The Presentation Of The Lesson ”Agricultural Machinery. Tractors”
Objectives:
practical: to develop students’ speaking skills; to practice using active
vocabulary on the topic;
educative: to develop students’ readiness for taking part in the process of
English communication;
developing: to incorporate team work; to teach students to express their
opinions; to develop a creative way of thinking and the ability
to think logically;
cultural: to form culture of speaking and communication; to bring up
tolerance to the classmates’ thoughts during discussion.
Visual aids and supplements: multimedia screen; a computer; handouts;
instructive cards.
Greeting Motivation
T. Good morning, dear friends. I’m glad to see you. How are you today?
Are you OK? Is anybody sad (tired, sleepy, sick…)?
I’m happy that you are OK, full of energy and ready to do our lesson
interesting and rich.
T. The theme of the lesson is “Tractors. Types Of Tractors”.But before our discussion I want you to answer my questions:
Skills
Preparation of harvest crops
Planting of crops
Control vegetation
Operation of the tractor and its implements
Preparation and fittings of implements
Maintenance and repair of the vehicle
Maintenance of the storage area and harvest crops
Preparation of the vehicle and its parts for maintenance
Personal Qualities
Good team player
Self-motivated
Work on your own initiative
Flexible
technique is mainly used for weed and pest control.
trailors for ploughing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and
similar tasks
planting or to remove weeds and to aerate and loosen the soil after the
crop has begun to grow.
planting. harrows is an implement for cultivating the surface of the
soil, It is used for deeper cultivation
rotating tines or blades.
asa fertilizer.
andcleaning grain crops.
6. What is the main workhorse of any modern farm?
T. Yes, a tractor is the king among different farm machinery. That’s why the theme of our lesson is “Tractors.Types of Tractors”. Today we are going to speak about these vehicles, their importance in agrarian sector and their uses. We should find out what is the best brand of tractor in the world and where are these tractors produced. And is there any difference between foreign tractors and domestic ones. So the main questions of our lesson are:
IV. Language Development
Translate into Ukrainian:
a crawler, a shaft, an engine, linkage, to drive, the regular servicing, general-purpose, to supply, a track, a tyre, a belt pulley, to mount, grip, rear wheels, front wheels, a three-point linkage, speed, to push, to pull, heavy loads, to transmit the power.
TranslateintoEnglish:
1.Трактор може тягнути або штовхатимашини.
2. Гусеничний трактор є великий транспортний засіб.
3. Більшість тракторів мають шини.
4. Колісні трактори можуть мати навісні знаряддя.
5. Є трактори з дизельними і бензиновими двигунами.
6. Трактори потребують регулярного обслуговування.
7. Паливо має бути чистим і не містити води.
8. Ми повинні регулярно змінювати масло.
9. Гусеничні трактори використовуються для важких операцій.
10. Дизельний двигун використовує менше палива, ніж бензиновий двигун.
Match the words and make meaningful word combinations:
V. Discussing the Video
T. Now let’s imagine some situation: you are a rich farmer, you have your own farm and you are going to buy a tractor. What tractor technical characteristics will you pay attention and consider buying a tractor? (engine power (kw), the number of crankshaft revolutions(per a minute), fuel consumption, speed, an engine model, an engine capacity (litre), tractor weight (kg))
T. I know that buying a tractor depends on the type of the tractor. Am I right? What types of tractors do you know?(Tractor types are factored into three main groups: compact tractors, utility tractors, and farm tractors.)
T. What can you say about compact tractors?
S. Compacts normally range from 20.9 HP to 62 HP and can handle small to medium properties and jobs. As their name suggests, they are compact in size, which makes them easy to maneuver around and store into a barn, shed or garage.
Compact tractors are ideal for basic jobs such as mowing, landscaping, animal management and snow removal. Though they are small in size, compact tractors can be fitted with lots of attachments, giving them the versatility to accomplish many jobs around a property.
T. Now will you tell about utility tractors?
S. Utility tractors are larger in size and more powerful in performance. With horsepower ranging from 57.9 HP to 133 HP, these machines are better adapted to support attachments such as spreaders and rakes, and can handle heavier jobs like moving hay bales or clearing tree roots. Since utility tractors feature more transmission and hydraulics, they have more weight lifting capacity than basic compact tractors, and you have more compatible implement options.
