Контрольна робота за ІІ семестр

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

     1    What was most remarkable about the Greeks’ system of smoke signals?

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

   2   What is the advantage of communicating by drum?

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

    3    Which of the statements about the alphorn is FALSE?

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

     4    How do the people of La Gomera make the sounds of Silbo?

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

    5    Why is Silbo unlikely to die out?

Read the text and choose the correct answers.

Get the message?

Your mobile phone vibrates in your pocket. ‘Need to see you,’ reads the screen. Nothing new, considering that texting is currently the most common form of long-distance communication. But how were messages conveyed in the past? 

One of the first methods was the smoke signal. This practice was used by Chinese soldiers guarding the Great Wall to warn of the enemy’s approach. The Greeks devised a whole alphabet of smoke signals for sending messages. But it was Native Americans who made the system mobile by carrying small bunches of dried grasses around with them. These could be lit quickly from any place at any time.

Moving on to messages transmitted by sound, an early technique was the drum. Drums are still used today in the rainforests of Africa, Papua New Guinea and Central and South America for broadcasting news. The instrument is made from a hollow log and this is hit with a stick. On receiving the message, each village passes it on to the next, which means that news can travel at up to 150 km an hour. 

Another instrument traditionally used for long-distance communication is the alphorn. These four-metre long wooden horns were common in most mountainous regions of Europe and their deep rich sound could be heard over 6 km away. Farmers would use them to send messages across the valley as well as to call in their cows. Today, the alphorn is a form of entertainment, and Switzerland alone has around 4,000 players.

In some parts of the world, humans are able to convey messages over long distances without using instruments. On La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, people use Silbo, or the ‘whistling language’ to communicate across the valleys. The language involves the use of the tongue, lips and hands to make sounds, which can travel up to 5 km. To ensure its continuation, Silbo is currently a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools on the island.

A look at long-distance communication would not be complete without mentioning the art of yodelling. This is a form of singing, in which the voice changes pitch very quickly, making it easily heard over long distances. It is believed that the technique was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in other places such as Central Africa. At one time, yodelling was popular in theatres and music halls, but this is no longer so.

    6    What would be an accurate definition of ‘yodelling’?

Liverpool is a city in North West England, United Kingdom with a population of about 485,000. The local government is Liverpool City Council. Liverpool is on the eastern side of the River Mersey. It used to lie in the old area of West Derby in the south west of Lancashire. It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880. In 1889, it became separate from Lancashire. Liverpool's growth as a large port was matched by the growth of the city during the Industrial Revolution. It was most famous as a port during the late 19th and early 20th century. It is the birthplace of the famous rock group The Beatles. It is also famous because of its football teams, Everton F.C. and Liverpool F.C.

Which town ________________________?

Rio de Janeiro is the second largest (after São Paulo) city in Brazil, from 1764 to 1960 it was the capital of Brazil, from 1808 to 1821 it was also the capital of the Portuguese state. The city is famous for its spectacular nature, carnival celebrations, samba and other music, sunny beaches (such as Copacabana, Ipanema and Leblon), hotels, good-natured and hospitable lifestyle of its inhabitants. Among the most prominent sights of the city is the giant statue of Jesus the Redeemer (Cristo Redentor) on Corcovado Mountain.

Which town ________________________?

Sydney is the second largest city in Australia after Melbourne, with a population of 4,698,656 in 2021. The city was founded in 1788 by Arthur Philip, who arrived here at the head of the First Fleet, and was the site of the first colonial European settlement in Australia. The city is built on the hills that surround Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, where the famous Sydney Opera House and the Harbor Bridge stand out. According to the results of a survey conducted by Forbes magazine among experts in 2010, Sydney was among the twelve most beautiful cities in the world.

Which town ________________________?

Salt Lake City is a city in the USA, in Salt Lake County, the capital and most populous city of the state of Utah. Population 186,440 people (2010). The city is surrounded by the Wasatch and Oquir Mountains near the Great Salt Lake; located at an altitude of about 1300 m. The largest city of the state; the industrial, trade and financial center of the Great Basin region. It has an international airport.

Which town ________________________?

Nuremberg is a town in Germany, in the federal state of Bavaria, located on the Pegnitz River. During World War II, Nuremberg was destroyed. During 1943-1945, 90% of the city's buildings were destroyed by the bombing of the allied aircraft. From November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946, an international tribunal (the Nuremberg Trials) was held in Nuremberg over the main Nazi criminals.

Which town ________________________?

