded clusters in the superficial zone, parallel strands in the middle one, and in the deep zone cell strands form net-like structure

What gland is it? 

106. A patient is diagnosed with acute morphine hydrochloride poisoning. Choose the oxidant drug to be prescribed for gastric lavage

Continuous treatment of cancer patients with methotrexate over time reduces the target cell's sensitivity to the drug. In this case gene amplification of the following enzyme is observed:

. A female patient presents with the ovarian hyperaemia, increased permeability of the blood-follicle barrier with the development of edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in volumeIts wall is thickened. What period of the sex cycle is the described situation typical for? 

  A 42-year-old patient with tetanus developed an acute respiratory failureWhat type of respiratory failure occurs in this case?

Microscopy of dental plaque revealed unicellular organismsTheir cytoplasm had two distinct layers, barely visible core, wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have: 

Examination of a 23-year-old patient reveals that when his tongue is protruded, its tip deviates to the side. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following tongue muscle: 

There is high content of proteine and erythrocytes in urineThis can be caused by increased:

A patient has air embolism as a result of a skin injury in the middle portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscleWhich cervical vein was injured?

. In course of an experiment researchers stimulate a branch of a sympathetic nerve that innervates heartWhat changes in cardiac activity should be registered?

Wilson's disease is a disorder of copper transport which leads to the accumulation of this metal in brain and liver cells. It is associated with a disturbance in the synthesis of the following protein

A patient with mandibular osteomyelitis shows the signs of plexus dentalis inferior damage and innervation disruption of his mandibular teeth and gums. What nerve provides this innervation with its branches?

. Having lost significant amount of body weight, a 70-year-old patient complains of dull pain in the lumbar area. In the result of examination he was diagnosed with floating kidney. What part of kidney supporting apparatus is most likely to be damaged?

A connective tissue preparation stained with hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenous cell groups surrounded with basophilic intercellular substance. No fibrous structures detectedWhat type of connective tissue is it?

Histological examination of the grayishpink elastic nodule of 0,3 cm in diameter found by a surgeon at the root of the extracted tooth shows granulation tissue with cords of stratified squamous epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient with acute retention of urine has been brought to an admission room. During examination a doctorfound out that the patient has urethral obturation caused by pathology of the surrounding organ. Name this organ.

. An irregular-shaped dense grey and white focus has appeared on the patient's oral cavity mucosa, raising above mucosa surface. The patient considers it to be denture-caused damage of mucosa. Microscopy has revealed the following: hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis of stratified epithelium of mucosa; underlaying connective tissue has lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. What pathology is it?

A patient is diagnosed with pancreatic diabetes with associated hyperglycemia. Glycemia rate can be assessed retrospectively (4-8 weeks prior to examination) by measuring concentration of the following blood plasma protein:

Otopyosis has caused tympanic cavity roof to be broken by pus. From tympanic cavity pus spreads to the following cranial fossa:

. Mother had noticed her 5-year-old child's urine to become dark in colour. Bile pigments in urine were not detected. The diagnosis of alkaptonuria was made. What pigment is deficient?

Postmortem examination of a patient with a long history of rheumatism revealed thickening and shortening of the mitral valve leaflets with abundant thrombotic deposits. Histological examination of the valve leaflets confirmed sclerosis and revealed multiple foci of connective tissue disorganization in form of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, as well as deendothelization foci. Endothelium defects were covered with thrombotic deposits of 1-2 mm. What type of valvular endocarditis is the case?

A 33-year-old patient complains of an impairment of skin sensitivity in the medial part of the dorsal and palmar surface of hand. Which nerve is damaged?

After the transfusion of the concentrated red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading mechanism of acute renal failure in this case?

Tooth extraction in a patient with chronic persistent hepatitis was complicated by a prolonged bleeding. What is the cause of hemorrhagic syndrome?

A patient has sustained a traumatic injury of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted in a decrease of

. A female patient with heavy poisoning caused by sepsis has died"Tiger heart"was revealed during autopsy. Microscopic investigation allowed to detect lipides in the cardiac myocytes cytoplasm. What morphogenetic development mechanism is the main cause of this kind of dystrophy?

