Матеріал до заняття за темою:«Еngine» з дисципліни "Іноземна мова"студентів ІII курсів ДонДКТУ

Еngine

There are three types of internal combustion engines, which are of great importance to our industrial life and us. These three are the petrol engine, the diesel engine and the gas turbine.

They all three breathe air. They burn a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. They produce mechanical work and also, a great disadvantage, exhaust gases. However, there are differences in the principles of their construction and operation. The first two, the petrol engine and the diesel engine are reciprocating engines. That is, they are based on a piston moving within a cylinder. The third engine, the one we are most interested in today, the gas turbine, is a rotary engine.

There are two basic types of a rotary engine, the turbo-jet and the turboprop. The turbo-jet is a very reliable engine. It consists of a main shaft at one end of which there is an axial compressor and the other end is a turbine. The purpose of this turbine is to drive the compressor. Between the compressor and the turbine are combustion chambers into which the fuel is injected. The fuel is, in fact, kerosene.

Air enters the compressor, the compressor is turning. As it passes through the compressor it increases both in pressure and in temperature. Then it flows into the combustion chambers, mixes with the fuel and at constant pressure the temperature goes up to a very high level. The gases then expand through the turbine. The turbine extracts work from those gases and turns the compressor.

So, the turbine has no part in propelling the aircraft to which this turbine is attached. The propulsion of the aircraft is due to the reaction of the exhaust gases. A jet engine is a reaction engine. The second type is the turbo-prop. The two engines are fundamentally the same: a turbine, a compressor and combustion chambers between the two of them. But here instead of an axial compressor, we have a centrifugal compressor. In this engine, the turbine has two functions. It not only has to run the compressor, it also turns the propeller because it is a propeller engine. Both of these engines have certain advantages over a reciprocating engine. The first and the most important is that these engines have a high power-weight ratio. In other words, for a given weight of engine the power they produce is much larger than that of a piston engine. The second characteristic is that they are very simple and have a very small number of moving parts. The third one is that they are able to run independent of water supply. Of great importance is their rapid starting. From the time you start the run-up procedure to the time the full power is developed is about 30 seconds compared to some minutes with a reciprocating engine.

The major use of these engines is in aviation. Because of the high powerweight ratio, it has made aviation faster. There are other uses, one of them being in electricity generation.

Вправа 1. Прочитайте речення.

1. They produce mechanical work and ..., a great disadvantage, exhaust

gases.

2. ..., the turbine has no part in propelling the aircraft to which this engine

is attached.

3. …, for a given weight of engine the power they produce is much larger

than that of a piston engine.

4. ... there are differences in the principles of their construction and

operation.

Виберіть і вставте пропущені в них подані слова-зв'язки:

a) thus;

b) however;

с) in this way;

d) so;

e) but;

f) unless;

g) in other words;

h) also;

i) on the condition if.

Перекладіть речення  українською.

Вправа 2. Дайте відповіді на питання.

1. How many types of internal combustion engines are there?

2. The engines are based on a bar moving within a cylinder, aren't they?

3. Does the air in the compressor increase both in pressure and intemperature?

4. Which of these engines have certain advantages over a reciprocating

ones?

5. Where are the combustion chambers set in the rotary engine?

6. Is the gas turbine of a diesel engine type or a rotary one?

Вправа 3. Закінчіть речення так, щоб його можна було використати в якості узагальнювального повідомлення.

The text tells us...

a) ... about the origin of the engines.

b) ... these three types of internal combustion engines breathe air, burn

liquid hydrocarbon fuel and produce mechanical work.

c) ... the available internal combustion engines are harmful for the environment.

Вправа 4. Запропонуйте свої варіанти назви тексту.

Вправа 5. Перекладіть на англійську мову.

Старий, найстаріший, мій старий друг, більш далекий, найдальший, найдовший, найбільш відомий, коротший, найшвидший, щасливіший, найщасливіший, найкращий, найчорніший, довший, гірший, кращий, тепліший, її кращий друг.