Матеріали до уроків "Робота над структурою письмового повідомлення. Використання з’єднувальних елементів як засобу логічної організації тексту".

Благовіщенська Л.Г.

вчитель англійської мови Балаклійського ліцею

 Балаклійської міської ради Харківської області

 

РОБОТА НАД  СТРУКТУРОЮ ПИСЬМОВОГО ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ. ВИКОРИСТАННЯ З’ЄДНУВАЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ЯК ЗАСОБУ ЛОГІЧНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТЕКСТУ

Аналіз результатів ЗНО з англійської мови за попередні роки продемонстрував, що   старшокласники недостатньою мірою володіють навичками логічної побудови та структуризації письмового повідомлення. Найбільш розповсюджені помилки, крім граматичних та орфографічних – відсутність або неправильне вживання абзаців, відсутність або неадекватне вживання  з’єднувальних слів та мовленнєвих зразків, необхідних для даного типу висловлювання, недотримання  стилю висловлювання. Зосереджуючись на граматичній правильності письмового повідомлення, учні не приділяють достатньої уваги оформленню повідомлення, логічній організації та послідовності викладення думок. Для успішного виконання відкритого завдання рекомендую учням дотримуватися такого алгоритму роботи:

1. Ознайомитись зі змістом завдання й з комунікативними ситуаціями, які потрібно опрацювати.

2. Перечитати комунікативні ситуації та з’ясувати, яку інформацію потрібно включити до власного висловлення.

3. Визначити, який тип власного висловлення необхідно створити (який тип листа потрібно написати – особистий, офіційний або напівофіційний лист).

4. Вибрати стиль написання власного висловлення відповідно до типу листа, який потрібно написати (неофіційний, офіційний).

5. Скласти план власного висловлення відповідно до змісту комунікативних ситуацій.

6. Перефразувати завдання та комунікативні ситуації, підбираючи синонімічні слова та вирази.

7. Визначити, яку часову форму дієслова треба вжити, надаючи відповідь на кожну з комунікативних ситуацій, відповідно до їхнього змісту.

8. Написати власне висловлення на чернетці.

9. Перечитати написаний текст і переконатися, що в ньому відсутні помилки.

10. Переписати на чистовик і остаточно перевірити власне висловлення на наявність в ньому помилок.

 Важливо правильно зрозуміти умову письмового завдання та комунікативні ситуації, щоб не припуститися прикрої помилки й не написати власне висловлення не зовсім не про те, про що йдеться в завданні. Необхідно чітко зрозуміти, що саме треба писати по кожній з трьох запропонованих ситуацій, які події описати або які враження чи думки висловити.

Поділ на абзаци, зазвичай, – справа автора тексту, однак, у випадку з власним висловленням поділ на абзаци є обов’язковим.

Основна частина власного висловлення, в якій розкривається зміст комунікативних ситуацій, має бути обов’язково структурована за змістовими абзацами, тобто розділена, відповідно до кількості комунікативних ситуацій, на три або на два (якщо дві комунікативні ситуації об’єднані в один абзац) змістові абзаци.

Для забезпечення логічності викладу на мовному рівні авторові висловлення варто використовувати з’єднувальні елементи, які забезпечують зв’язок між частинами тексту на рівні змістових абзаців, а також окремих речень в абзацах. Учасник тестування повинен продемонструвати вміння доречно вживати сполучники сурядності та підрядності, слова-зв’язки, вставні слова (як прості, так і складні) тощо. Наведу приклади вправ та завдань, які використовую для формування  навичок вживання з’єднувальних елементів та фрагменти уроків, метою яких є формування писемної компетенції:

 

CHOOSING LINK WORDS

Put these words into five groups.

in addition; in conclusion; lastly; moreover; however; on the contrary; last but not the least;

the first; as a result; first of all; therefore; secondly; to sum up; while.

on the other hand; furthermore; so; at last; nevertheless; finally;

 

1.                     The order in which something happens

First of all _____________________________________

2.                     A new point giving an example of a different thing

______________________________________________

3.                     A summary of what you have said

______________________________________________

4.                     A result of what has been said

 

 GROUPING LINK WORDS

Look at the following statements, and then put them into the right groups in the table below.