T. Now some words about farm tractors.
S. Farm tractors, also known as Row Crop or Agriculture tractors, are the most dynamic and powerful machines on the market. Their horsepower has a wide range, from 70 HP to 210 HP . Since these types of tractors are the largest in size and power, they are the most expensive. These heavy-duty machines are compatible with hundreds of attachments and can handle any task you may come across on large farms.
T. OK, thanks. What world biggest tractor companies do you know? (possible answers) Now let’s watch a video and then you’ll answer my questions.
(watching a video “Top 10 tractor brands in the world”)
T. So, what are the first three tractor brands in the word? (New Holland, John Deer, Fendt) What do you think why these tractors are the best machines in the world?
S1.Because these tractors are high-quality and productive.
S2. The tractors are characterized by high traction power.
S3. These tractors have good maneuverability and versatility.
S4. They are easy to control.
S5. Their engines are super reliable and extremely economical.
S6. The tractors have beautiful exterior design, their cabs are comfortable.
S7. They are equipped with highly intelligent features.
T. Well done. Thanks for your answers. What else well-known tractor brands do you know? (CLAAS, Kubota, Deutz-Fahr, Case IH, Massey Ferguson). Your home task was to find the general information about theses tractor brands. We’ll listen with interest.
S1. CLAAS. German machine building company was found in 1913. It is one of the biggest producers of combines and tractors. Now the company has 6 lines: tractors XERION (all wheel drive), AXION, ARION, AXOS, ELIOS (compact) и NEXOS, including 50 models with power from 75 hp to 530 hp. The tractors CLAAS are characterized by high traction power, maneuverability, ease of tractor control and versatility. They are often used as tugs, construction machinery and communal equipment.
S2.Kubota is Japanese company was founded in 1890. It became famous due to the compact tractor 21HP L 200. Today the company is the leader seller of tractors in Asia. Now Kubota produces 19 models of tractors with different power and purposes. The most popular ones are compact, they are incredibly maneuverable. The main feature of Kubota tractors is their super reliable and extremely economical engines.
S3. Deutz-Fahr. This German agricultural company produced its first tractor in 1927. In 1942 the company became the owner one of the earliest tractor producers Lamborghini Trattori. Later the company bought the brandHürlimann. The corporate merger got the name SDF. The tractors Deutz-Fahr, Lamborghini Nitro and SAME have been the best tractors in many European countries for some years. Their main features are German reliability, beautiful design, comfortable cabs, economical and powerful engines and highly intelligent equipment.
S4. The brand Case is one of the oldest and well-known agricultural producer in the world. Itwasfoundedin 1842. Case was the first company which produced tractors with diesel engines in 1892.In 1995 the company introduced the tractor positioning system. Since Case tractors have got a lot of international prizes and set some Guiness World Records as the fastest, the most powerful and environmentally clean tractors.
S5. Massey Ferguson is also one of the largest agricultural producers in the world. This Canadian company was founded in 1847. Today it belongs to American producer of special machinery AGCO, so now Massey Ferguson is the name of the brand. At present more than 5 mln tractors of this brand work on the fields of our planet.Today Massey Ferguson has a huge line of tractors with this name.
T. OK, we’ve understood that foreign tractors are good, reliable and comfortable machines. And what about our domestic tractors? Does Ukraine produce any tractors? Whattractorsareproducedinourcountry? (possible answers)
VII. Presentation the projects
T. Some students have prepared projects about tractors produced in Ukraine. Let’s listen to them attentively. You can ask questions.
Presentation “Kharkiv Tractor Plant”
The plant is reborn now and it produces 800 tractors a year. Its plans for the future are to upgrade the machinery. The updated crawler, the production model of wheeled tractor with the new mounted equipment, machinery with engines of different producers were introduced at the exhibition “AgroEXPO – 2018”The plant is going to produce 4 track models and even an electric tractor.
“UMZ” “Southern Machine Building Plant”.
Recently the plant has decreased tractor producing but the its engineers continue to develop the tractor models equipping them by new high-quality parts. They experiment with engines, a suspension. And of course the plant always take part at agricultural exhibitions.
“DTZ” “Dnipro Tractor Plant” (company “AMT Trade”)
It’s a famous producer of tractors and other equipment. At present the plant produces the tractors from 12 to 80 hp under its brand and under brands DW, DongFeng, Jinma.
