In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition a)as an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the preposition after, before, on (upon), in or at b)as an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the preposition by or in c)as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is preceded by the preposition without d)as an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for e)as an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the preposition without
Read and memorize! I do my lessons after coming from school. The evening was spent in dancing. She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing it. One side the garden was used for playing. He was not right to come bothering you and mother without being invited. He feels the better himself for having a good deal of my time abroad. In spite of being happy, he did all he could.