That’s right! I couldn’t agree with you more. I’m not sure that’s true. I see your point. Surely you don’t think that… Absolutely! Have you considered…?

I don’t see why/how. My point exactly. Actually, … I can go along with that. I take your point. Don’t you agree?

 

Agree

Disagree

Accept that the other person’s right

Persuade the other person that you’re right

Add some more expressions of your own to each group.

 

LINK WORDS AND CLICHES TESTS

 

Which of the three variants given below would you use when you want:

 

1. To express your opinion on a problem:

My second argument is...

I think...

I’m hundred percent certain...

 

2. To give an argument supporting your viewpoint:

That’s true.

I want to speak against.

I’ll give you the first argument.

 

3. To ask for an opinion:

I’d like to know your opinion about...

I’m sure it’s a bad solution.

Back to the point...

 

1. To agree with:

So to say...

That’s exactly my opinion.

Finally, I want to say...

 

2. To disagree with:

Yes, I think so.

What do you mean?

Oh, no!

 

3. To give your approval to:

Good.

Are you with me?

I’d like to assure…

 

4. Give your disapproval to:

І’m inclined to think...

How awful!

Could you explain...?

 

5. To say you are certain about your opinion:

Don’t you think so?

I’m convinced that...

Well, I think we should begin.

 

6. To say you aren’t certain about  opinion:

How would you see...?

In conclusion...

I have doubts.

 

7.  To sum up the discussion:

To sum up...

I’d like to start,..

I’d like to know your opinion about...

 

 

 CHOOSING LINK WORDS IN AN ESSAY

 

1. Brainstorming ideas

In small groups decide what you think about when you read or hear the word       «ambition». Make a spidergram.

2. Read  this composition about ambition. Ignore the missing words. Which paragraph:
   1. summarises the writer’s views about ambition?
   2. talks about the positive aspects of ambition?
   3. explains the meaning and possible effects of ambition?
   4. talks about the negative aspects of ambition?

 

 

«AMBITION IS A NEGATIVE QUALITY.TRUE OR FALSE? »

 

Ambition can be defined as the determination to achieve success or fame. Some people argue that without ambition we cannot succeed in life.

b and c others claim that with it, we destroy our lives. ¹_________, it is a quality that is not easy to describe.

It is undoubtedly true that people who are ambitious have a completely different way of looking at life from those who are not. ²_________, they have a total commitment to what they are doing. ³_________, people who care deeply about what they are doing must put more effort into being successful.

_________, these people might produce better results because are so motivated.

_________, it is also obvious that ambition can have negative effects on our lives. _________ and most worrying effect is probably on our health.

Ambition can take away all energy, leaving us too exhausted to enjoy any interests we may have.

_________, it can ruin our relationships with family and friends, who feel they are not a part of our lives any more. _________, it could seriously harm other innocent members of society.

_________, it can be argued that ambition needn’t be an undesirable quality if it is used constructively. _________, if it is used unwisely, it is a quality which destroys not only our personal lives but the lives of others around us.

Link words

Two of the words or phrases in a-c can fit into gaps 1-10 in the composition. Choose the words which can be used.

Example

a therefore b while  c however

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a a a a a a a a a a

As a result Firstly Furthermore At last Therefore The one Moreover Last of all In conclusion However

b b b b b b b b b b

Therefore At first In addition Finally Nevertheless The first Secondly At the end To sum up At last

c c c c c c c c c c

On the contrary First of all On the other hand Lastly On the other hand The main Nevertheless Last but not least On the other hand Nevertheless

 

ARRANGING A JUMBLED TEXT WITH LINKING WORDS

Read this essay. Paragraphs have been jumbled in it, but the first sentence is in the right place. Rearrange the structure of the text, putting the paragraphs in the order which you consider to be the most logical. Phrases below will help you with the most logical order.

THE WAY WE SHOP

 Shopping centres have changed the way we shop – but is this really an improvement?