“Kyi”
These tractors are produced by the company “Ukrautozapchastyna” (Ukrainian Auto Part”). The engineers develop tractors on the basis of the parts of Minsk Tractor Plant.
“Slobozhanets”
This tractor is furher development of the legendary wheeled tractor the 3-rd traction class T – 150 K. (“Kharkiv Tractor Plant”) New tractors have new weight distribution, wheels and frame.
“Vakula”
This tractor is produced in Kharkiv. It was developed on the basis of “Kirovets” K – 701. The design of the tractor has a cab of “Slobozhanets”, some units of “KTZ” and the engine of “Man”.
“Sicheslav”
This tractor was produced at the exhibition in 2018. The engine, the gear box and some other units are bought in China and only the cab is produced in Sicheslav Tractor Plant. This plant makes tractors with power from 110 hp to 320 hp.
“Koval”
The tractor was produced by Melitopol Mechanical Plant. The tractors have power from 300 to 390 hp. The TOP tractor “Koval 5450” with power of 450 hp was tested in 2014. Unfortunatelytheplanthasstoppedproducingofthistractor.
Oggun
American companyCleBer has signed the contract with Ukrainian company for the production of mini tractors Oggun. Their interesting feature is modularity and production technology. The company CleBer introduces technical documentation and parts lists which can be bought from any suppliers.
“Kherson Mechanical Plant”
The plant is going to produce the tractor YTO because it is the official dealer of Chinese company. The two company have signed the contract for their cooperation. We hope that soon the first YTO tractors will be produced at Kherson Mechanical Plant.
T. Thank you for your interesting presentations. You’ve prepared for the lesson well.
VIII.Reading
T. You are the students of the third year, you’ve learned a lot of special subjects and now you know everything about farm machinery, their structure and how to control them. So you’ve become good specialists and skillful mechanics. Is that true? Now we’ll check up your knowledge. Your task is to read, translate the statements, say if they are true or false and correct the wrong ones.
1. Tractor is useful when it supplies power to machines.
2.Thetractor can supply power to machines from the power-take-off shaft and it can drive machines by means of a belt from a belt pulley.
3.The tractor power is produced by the engine and is measured by kilogrammes. There are tractors with engine power from 3 to 300 hp.
4. The crawlers or tracklaying tractors are small.
5. They are used for heavy operations, such as roadmaking or dam building.
6.Large tracks decrease the grip of the tractor on the ground.
7.Wheeled tractors may have mounted implements and machines on them. This is done by PTO shaft. (three-point linkage)
8. The regular servicing of tractors is not necessary. (because it provides the tractor's useful work)
9. The fuel should be clean and have no water.
10. The crawler has high operating speed.
T. OK. Goodjob. Now you should do more difficult task. In the left column you read the malfunction of the tractor and in the right column you have to find their causes.
the exhaust pipe the front and rear wheels
the exhaust pipe
the crankshaft doesn’t cranki. faulty generator 7
T. I see that you are good specialists now and I’m sure you’ll be excellent engineers in some years. And of course you know how to operate the tractor. Here is the instruction how to start and stop a tractor but the sentences here are mixed up. Your task is to put the sentences in the correct order.
Method to start a tractor
5.Put the hydraulic control level to the lowered position. (5)
6.In order to start a tractor, the following sequence should be followed (1)
Method to stop a tractor
T. The control board of a tractor generally consists of the following: ignition switch, throttle lever, decompression lever, hour meter, light switch, horn button, battery charging indicator, oil pressure indicator, water temperature gauge. Now insert the missed words into the sentences and tell what purpose every tractor part is used for.
Ignition switch, throttle lever, decompression lever,hour meter,light switch:horn button,battery charging indicator, oil pressure indicator,water temperature gauge.
IX. Listening
T. John Deer tractors are the most famous tractors in the world. I suggest you watch the video “Facts about the John Deer tractors” and then be ready to answer my questions.
(watching a video)
IX. Group Work.
(s 25)
T.You’ve shown that you know the structure of the tractor, how to operate it and you can buy a tractor without any help. And now you’ll have another task: to sell a tractor. So you should make an advertisement describing all the basic characteristics of your tractor. I’ll split you into two teams, you’ll choose a brand of the tractor and work on the advertisement. You have three minutes.
