Англійські патан(до хвороб дих.сис-ми)+ хв нирок

During microscopic examination of the aortic wall focal infiltration of intima by lipids and proteins was detected.  Lipids soak up the intima and are accumulated in muscle cells and macrophages.  State the stage of atherosclerosis.

During the autopsy of a 66 year old man, who died of acute heart failure, acute venous plethora of internal organs was found.  The cavities of the heart are enlarged, in the anterior wall of the left ventricle at the incision of the myocardium a dim yellowish foci 3.5x4 cm in size,is found.  Coronary arteries with stenosing atherosclerotic plaques are present.  Specify which of the following diagnoses is the most common?

In macroscopic examination of the aorta yellow spots and stripes, fibrous plaques, ulcers are revealed in the intima.  What is the disease that provokes such changes in the large vessels?

A young man died suddenly during emotionally intense work.  The incision revealed irregular myocardial filling.  Histochemically - decrease in glycogen content.  Electron microscopic - destruction of mitochondria, contractures of myofibrils.  What is the probable circulatory disorder?

Microscopic examination of the coronary artery of the 53 year old deceased, revealed a narrowing of the lumen of the vessel due to a fibrous plaque with an admixture of lipids.  The most common form of atherosclerosis is:

A 64 year old male patient died with symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure.  Autopsy results: the section of the anterior wall of the left ventricle showed a yellowish flaccid 1.5-2 cm focus surrounded by a reddish rim.  The convoluted coronary arteries had lumen irregularly narrowed by 75%.  The vessel intima was thickened, dense, covered with whitish plaques, crunched when cut.  What disease can you think of?

A 78 year old patient suffering from atherosclerosis has been delivered to a surgical ward with signs of acute abdomen.  Laparoscopy revealed blackened and flaccid small intestine loops;  demarcation line is not clear.  Diagnose the changes that occurred in the patient's small intestine:

A 65 year old patient had been treated for 3 days in a resuscitation unit for a cardiac pathology.  Suddenly he developed ventricular fibrillation that became the immediate cause of death of this patient.  Microscopy of the left ventricular myocard revealed a large focus of cardiomyocyte karyolysis demarcated by the zone of hyperemia. What cardiac pathology was the cause of death?

The autopsy of a 37 year old man has revealed the following: in the aorta on the smooth glossy ivory-colored intima there are yellowish-grays pots blending with each other, which form stripes that do not protrude from the intima surface.  Microscopy reveals swelling and destruction of elastic membranes, diffuse impregnation of aortic wall with orange granules (if stained with Sudan III), orange coloring of macrophage cytoplasm and nonstriated muscle elements. Specify this process:

During the autopsy of the patient, who died of cardiovascular insufficiency, the patient's right foot is darkly colored.  The vessels of the patient's thigh are partially obstructed by grayish-red clots.  On the vessel walls there are yellowish-gray spots and fibrous plaques, some of which are of stony density.  What clinicopathological type of atherosclerosis was complicated in the patient?

Patient, 75 years old, has been suffering from bronchial asthma, coronary heart disease for 15 years and high blood pressure during the last 2 years.  Left ventricular hypertrophy was instituted.  What is the cause of hypertrophy?

Patient has been suffering from hypertension for a long time and died of brain hemorrhage.  At the kidney incision: the kidneys are reduced in size, dense consistency, the surface is fine-grained, the cortical substance is somewhat thinned.  What microscopic changes are characteristic of kidney?

At the autopsy of a 57 year old patient, suffering from hypertension and died of cardiac compensation, an enlarged heart was found with enlarged cavities (its weight 550 g, thickness of the left ventricular wall 2.5 cm), microscopically cardiomyocytes significantly increased in size, with fatty dystrophy and hyperchromic barrel nuclei. Which of these pathological processes is most common in the heart?

At the autopsy of a patient who died of heart failure, an enlarged heart with a weight of 550 g, fibrinous pericarditis, as well as contracted, densed kidneys weighing 50 g, with a fine-grained surface and explicit hyalinosis of arterioles and  glomeruli were found.  What is the main disease?

At the autopsy: kidney reduced to 5.5x3.2x1.5 cm, dense, the capsule is difficult to remove, the surface is uneven, fine-grained.  In the section: atrophy of the parenchyma, cortical substance, pattern is vague.  Blood vessels in the form of thick, white tubules do not subside.  Histologically - hyalinosis and sclerosis of small arteries, hyalinosis and sclerosis mostly of glomeruli, decrease in the number of tubules, growth of connective tissue in the stroma.  Some of the glomeruli are hypertrophy compensated and the tubules are expanded.  What is your diagnosis?

A 68 year old man, who had been suffering from essential hypertension for a long time, was delivered to a resuscitation unit with hemiplegia.  The patient died after 7 hours.  On autopsy: in the right cerebral hemisphere there is a cavity 5x5 cm in size with uneven margins, filled with dark red blood clots.  What cerebral circulation disorder developed in the patient?

At the autopsy of the deceased 40 years old woman morphological manifestations of chronic right ventricular heart failure, stenosis of the left atrioventricular aperture, insufficiency of a mitral valve were found.  Histologically in the myocardium on the background of focal cardiosclerosis, revealed disorganization of the connective tissue in the form of mucoid and fibrinoid infiltration, the presence of flowering granules Ashof-Talaev was found.  Which of the following diagnoses is the most common?