The effect of some harmful factors caused focal damage to the gastric epitheliumWhat cells are responsible for its regeneration?

A patient has addressed a doctor with complaint of gastric ulcer exacerbationThe following membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked in the course of the patient's complex therapy:

A shepherd who has tended sheep together with dogs consulted a doctorabout pain in his right subcostal area, nausea, vomitingRoentgenoscopy revealed a tumour-like formation. What kind of helminthiasis might be suspected?

134An isolated heart of a mammal has had diastolic arrest in the process of perfusion with an ion-rich solution. Solution had excess of the following ions:

There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends placed in the shape of Roman numeral fiveWhat infection can be suspected in this case?

After restoration of maxllary incisors with artificial crowns a 44-year-old female was found to have a brownish overgrowth in form of a node of 15 mm in diameterHistological study revealed that under the stratified squamous epithelium of gingiva there was a connective tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels, ovalshaped mononuclear cells forming osteoid substance, and polynuclear giant cells that destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw. What is the most likely diagnosis?

When examining the child's oral cavity, a dentist has noticed growth of the child's first permanent canines. How old is the child?

. A 60-year-old man consulted a doctor about an onset of chest pain. In blood serum analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the following enzymes: creatine kinase and its MBisoform, aspartate aminotransferase.These changes indicate the development of the pathological process in the following tissues:

Squamous part of temporal bone and the artery situated on its inner surface have been damaged in the result of inflicted gunshot wound. What artery is it?

In order to prevent massive haemorrhage in the region of oral cavity floor it is required to ligate an artery which is located within Pirogov's triangle. What artery is it?

Phenylketonuria is a disease caused by a recessive gene that is localized in the autosome. The parents are heterozygous for this geneThey already have two sons with phenylketonuria and one healthy daughter. What is the probability that their fourth child will have the disease too?

Microscopic examination of a CNS body revealed the gray matter with three layers of neurons, namely molecular, ganglionic and granular layerWhat are the neurons constituting the second layer?

A patient has been hospitalised with provisional diagnosis of hepatitis B. To make a diagnosis, serological reaction is used, which is based on antigen reacting with antibody chemically bound with peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase.

What is the name of this serological reaction?

. Histological study of a microslide of human skin found only dense irregular connective tissue. Which layer of this organ was analysed?

Glucose content of blood stays at sufficient level after one week of starvation. Is it caused by activation of the following process:

As a result of a trauma a patient has developed traumatic shock. The patient is fussy, talkative, pale. AP- 140/90 mm Hg, Ps-120 bpm. This condition is consistent with the following shock phase:

In the process of metabolism human body produces active oxygen forms, including superoxide anion radical O2 This anion is inactivated by the following enzyme:

A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks' gestation was admitted to the maternity ward. Examination revealed that the cervix was openbut uterine contractions were absent. The doctor gave her a hormonal drug to induce laborSpecify this drug:

A 12-year-old male patient has tetanic convulsions. Which gland function may be impaired in this case? 

A child is 6 years oldThe permanent teeth have started to take the place of the primary teeth. What teeth are the first to emerge?

Bacterioscopy of nasopharyngeal mucus taken from a 2,5-year-old child with nasopharyngitis revealed gram-positive diplococci looking like coffee grains. What organs of the child are most likely to be affected if these microorganisms penetrate the blood?

A female patient has referred to a dentist with complains of bruise and swelling around her eye. Anamnesis is as follows: several days prior her 1st premolar tooth had been extracted, with infraorbital anesthesia administered; several days later hematoma appeared in the area of foramen intraorbitale.Branch of the followingartery was damaged:

. A 39-year-old patient has been suffering from gastric ulcer for the last 4 years. His condition exacerbates in spring and autumn: he suffers from pain in epigastrium, heartburn, nausea,constipation. What nosological term can be applied to the period between two exacerbations?

An electron microphotograph of duodenal epithelium clearly shows a cell with electron-dense granules in the basal pole. What cell is it?