(reading the advertisement)
X. Brainstorming
T. We’ve done so much work and different activities today, You’ve already proved everybody that you are very good specialists and clever students. I’m sure that you’ll be very competent engineers and you’ll be able to develop Ukrainian agriculture and economy. Thus, our main questions of the lesson:
I want you to ask these questions. (students’ opinions)
T. Thanks a lot. Your ideas are very interesting and helpful. No doubt that you know a lot about different types of tractors and you will be good specialists in the field of agricultural machinery. Besides your knowledge of English will help you to be the best engineers.
(s 31) XI. Summing – Up. Evaluation
T. I see you are trying very hard. I’d like to thank you for your work at the lesson. I can say that you really worked well and have shown what smart students you are. Your marks are …
(s32) XII. Homework
This 1903 Hart Parr tractor weighs 14,000-pounds and is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States. Its two-cylinder engine has a unique hit-and-miss firing cycle that produced 30 horsepower at the belt and 18 at the drawbar. Used on a farm near Charles City, Iowa for 23 years, it was donated to the Smithsonian in 1960. (Image courtesy National Museum of American History)
The first tractors to hit the market near the turn of the 20th century were hulking masses of steel. These monstrous machines—weighing between 40,000 and 60,000 pounds—were powered by steam engines.
Difficult to use and maintain steam-powered tractors soon gave way to the innovations of the internal combustion engine in the early 1900s.
As gas-powered tractors dropped in price, farmers moved away from horse-drawn equipment. The Ford name and low price made the Fordson tractor (above) number one in 1923. Seventy-five percent of tractors purchased in 1923 were Fordsons. Ford’s unwillingness to update the tractor led to the Fordson’s failure in 1928.
Combustion engines powered the chugging heart of the burgeoning automobile industry, so it was only natural that car manufacturers became heavily involved in early tractor creation and sales.
In 1923, Ford Motor Co. held 75 percent of the tractor market in the U. S., but as technology advanced in leaps and bounds, competition in the industry heated up. By 1928, Ford had exited the tractor business.
The kerosene-burning John Deere Model D tractor was introduced in 1923 and became the first tractor built, marketed, and named John Deere. It replaced the Waterloo Boy in the company’s product line. In the mid-1920s, a farmer could obtain a Model D for about one thousand dollars. It weighs more than two tons.
With more than 150 companies manufacturing various tractor makes and models in the 1910s, competition became fierce.
To maintain market share, some companies started offering their machines for less than it cost to make them. Low prices made it possible for thousands of small-scale farmers to afford a tractor, and ownership jumped. In 1916, about 20,000 tractors were sold in the U. S.; by 1935 that number had jumped to more than 1 million.
Kerosene was a second critical factor that ignited tractor sales.
Threshing wheat in the early 1900s
Horses and mules must be fed and cared for year round, and farmers needed to set aside about 6 acres of land to harvest feed per animal, per year. With those extra acres now available to grow crops for market, and a tractor that only consumed fuel when it was running, farmers were thrust further into the cash economy.
The shift from animal-powered to mechanically powered farming increased productivity and made what had always been a challenging occupation more efficient. Innovations followed at a breakneck pace after the tractor’s basic machine elements had been engineered. Transmissions, pneumatic tires, hydraulic lifts, power take-off and three-point hitches made the tractor essential to running a farm.
