Презентація з теми "Clauses".

Clauses

Clauses of reason. The air is becoming polluted because of factories. The air is becoming polluted due to the fact that there are a lot of factories.

Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced with: as/ since – because – the reason for/ why – because of/ due to etc. As/ since She took a taxi home as/ since it was late. As/ Since it was late, she took a taxi home. Because. I went to bed early because I was tired. Because I was tired, I went to bed early.

Clauses of Reason. The reason for + noun/ -ing form. The reason why + clause. The reason for the delay was (the fact) that she had missed the train. The fact that she had missed the train was the reason for her being delayed. The reason why she was delayed was (the fact) that she had missed the train.

Clauses of Reason. Because of/ due to + noun. Because of/ due to the fact that + clause. They came home late because of the traffic. They came home late due to the traffic. She was promoted because of the fact that she works hard. She was promoted due to the fact that she works hard.

Transform the sentences using the words in brackets. He wore a jacket because it was cold. (since)2. She won the competition, so she was happy. (due to the fact that)3. There was a lot of noise, so she couldn’t concentrate. (because)4. He was new to the area, and therefore he didn’t know anyone. (as)5. She missed the bus, so she was late for the meeting. (the reason for)6. He worked hard, and as a result he passed the exams with excellent grades. (because of the fact that)7. His best shirt was dirty, therefore he couldn’t wear it to the party. (the reason why)

Complete each sentence with 2 to 5 words, including the words in bold. Tim turned on the lights because it was dark. SINCEHe didn’t have any qualifications. As a result, he didn’t get a job. BECAUSEThe fact that the job was poorly paid was the reason why she turned it down. FORThey didn’t go because it was foggy. OFShe didn’t have enough cash with her, so she paid by credit card. ASShe didn’t hear the alarm clock. As a result, she was late for work. DUE TO THE FACT THATThe reason why she wanted to be alone was the fact that she was upset. FORThey didn’t know the area well, so they asked for directions. ASDavid put more wood on the fire because it was cold. SINCESome trees fell down last night because it was windy. OF

Clauses of Purpose. They went to the beach to enjoy the sunset. They went to the beach so that they could enjoy the sunset.

Clauses of purpose are used to express the purpose of an action. That is, they explain why someone does something. They are introduces with: to – in order to/ so as to – so that/ in order that – in case, etc. To –infinitive. I’m going out to get some fresh air. In order to/ so as to (formal)He went to Harvard in order to obtain a degree in economics. He went to Harvard in so as to obtain a degree in economics. In negative sentences we use in order not to or so as not to. We never use not to alone. He took a taxi in order not to be late. He took a taxi so as not to be late.

Clauses of Purpose. So that + can/ will (present or future reference)So that + could/ would (past reference)He works hard so that he can make a lot of money. She reserved a table so that she wouldn’t have to wait in a queue. NOTE: In order that has the same structure as so that. However, it is not used very often as it is formal. We will inform you of the final dates today in order that you can make travel arrangements.

Clauses of Purpose. In case + present tense (present or future references)In case + past tense (past reference)In case is never used with will or would. Take a map in case you get lost. She called her parents in case they were worried about her. For + noun (when we want to express the purpose of an action)They went to an Indian restaurant for dinner. For + -ing form (when we want to express the purpose or function of something)We use an axe for chopping wood. Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses, like time clauses. Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim could eat it later.

Choose the correct item. He went to the bank so that / to get some money. They walked slowly on the ice in order that / so as not to slip and fall. She is going to work very hard in order that/ to pass her exams. We sat near the door in case/ so that we could leave early. She closed the door quietly so as not to/ in case wake her parents.

Imagine that you are packing for a holiday abroad and you are talking to a friend what you should take with you . Ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. Shall I take my raincoat? – Yes, take your raincoat in case it rains. Credit card/ run out of money. Swimsuit/ go swimming. Some medicines/ catch a cold. Some plasters/ cut yourself. Jumper/ be cold. Nice clothes/ go to a restaurant. Camera/ take some photos. Umbrella/ rain. Sun lotion/ sunbathe. Now you are back from your holiday. Using the same prompts make sentences about the past as in the example. I took my raincoat in case it rained.