. A patient being treated for tuberculosis is suffering from hearing deteriorationWhat drug causes this complication?

Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40° CWhat preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?

A histological specimen represents an organ whose wall consists of the mucosa, submucosa, fibrocartilage and adventitious cartilageThe organ is lined by pseudostratified ciliary epithelium, the muscular layer of the mucosa is absent, the submucosa contains seromucous glands Hyaline cartilage C-rings are present. What organ has the described morphological characteristics?

A 34-year-old patient has low endurance of physical loads. At the same time skeletal muscles have increased concentration of glycogenThis is caused by the reduced activity of the following enzyme:

A patient complains about retrosternal pain, dyspnea and palpitation. After examination he was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and prescribed verapamil. What is the mechanism of its action? 

A 36-year-old patient consulted an ophthalmologist about eye ache. The examination revealed the erosion of the cornea, that is the lack of superficial and spinous layers of the epithelium. What cells will provide regeneration of the damaged epithelium?

The total number of leukocytes in patient's blood is 90 101. Leukogram: eosinophils - 0%, basophils - 0%, juvenile - 0%, stab neutrophils - 2%, segmentonuclear cells - 20%,lymphoblasts 1%, prolymphocytes - 2%, lymphocytes 70%, monocytes 5%,Botkin-Gumprecht cells. Clinical examination revealed enlarged cervical submandibularlymph nodes. Such clinical and presentations are typical for the following pathology:

A paitent, who works as a milkmaid, has made an appoinment with a dentist with complaints of aphtha-shaped rash on the mucosa of oral cavity. The doctor detected rash on her hands in the area of nail plates. What agent causes this disease?

When examining a patient with a suspicion of food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism The patient named the meals he had eaten the day beforeWhat is the most probable cause of infection?

. In the area being the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man presented to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation relates to the following type of vaccines:

An inflammatory process in tissues is characterised by hyperemia and edema. What leukocytes situated in connective tissue provide for vasodilatation and increased blood vessel capacity under these conditions?

Sharp decrease of lungs surfactant activity has been detected in a patient. It will result in the following:

. A 60-year-old patient has taken a drug to relieve angina pectoris attack; in several minutes pain felt in the breastbone area abated, but it was followed by feeling of vertigo, headache, tinnitus, and hyperemia of faceWhat drug has he taken?

A patient has secretory dysfunction of the submandibular salivary galndWhich nerve is responsible for its vegetative innervation?

A 54-year-old patient with viral hepatitis has complication of hepatic coma caused by massive necrosis of liver epithelial cellsWhat kind of hepatic coma is it characteristic of?

A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme:

In Western Europe nearly half of all congenital malformations occur in the children conceived in the period when pesticides were used extensively in the region. Those congenital conditions result from the following influence:

A 64-year-old male patient died with symptoms of acute cardiovascular failureAutopsy results: the section of the anterior wall of the left ventricle showed a yellowish flaccid 1,5-2 cm focus surrounded by a reddish rim. The convoluted coronary arteries had lumen irregularly narrowed by 75%. The vessel intima was thickened, dense, covered with whitish plaques, crunched when cut. What disease can you think of?

. A 56-year-old female patient is registrated in a psychoneurologic dispensary due to her suffering from epilepsy, specifically, minor attacks (pti mal)What drug is most efficient in this case?

A patient, who had been eating only polished rice, developed polyneuritis caused by thiamine deficiencyWhat compound can be indicative of this kind of avitaminosis when excreted with urine?

Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically got infectious diseases of bacterial origin, their course was extremely lingering, remissions were short. Examination revealed low level of major classes of immunoglobulinsThe direct cause of this phenomenon may be the following cell dysfunction:

A 60-year-old patient with a history of bronchial asthma has had several attacks during the dayWhat is the optimal drug to be used for their prevention?

A doctor has prescribed clonidine for rapid relief of hypertensic crisisWhat group does this drug belong to according to its mechanism of action?