Write a composition “The places of interest I would like to visit”
III. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE NECESSARY WORDS AND WORD- COMBINATIONS:
1. The tractor can supply power to the machines from the ... (power-take-off shaft, belt pulley
VOCABULARY:
1. linkage — зчеплення, важільний
2. механізм, важільнапередача
3. three-point linkage — триточковий
4. навіснийпристрій
5. to drive (drove, driven) — керувати,
6. проводити в дію
7. the regular servicing — регулярне
8. обслуговування
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9. to cultivate — оброблятиземлю, вирощувати
10. general-purpose — загальногокористування
11. to supply — постачати
12. implement — причіпнезнаряддя
13. road making — будівництводоріг
14. PTO shaft — валвідборупотужності
15. track load — слід, гусеницявантаж
16. tyre — шина, покришка
17. crawler — гусеничнийтрактор
18. beltpulley — привіднийшків
19. shaft — вал
20. tomount — монтувати, навіщувати
21. dambuilding — будівництводамб
22. grip — зчепленняізземлею, захват 23. pulley — блок, шків
24. wheeled tractor — коліснийтрактор
II. TEXT
TRACTORS
Tractor is useful when it supplies power to machines. Power can be supplied by the tractor in various forms. The tractor can pull or push machines, it can supply power to machines from the power-take-off shaft and it can drive machines by means of a belt from a belt pulley. The tractor power is produced by the engine and is measured by horsepowers (hp) or kilowatts. There are tractors with engine power from 3 to 300 hp. Tractors are classified according to the maximum power that their engine can produce. The crawlers or track laying tractors are large. They are used for heavy operations, such as road making or dam building. Large tracks increase the grip of the tractor on the ground and the crawlers are able to push or pull heavy loads and machines. Most of the tractors have tyres which can be placed closer or farther apart according to the distance between the rows that must be cultivated. Wheeled tractors may have mounted implements and machines on them. This is done by the three-point linkage, There are tractors with diesel or gasoline engines. The diesel engine will use less fuel than the gasoline engine for the same work done. The regular servicing of tractors is necessary because it provides the tractor's useful work. The fuel should be clean and have no water. If the engine is water-cooled one must be surethat there is water in the radiator, The radiator should be clean. The oil has to be changed regularly.
III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT:
1. In what forms can power be supplied by the tractor?
2. What operations can the tractor do?
3. By what means can the tractor drive machines?
4. What is produced by the engine?
5. How is the tractor power measured?
6. How are tractors classified?
7.What are the crawlers able to push or pull?
8. What are the crawlers used for?
9. How can tyres be placed?
10. What tractors have implements and machines mounted on them?
11. What engines will use less fuel?
12. Why is the regular servicing of tractors necessary?
13. What should the fuel be?
Theme 34. Types of tractor
I. REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD-COMBINATIONS:
four-wheel-drivetractors — трактори з приводом на 4 колеса
equally-sized —однаковогорозміру
at least — принаймні
|
Characteristics of a good tractor |
The most important requirements of a good tractorare :
1. Greater clearance, both vertical and horizontal.
2. Adaptation to the usual row-widths.
3. Quick – short turning ability.
4. Convenient and easy handling.
5. Quick and easy attachment.
6. Essential accessories such as hydraulic controls. Three point linkage and PTO.
|
SelectionofTractor |
The tractor should be selected based on the following factors :
1. Land holding:
Under a single cropping pattern, it is normally recommended to consider 1 hp for every 2 hectares of land. In other words, one tractor 20-25 hp is suitable for 40 hectares farm.
2. Cropping pattern:
Generally 1.5 hectare/hp been recommended where adequate irrigation facilities are available and more than one crop is taken. So a 30-35 hp tractor is suitable for 40 hectares farm.
3. Soil conditions:
A tractor with less wheel base, higher ground clearance and low overall weight may work successfully in lighter soil but it will not be able to give sufficient depth in black cotton soil.
4. Climatic conditions:
For very hot zone and desert area, air cooled engines are preferred over water cooled engines. Similarly for higher altitude, air cooled engines are preferred because water is liable to be frozen at higher altitude.
5. Repairing facilities:
It should be ensured that the tractor to be purchased has a dealer at near by place with all the technical skills for repair and maintenance of machine.
6. Running cost:
Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred over others so that running cost may be less.
7. Initial cost and resale value:
While keeping the resale value in mind, the initial cost should not be very high, otherwise higher amount of interest will have to be paid.
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Componentsof a tractor |
A tractor consists of the following main parts:
Internal combustion engine
Transmission gears
Differential unit
Rear wheels
Front wheels
Steering system
Hydraulic control and hitch system
Brakes
Power take off unit
Tractor pulley
Controlpanel
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Skills
• Preparation of harvest crops
• Planting of crops
• Control vegetation
• Operation of the tractor and its implements
• Preparation and fittings of implements
• Maintenance and repair of the vehicle
• Maintenance of the storage area and harvest crops
• Preparation of the vehicle and its parts for maintenance
Personal Qualities
• Good team player
• Self-motivated
• Work on your own initiative
• Flexible
• Goodmobility