Reading Comprehension 11

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.

1. Scientists say that many addictions may be hereditary.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.

2. Drug addicts can have the same brain abnormalities as their siblings.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”

3) Abnormal brain structures usually results in better self-control.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.

4) The study may be able to help people control themselves better.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.

5) A researcher said addiction is a brain disorder and not a choice.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.



6) The researcher said one in fifty of us are drug addicts.

Fill the sentences true or false.

ADDICTION MAY BE IN OUR GENES

Scientists have discovered that addictions may be hereditary. A team from Britain’s University of Cambridge found that siblings of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities as their drug-using brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to poor self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “disorder of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-control when it comes to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “wiring” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from birth.

Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted”. She continued: “It shows that drug addiction is not a choice of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognise this. These brothers and sisters who don’t have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they overcome these problems, how they manage self-control in their daily life”. Dr Ersche and her colleagues studied 50 pairs of siblings — one with a history of drug addiction and one with no experience of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these nonaddicted siblings were able to resist using drugs”.

7) The doctor knows why some siblings of drug addicts are not addicts.

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

RECYCLING

C o m m e n t a t o r. We hear it a lot in the news these days: “Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products”.

Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, to explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. The Public interest might be there, but soon may wane if there isn’t a system where they can take these materials to be recycled. Sometimes, we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actual facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provides enough power to operate a television for three hours.

Give the public information they can grasp, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low-cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed on to the consumer.

The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This process (or rather, problem) has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be impeded by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost exceeds those of virgin materials.

Recycling is a crucial key to protect our planet. The three keys mentioned are important ways to achieve this end.

1.What would be the best title for this lecture?

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

RECYCLING

C o m m e n t a t o r. We hear it a lot in the news these days: “Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products”.

Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, to explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. The Public interest might be there, but soon may wane if there isn’t a system where they can take these materials to be recycled. Sometimes, we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actual facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provides enough power to operate a television for three hours.

Give the public information they can grasp, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low-cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed on to the consumer.

The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This process (or rather, problem) has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be impeded by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost exceeds those of virgin materials.

Recycling is a crucial key to protect our planet. The three keys mentioned are important ways to achieve this end.

2) According to the article, paper materials that are difficult to recycle include:

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

RECYCLING

C o m m e n t a t o r. We hear it a lot in the news these days: “Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products”.

Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, to explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. The Public interest might be there, but soon may wane if there isn’t a system where they can take these materials to be recycled. Sometimes, we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actual facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provides enough power to operate a television for three hours.

Give the public information they can grasp, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low-cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed on to the consumer.

The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This process (or rather, problem) has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be impeded by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost exceeds those of virgin materials.

Recycling is a crucial key to protect our planet. The three keys mentioned are important ways to achieve this end.

3) In some cases, recycling could be hazardous to the environment if special precautions are not taken because:

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

RECYCLING

C o m m e n t a t o r. We hear it a lot in the news these days: “Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products”.

Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, to explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. The Public interest might be there, but soon may wane if there isn’t a system where they can take these materials to be recycled. Sometimes, we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actual facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provides enough power to operate a television for three hours.

Give the public information they can grasp, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low-cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed on to the consumer.

The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This process (or rather, problem) has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be impeded by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost exceeds those of virgin materials.

Recycling is a crucial key to protect our planet. The three keys mentioned are important ways to achieve this end.

4) According to the lecture, the demand for recyclable materials in the manufacturing of new products is sometimes sluggish because

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

RECYCLING

C o m m e n t a t o r. We hear it a lot in the news these days: “Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products”.

Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, to explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. The Public interest might be there, but soon may wane if there isn’t a system where they can take these materials to be recycled. Sometimes, we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actual facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provides enough power to operate a television for three hours.

Give the public information they can grasp, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low-cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed on to the consumer.

The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This process (or rather, problem) has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be impeded by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost exceeds those of virgin materials.

Recycling is a crucial key to protect our planet. The three keys mentioned are important ways to achieve this end.

5) Which is NOT one of the main keys to recycling as mentioned in the lecture?

Which of the following is stated in the text about Enric Вernat?