Join the sentences using the words in brackets. I’ve joined a gym. I want to get fit. (to)She is learning English. She wants to get a job in England. (so that)He got a loan from the bank. He wanted to expand his business. (in order to)He will take some money with him. He may want to buy something. (in case)She wrote a date down in her dairy. She didn’t want to forget it. (so that)They arrived at the station early. They didn’t want to miss the train. (so as not to)They took some water with them. It was possible they would get thirsty. (in case)He put the letter on the table. He wanted his mother to post it. (so that)The courier came into the office. He wanted to deliver the parcel. (to)Pamela called the lost property office. She wanted to report the loss of her luggage. (in order to)

Complete each sentence using 2 to 5 words, including the words in bold. He set his alarm clock. He didn’t want to oversleep. (that)I’ll take my umbrella. It might rain this afternoon. (case)Sam called Mary. He wanted to invite her to a party. (to)Pat took his cheque book. He didn’t want to run out of money. (case)We use a watering can to water plants and flowers. (for)I went to bed early. I didn’t want to be tired the next day. (that)They took a map with them. They didn’t want to get lost. (not)Jack is studying business at university. He wants to get a good job. (that)

Clauses of Contrast. They enjoy working in the garden although/ even though it is very hard work. Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast. They are introduces with: but – although/ even though/ though – in spite of/ despite – however – yet – while/ whereas - nevertheless

Clauses of Contrast. But e.g. She had a cold, but she went to work.although/ even though/though + clause. Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is usually used in everyday speech and can also be put at the end of a sentence.e.g. Although/ Even though/ Though she had a cold, she went to work. She went to work although/ even though/ though she had a cold. She had a cold, she went to work, though.

Clauses of Contrast. In spite of/ despite + noun/ -ing form. Don’t use of after despite.e.g. In spite of/ Despite the bad weather, they sat in the garden. They sat in the garden in spite of/ despite the weather being bad. In spite of/ despite the fact that + clausee.g. In spite of/ Despite the fact (that) the weather was bad, they sat in the garden.

Clauses of Contrast. However/ nevertheless. A comma is always used after however/ nevertheless.e.g. He was well-qualified for the job, however/ nevertheless, he didn’t get it. While/ wherease.g. Your flat is big, while/ whereas mine is small. Yet (formal)e.g. Tom ran well, yet he lost the contest.

Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Your car is new and fast. My car is old and slow. (while)He went to bed early. He was tired the next day. (yet)They go on holiday to Spain. Their friends go to Switzerland. (whereas)He had passed his exam. He couldn’t find a good job. (although)They ate all the food. It was tasteless. (in spite of)The performance was bad. Everyone applauded at the end. (nevertheless)We had a map. We got lost. (though)He didn’t go back to work. He felt better. (despite)

Choose the correct answer.____ being shy, Jim gave a speech at the concert. However B. Yet C. Despite2. ____ he hated shopping, he went to the supermarket. However B. Even though C. While3. Jane worked very hard, ____ Kate is lazy. Whereas B. Even though C. Despite4. This car is fast, _____ it is also very noisy. Despite B. But C. In spite5. She likes Peter. She doesn’t like his brother, _______. Whereas B. But C. Though6. ______ the rain, the football match went ahead. In spite of B. However C. While7. ______ of being tired, Jeff went to the party. A. In spite B. Despite C. Although

Complete the sentences. In spite of heavy traffic, I got to work on time. (although)Despite winning the race, Sam still wasn’t happy. (even though)Although it rains a lot in England, I love living there. (Despite)Even though Tom is a qualified doctor, he doesn’t have a job. (in spite of)Despite the fact that I was hungry, I didn’t eat anything. (even though)Even though he was ill, Jim went to work. (Despite)In spite of losing her job, she didn’t get depressed. (although)Although he doesn’t lie his boss, he works very hard. (in spite)Even though it is very cold, she is only wearing a T-shirt. (despite)In spite of her busy schedule, she makes time for her children. (even though)

Rephrase the sentences in as many ways as possible, as in the example. Tom is clever. He doesn’t work hard at school. Although/ Even though Tom is clever, he doesn’t work hard at school. In spite of / Despite (his) being clever, Tom doesn’t work hard at school. Tom is clever. He doesn’t work hard at school, though,In spite of/ Despite the fact that Tom is clever, he doesn’t work hard at school. Tom is clever, however/ nevertheless/ yet he doesn’t work hard at school.__________________________________________2. The dress is very beautiful. It is very expensive.3. There weren’t many people at the party. We had a lovely time.4. She is a good friend. I don’t tell her all my secrets.5. He had many friends. He felt lonely.6. They studied French at school. They don’t remember any.7. The meeting lasted three hours. No one was bored.8. It was cold outside. The sun was shining.