Lille is a city and municipality in France, the administrative center of the Haut-de-France region and the Nord department. Population — 227,533 people (2011). Lille has a subway and tram. Five highways cross here. And the business center and the city's two railway stations, where dozens of high-speed trains (TGV) arrive every day, make the city a real commercial center of Europe. It takes two and a half hours to drive from Lille to Paris, 38 minutes to Brussels and 1 hour 40 minutes to London.

Which town ________________________?

      Zebras are not the only (23)____ that use camouflage. A white polar bear blends in with the snow, while animals that live in the desert are often yellowish or tan so that they blend in with the desert (24) ____.

         However, snow, desert, forest, and mountains are not striped. So why do some animals, such as the zebra, have stripes? For years scientists have (25) ____ about the reason for striped animals. Today there are two prevalent theories.

         The more (26) ____ theory suggests that a striped or spotted animal mimics light filtering through the trees or high grass and thus is camouflaged.

         Another theory suggests that a black-and-white color scheme is an effective warning device, much like stripes on a railroad crossing gate. Stripes are not (27) ____ on mammals but are also (28) ____ on birds, reptiles, and insects. Stripes on a polecat, a marbled salamander, a pied kingfisher, and a carabid beetle warn predators that the striped creature is dangerous or inedible. A biologist (29) ____ an experiment in which cats and hornets were (30) to taste the flesh of 38 different types of birds. The "least edible" rating was (31) ____, to the only three birds that were black and white.

        Although scientists still do not completely agree on why some animals are striped, one fact they all agree on: a zebra is a(n) (32) ____ beautiful animal.

      Zebras are not the only (23)____ that use camouflage. A white polar bear blends in with the snow, while animals that live in the desert are often yellowish or tan so that they blend in with the desert (24) ____.

         However, snow, desert, forest, and mountains are not striped. So why do some animals, such as the zebra, have stripes? For years scientists have (25) ____ about the reason for striped animals. Today there are two prevalent theories.

         The more (26) ____ theory suggests that a striped or spotted animal mimics light filtering through the trees or high grass and thus is camouflaged.

         Another theory suggests that a black-and-white color scheme is an effective warning device, much like stripes on a railroad crossing gate. Stripes are not (27) ____ on mammals but are also (28) ____ on birds, reptiles, and insects. Stripes on a polecat, a marbled salamander, a pied kingfisher, and a carabid beetle warn predators that the striped creature is dangerous or inedible. A biologist (29) ____ an experiment in which cats and hornets were (30) to taste the flesh of 38 different types of birds. The "least edible" rating was (31) ____, to the only three birds that were black and white.

        Although scientists still do not completely agree on why some animals are striped, one fact they all agree on: a zebra is a(n) (32) ____ beautiful animal.

      Zebras are not the only (23)____ that use camouflage. A white polar bear blends in with the snow, while animals that live in the desert are often yellowish or tan so that they blend in with the desert (24) ____.

         However, snow, desert, forest, and mountains are not striped. So why do some animals, such as the zebra, have stripes? For years scientists have (25) ____ about the reason for striped animals. Today there are two prevalent theories.

         The more (26) ____ theory suggests that a striped or spotted animal mimics light filtering through the trees or high grass and thus is camouflaged.

         Another theory suggests that a black-and-white color scheme is an effective warning device, much like stripes on a railroad crossing gate. Stripes are not (27) ____ on mammals but are also (28) ____ on birds, reptiles, and insects. Stripes on a polecat, a marbled salamander, a pied kingfisher, and a carabid beetle warn predators that the striped creature is dangerous or inedible. A biologist (29) ____ an experiment in which cats and hornets were (30) to taste the flesh of 38 different types of birds. The "least edible" rating was (31) ____, to the only three birds that were black and white.

        Although scientists still do not completely agree on why some animals are striped, one fact they all agree on: a zebra is a(n) (32) ____ beautiful animal.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.

The term "clipper" is probably derived from the verb "clip," meaning to move quickly. It was given to sleek sailing ships (17)________. Such ships were called Yankee clippers. The age of the clippers lasted for just a decade, from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s. Nonetheless, (18)_______.

        Prior to the design of the Yankee clipper, England (19)______ that had a top speed of three or four knots. However, the long, lean, and beautiful Yankee (20)_______. Even when heavily loaded, they could maintain such speeds over long periods of time. It was not uncommon for a clipper ship to average 400 miles in a 24-hour period.

        Sadly, (21)______. A few, like the Cutty Sark, are now museums.

       Although some of these tall ships still sail the seas, they are usually not available to the public. One exception is t h e Clipper City, (22)_________.

       Pan Am's clipper aircraft have been gone for decades. But if you want to sail on a sleek clipper ship, you can charter the Clipper City at its home port in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.