To perform conduction anesthesia a patient had been administered a drug used in dental surgery. It was followed by the symptoms of poisoning: central nervous system excitation with following paralysis, and acute cardiovascular insufficiency (collapse). Additionally there were allergic reactions (itchingswelling, erythema).Name this drug. 

A patient has been hospitalized with skull traumaHis examination established absence of volitional movements of his head and neck muscles. What part of brain can cause this effect if damaged?

A patient from Prykarpattia (at the foot of the Carpathian mountains) with endemic goiter consulted a doctor about suppuration of gingival angles and loosening of teethWhat is a major factor of periodontitis development in this case? 

Patient's eye accomodationprocess has been disruptedWhat muscle is damaged?

A female patient has scalded her hand with boiling waterThe affected skin area became red, swollen and painfulThis effect is caused by accumulation of the following substance: 

Novocaine acts as an anesthetic by making nerve fibers unable to conduct stimulation What mechanism of action regarding membrane's permeability to ions does this drug have?

A patient underwent lobectomy of the right middle lobe of a lung. What segments of the lung were affected?

A 36-year-old patient had had a traumatic brain injury which caused a swallowing impairmentWhich part of brain was affected?

Examination of the oral cavity of a 19-year-old patient revealed a small gap between the maxillary and mandibular incisorsThere was no contact between the front teethSpecify the type of occlusion in this patient:

Examination of the oral mucosa revaled a small nodule with papillary surface. Histological examination revealed conjugate papillary proliferations of stratified squamous epithelium without cellular atypism and underlying stroma represented by thin-walled vessels and loose connective tissue. What formation has developed in a patient?

An autopsy of the body of a 56-yearold man, who was suffering from secondary tuberculosis, has revealed large areas of sclerosis in the I-II segments of the right lung. Tissue surrounding affected areas is pale, soft, convex; crunches when cut; does not recede. Specify the changes occuring in the tissues surrounding sclerosis focus.

Autopsy of a dead 6-year-old child revealed a marked edema of the soft tissues of neck and enlarged tonsilsPharyngeal mucosa was covered with numerous dense whitish-yellow pellicles exposing deep ulcers after their removal. Histological examination of the pharyngeal mucosa revealed necrosis of the upper epithelial layers, impregnation of the mucous memrane with the fibrinous exudate and moderate leukocyte infiltration. What infectious disease caused the death of the child? 

A 9-year-old child has multiple lesions of the oral mucosa in form of small painful hyperemic sores with a white deposit in the center; enlarged and painful submandibular lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the affected region revealed a superficial defect covered by fibrin; edematic and hyperemic submucosa with inflammatory infiltrationWhat is the most likely diagnosis?

A young man has the following symptoms: purulent acne on the face; wrinkled, hyperemic skin; eyebrows and eyelashes are falling out. A doctor has made a diagnosis of demodicosis (demodectic mange). What preventive measures can be recommended?

Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following "all-ornone"law and being able of undecremental spreadingSpecify this potential:

An injured person with a wound of forearm radial surface has been brought to a surgical department. Venous bleeding of the wound is observedWhat blood vessel is damaged? 

A 38-year-old female patient has been brought into admission room with uterine bleeding. What will be revealed by blood test?

A 40-year-old patient was revealed to have blood clotting time of 2 minutes under a stressful conditionIt is primarily caused by the following hormon affecting hemocoagulation

As a result of treatment of viral RNA with nitrous acid, UCA triplet mutated to UGA tripletWhat kind of mutation occurred?

. Inadequate treatment of middle ear inflammation (mesotympanitis) has resulted in suppurative inflammation of the cells of temporal bone mastoid process (mastoiditis)The abscess has erupted into the bed of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This pathological process is localised in the following cervical fascia:

A patient has been diagnosed with bacillary dysentery. What drug of those listed below should be prescribed?

Stimulation of the peripheral segment of chorda tympani in an experimenal animal resulted in the discharge of the following secretion from the parotid salivary fistula:

A 42-year-old female patient consulted a doctor about pain in the knee joints. Objectively there is swelling, redness, hyperthermia in the region of these joints. Laboratory testing revealed positive acute phase reactants. What drugs should be used to treat this patient?