Граматичний матеріал "Пряма та непряма мова"
Що таке direct speech (пряма мова)?
Direct speech — це пряма мова, тобто дослівна передача чиїхось слів. Цитату завжди беруть у лапки та виділяють від речення комою або двокрапкою.
Наприклад:
She said, “I am afraid I won’t be able to come, I’m sorry” — Вона сказала: “Боюся, я не зможу прийти, вибачте”.
Що таке indirect / reported speech (непряма мова)?
Indirect чи reported speech — це непряма мова в англійській, коли чиїсь слова передаються не дослівно. Непряма мова передається підрядним реченням, лапки не вживаються.
Наприклад:
My mum asked whether we were hungry – Моя мама запитала, чи ми не голодні.
При передачі непрямої мови застосовується правило one tense back чи узгодження часів. Тобто дієслово у реченні, де власне пряма мова вживається у попередньому часі.
Час у прямій мові — Час у непрямій мові
|
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
|
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
|
Future Simple |
Future Simple in the Past |
|
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
|
Past Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
|
Future Continuous |
Future Continuous in the Past |
|
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
|
Future Perfect |
Future Perfect in the Past |
|
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
|
Future Perfect Continuous |
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past |
АЛЕ! Past Perfect та Past Perfect Continuous не змінюються. Past Simple також не змінюється на Past Perfect якщо вказана точна дата.
She said, “I’m hungry” → She said that she was hungry.
He said, “The party finished late” → He said (that) the party had finished late.
Mary said, “I will come tomorrow” → Mary said (that) she would come next day.
She told me, “I’m playing chess” → She told me she was playing chess.
“They were playing in the gym,” Nick said → Nick said they had been playing in the gym”.
Як змінюються займенники та прислівники у непрямій мові
|
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
|
this |
that |
|
these |
those |
|
now |
then |
|
today |
that day |
|
tomorrow |
next day |
|
the day after tomorrow |
2 days later |
|
yesterday |
the day before |
|
the day before yesterday |
2 days before |
|
ago |
before |
|
here |
there |
|
this week |
that week |
|
last week |
the week before |
|
two days ago |
two days before |
|
next week |
the next week |
Запитання англійською в непрямій мові
У непрямій мові запитання мають прямий порядок слів, а замість знаку питання ставиться крапка.
Наприклад:
|
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
|
Where is the post office, please? |
She asked me where the post office was. |
|
What are you doing? |
She asked me what I was doing. |
|
Who was this fantastic man? |
She asked me who that fantastic man had been. |
Треба підтягнути англійську?
Прохання та накази у непрямій мові англійською
Якщо вас ввічливо просять чи наказують щось зробити, у непрямій мові використовуються слова to say, to tell, to order, to ask, to beg та дієслово в інфінітиві.
Наприклад:
|
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
|
Please help me |
She asked me to help her |
|
Please don’t smoke |
She asked me not to smoke. |
|
Could you bring my book tonight? |
She asked me to bring her book that night |
|
Could you pass the milk, please? |
She asked me to pass the milk |
|
Would you mind coming early tomorrow? |
She asked me to come early the next day |
|
Be on time! |
He told me to be on time |
Заперечення у непрямій мові англійською
Для побудови заперечного речення використовуємо not та дієслово в інфінітиві.
|
Please don’t be late |
She asked us not to be late |
|
Don’t be so loud! |
He told us not to be loud |
|
“Don’t touch any of these things!” — warned the detective |
The detective warned us not to touch any of those things |
Direct speech: She said, “The lessons begin at 9 o’clock.” – Вона сказала: «Заняття починаються о 9 годині».
Indirect speech: She said (that) the lessons began at 9 o’clock. – Вона сказала, що заняття починаються о 9 годині.
Таблиця узгодження часів
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
|
Present Simple: He said, “I am hungry!” – Він сказав: “Я голодний!” |
Past Simple: He said that he was hungry. |
|
Present Continuous: Mother said, “I am cooking the dinner now.” |
Past Continuous: Mother said that she was cooking the dinner then. |
|
Present Perfect: She said, “I have worked hard today.” |
Past Perfect: She said that she had worked hard that day. |
|
Present Perfect Continuous: I said, “My colleague has only been working here for 3 months.” |
Past Perfect Continuous: I said that my colleague had only been working there for 3 months. |
|
Past Simple: She said, “I had a cold a week ago.” |
Past Perfect: She said that she had had a cold a week before. |
|
Past Continuous: Tom said, “I was watching the football match.” |
Past Perfect Continuous: Tom said that he had been watching the football match. |
|
Past Perfect: My friend said to me, “I had known you before we were introduced to each other.” |
Past Perfect: My friend told me that he had known me before we were introduced to each other. |
|
Past Perfect Continuous: My wife said, “We had been dating for 3 years before we got married.” |
Past Perfect Continuous: My wife said that we had been dating for 3 years before we got married. |
|
Future Simple (will): The doctor said, “You will get the result of your blood test tomorrow” |
Future in the Past (would): The doctor said that I would get the result of my blood test the next day |
Якщо в прямій мові були модальні дієслова, то ті з них, які мають форми минулого часу, зміняться в непрямій мові, наприклад: «can» – «could», «may» – might »,« have (to) »-« had (to) »- ось практично і все. Решта при переході в непряму мову не змінюються: must, ought і ін.
Наприклад:
He said, “The contract can be signed in the evening.” – Він сказав: «Контракт може бути підписаний ввечері».
He said that the contract could be signed in the evening. – Він сказав, що контракт може бути підписаний ввечері.
Напишіть речення в непрямій мові.
- «She doesn’t know the latest news,» he said.
- «I can store 3 GB of music on this,» said Nick.
- «We have been using this software for two years,» said Troy.
- «I’ve always loved this song,» said Betty.
- «She will copy the CD for me,» Tom told Bill.
- «I am considering a career in showbusiness,» Ken told his sister.
- «I downloaded the program for you,» said Jane.
- «I can’t get this device to work,» said Steven.
- «You mustn’t press this button,» said Fran.
- «I was plying video games all night,» said Bob.
Answers: 1. He said that she didn’t know the latest news. 2. Nick said that he could store 3 GB of music on that. 3. Troy said that they had been using that software for two years. 4. Betty said that she had always loved that song. 5. Tom told Bill that she would copy the CD for him. 6. Ken told his sister that he was considering a career in show business. 7. Jane said that she had downloaded the program for me. 8. Steven said he couldn’t get that device to work. 9. Fran said that I mustn’t press that button. 10. Bob said that he had been playing video games all night.
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