 Shopping centres offer brand, uniform products all over the world – local character is disappearing. In order to supply a large number of customers efficiently, mass-produced goods replace custom-made products.

Smaller local shops which used to offer a friendlier, more personal service are closing down because they cannot keep up with the competition.

The convenience of shopping centres is that we can find everything from groceries to electronics, from cosmetics to clothes, under the same roof.

 Shopping centres offer entertainment facilities, like cinemas or bowling alleys, with an enormous range of things to buy and to do.

 They offer a more comfortable shopping experience, but on the other hand, they make us all the same: customers in a commercialized world where the most important things you can buy.

 The same thing is happening to local cinemas, and sometimes even bars and restaurants. In fact, we are losing places that were once important in our lives.

 Shopping centres are useful, but we should not allow them to change the world we live in.

 They are places where you can meet people and socialite in cafes and restaurants. They have become the focus of social life for many teenagers.

One positive aspect of shopping centres…

Furthermore…

In addition to this…

However, smaller local shops…

Another disadvantage…

To summarise…

In my view…

Now read the model text and check if you were right with your paragraphing.

 

THE WAY WE SHOP

Shopping centres have changed the way we shop – but is this really an improvement?

One positive aspect of shopping centres is convenience: we can find everything from groceries to electronics, from cosmetics to clothes, under the same roof.

Furthermore, shopping centres offer entertainment facilities, like cinemas or bowling alleys, with an enormous range of things to buy and to do.

In addition to this, they are places where you can meet people and socialite in cafes and restaurants. They have become the focus of social life for many teenagers.

However, smaller local shops which used to offer a friendlier, more personal service are closing down because they cannot keep up with the competition.

The same thing is happening to local cinemas, and sometimes even bars and restaurants. In fact, we are losing places that were once important in our lives.

Another disadvantage of shopping centres is that they offer brand, uniform products all over the world – local character is disappearing. In order to supply a large number of customers efficiently, mass-produced goods replace custom-made products.

 To summarise, on the one hand, they offer a more comfortable shopping experience, but on the other hand, they make us all the same: customers in a commercialized world where the most important things you can buy.

In my view, shopping centres are useful, but we should not allow them to change the world we live in.

 

WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER

 

Read the exam task and the model letter. Fill in the gaps with the suggested phrases

 

although      I suppose    are a kind of    Can I suggest    You also asked     It really is  

 on time    It seems like ages    Anyway

 

You have received a letter from your English pen-friend who is doing a project on eating habits and customs around the world. Write him/her a letter in which you tell:

• what the traditional meals in Ukraine are
•  at what time of day people typically eat
•  what your favourite dishes are.

 

Dear Sue,

1 _______ since I’ve heard from you. I’m glad you did well at your exams!

I remember you’re doing a project about eating habits in Ukraine. 2 _______ you include info for borsch? 3 _______ the most popular traditional Ukrainian dish. Do you know there are a lot of variants how to cook it and it can have up to 20 components! It’s so traditional that we eat it all year round, 4 _______ it’s really a winter meal. As for meat, such things as cutlets, chicken Kiev and meat dumplings are popular. They are usually served with fried, boiled or mashed potatoes, vegetables cooked in different ways or salads.

There are also a lot of traditional dishes cooked from flour. My favourite ones are varenyky and deruny. Varenyky 5 _______ ravioli with different stuffing, for example cherries, cabbage, mushrooms or meat. I like them sweet with cherries, cottage cheese and sour cream. As for deruny, these are pancakes made of grated potatoes, flour and eggs, some salt and pepper.

6 _______ when we typically have meals. Well, traditionally we have three main meals a day: breakfast in the morning, dinner at midday and supper in the evening. But this of course depends on your daily timetable.

7 _______, I hope you don’t get too stressed by the project and that you’ll finish it 8 _______.

Hope to hear from you soon!

 

Lots of love,

Kate

 

Your friend is an expert in international food and is going to publish a book soon. Write a letter to him describing a special dish from your country. In your letter you should

• describe a special dish from your country
•  explain what season people prefer to eat it in
•  say why your friend should include this dish in his book.