The Chupa Chups company started as an idea оf a Spanish citizen named Enric Bernat in 1958. Mr Bernat started his career at an apple jam factory. Не approached investors about a lollipop business but he failed to get support. He took over the company himself and built the first production machines with his own hands. He also decided that the new creation would be called Chupa Chups, after the Spanish verb chupar, which translates into to suck.

Enric Bernat knew that the bon-bons on a wooden stick would be an instant hit. Previously, candy had been marketed as a luxury and kept away from children. However, he knew that if he could get the candy into the view of children, he would sell many more lollipops. Five years after he first introduced the idea, the Chupa Chups were being sold at over 300,000 stores across Europe.

The original Chupa Chups sales force was over 600 sales agents for 300,000 locations. This amazing sales force sped across Spain to bring the good news and delicious taste of the Chupa Chups lollipops to the masses. Without their dedication and excitement, there would be no way that the company could have grown to the massive size that it is today

Sadly, the traditional wooden stick that was associated with the Chupa Chups had to be discontinued and replaced with a plastic one due to the lack of wood available in Spain. The stick has remained plastic ever since.

Chupa Chups were originally going to be called GOL but the name did not stick. An advertising firm came up with the idea to name them Chupa and the delightful lollipops were born. Salvador Dali, the famous painter, created the new Chupa Chups logo, which remains on the wrapper on all of the lollipops to this day.

What is TRUE about the Chupa Chups logo?

The Chupa Chups company started as an idea оf a Spanish citizen named Enric Bernat in 1958. Mr Bernat started his career at an apple jam factory. Не approached investors about a lollipop business but he failed to get support. He took over the company himself and built the first production machines with his own hands. He also decided that the new creation would be called Chupa Chups, after the Spanish verb chupar, which translates into to suck.

Enric Bernat knew that the bon-bons on a wooden stick would be an instant hit. Previously, candy had been marketed as a luxury and kept away from children. However, he knew that if he could get the candy into the view of children, he would sell many more lollipops. Five years after he first introduced the idea, the Chupa Chups were being sold at over 300,000 stores across Europe.

The original Chupa Chups sales force was over 600 sales agents for 300,000 locations. This amazing sales force sped across Spain to bring the good news and delicious taste of the Chupa Chups lollipops to the masses. Without their dedication and excitement, there would be no way that the company could have grown to the massive size that it is today

Sadly, the traditional wooden stick that was associated with the Chupa Chups had to be discontinued and replaced with a plastic one due to the lack of wood available in Spain. The stick has remained plastic ever since.

Chupa Chups were originally going to be called GOL but the name did not stick. An advertising firm came up with the idea to name them Chupa and the delightful lollipops were born. Salvador Dali, the famous painter, created the new Chupa Chups logo, which remains on the wrapper on all of the lollipops to this day.

Where was the Chupa Chups business originally concentrated?

The Chupa Chups company started as an idea оf a Spanish citizen named Enric Bernat in 1958. Mr Bernat started his career at an apple jam factory. Не approached investors about a lollipop business but he failed to get support. He took over the company himself and built the first production machines with his own hands. He also decided that the new creation would be called Chupa Chups, after the Spanish verb chupar, which translates into to suck.

Enric Bernat knew that the bon-bons on a wooden stick would be an instant hit. Previously, candy had been marketed as a luxury and kept away from children. However, he knew that if he could get the candy into the view of children, he would sell many more lollipops. Five years after he first introduced the idea, the Chupa Chups were being sold at over 300,000 stores across Europe.

The original Chupa Chups sales force was over 600 sales agents for 300,000 locations. This amazing sales force sped across Spain to bring the good news and delicious taste of the Chupa Chups lollipops to the masses. Without their dedication and excitement, there would be no way that the company could have grown to the massive size that it is today

Sadly, the traditional wooden stick that was associated with the Chupa Chups had to be discontinued and replaced with a plastic one due to the lack of wood available in Spain. The stick has remained plastic ever since.

Chupa Chups were originally going to be called GOL but the name did not stick. An advertising firm came up with the idea to name them Chupa and the delightful lollipops were born. Salvador Dali, the famous painter, created the new Chupa Chups logo, which remains on the wrapper on all of the lollipops to this day