At autopsy of a 23 year old woman who died from renal failure, reddening in the form of a butterfly was found on the skin of the face, small warty red-pink layers on the mitral valve flaps, in the kidneys -  fibrinid necrosis cells in the glomeruli, thickening of the basal membranes like wire loops, hematoxylin corpuscles, karyorexis. What is the most common disease?

A 45 year old woman who complained of progressive muscle weakness underwent a biopsy of the tibia soft tissue.  Histologic examination revealed dystrophic changes in muscle fibers, small focal petrification of the dermis and skeletal muscles, decreased glycogen content, and decreased striation in the muscle fibers.

Some fibers are necrotized, stroma infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.  What is your diagnosis?

In a 27 year old woman, a set of clinical and laboratory features allows one to suspect rheumatic disease. Indicate which of the following statements is most relevant for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases:

A 54 year old woman had significant deformation of the joints of the fingers and toes. Histologically: periarticular connective tissue - mucoid swelling, areas of fibrinoid necrosis, accumulation of macrophages, areas of sclerosis;  in the synovial membrane - edematous villi, with signs of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, in the synovial cavity there are single "rice bodies".  Diagnose the disease

Postmortem examination of a patient with a long history of rheumatism revealed thickening and shortening of the mitral valve leaflets with abundant thrombotic deposits.  Histological examination of the valve leaflets confirmed sclerosis and revealed multiple foci of connective tissue disorganization in the form of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, as well as deendothelization foci.  Endothelium defects were covered with thrombotic deposits of 1-2 mm.  What type of valvular endocarditis is the case?

During the autopsy of the body of a patient, who had died due to heart failure, the following has been detected: myogenic dilatation of the heart left ventricle, microfocal cardiosclerosis, vasculitis, Aschoff bodies with disorganization of connective tissue, myocardosis. Make the diagnosis:

The patient after a severe hypothermia had a cough, pain in the right half of the chest, which increased with breathing, fever.  He died on the 5th day because of acute heart failure.  At the autopsy: the lower lobe of the right lung is sealed, the pleura is covered with a white-gray pleura, the surface of the incision is fine-grained, gray.  Histologically in the lumen of the alveoli revealed fibrin impregnated with a large number of neutrophilic leukocytes.  Specify the most common disease.

At the autopsy of the 43 year old deceased, an enlarged gray dense, airless lower lobe of the left lung was found;  visceral pleura of this lobe with fibrin stratification was detected.  Microscopically: in all alveoli fibrinous-leukocyte exudate.  Which of the croupous pneumonia stages occurred?

At the autopsy of the patient, who died of cardiopulmonary disability, a dark color of the lungs, an uneven swelling, and a "pulmonary heart" were found.  From the anamnesis it is known that the patient worked as a miner for 18 years.  What disease led to death?

In the section of a deceased 64 year old woman, who worked in the chemical industry and suffered from attacks of expiratory suffocation, which was accompanied by coughing with the discharge of thick sputum, revealed that the lungs were enlarged in size, cover the  mediastinum, swollen, pale, do not subside, crunching when being cut.  From the lumen of the bronchi mucus of purulent character is squeezed.  Which of the following diagnoses is the most common?

At the autopsy, the dissector found that the lungs were enlarged in size, pale, soft in consistency, did not subside, crunching while being cut.  Microscopically - enlargement of the alveolar passages, interalveolar septa thin, there are signs of intracapillary sclerosis.  What kind of lung disease is characterized by such a morphological picture?

 ​​During the last years, a man of 45 years has been worried about dry cough, shortness of breath, pulmonary deficiency, and losing weight rapidly.  At the autopsy: pulmonary heart;  fibrosis with the presence of cavities that create a picture of "honeycombs" is sharply expressed in the lungs.  Histologically: interstitial fibrosis with pronounced stroma infiltration by lymphogistiocytes with neutrophil impurities.  What is the most likely diagnosis?

At microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen from a site of a mucous membrane of a right bronchus tumor, cellular and tissue atypism and the appearance of structures in the form of "cancer pearls" are established.  Determine the nature of the pathological process.

A patient has worked 30 years in a mine and died of increasing pulmonary heart failure.  At the autopsy, the lungs are enlarged, with a dense consistency, at the incision they have a large number of nodules in the size of millet grains and more, dense, grayish and grayish-black color, in some places the nodules merge into larger areas.  Name the most common disease:

A 39 year old woman has often had pneumonia.  She died of pulmonary heart failure.  In the incision, the lungs have the appearance of honeycombs, microscopically - diffuse sclerosis, cysts with fibrous walls, alveolar lining, alveolocyte dysplasia.  The most common diagnosis is:

Chronic nonspecific lung diseases include:

An autopsy of the body of a 56 year old man, who was suffering from secondary tuberculosis, has revealed large areas of sclerosis in the I-II segments of the right lung.  Tissue surrounding affected areas is pale, soft, convex;  crunches when cut;  does not recede.  Specify the changes occurring in the tissues surrounding sclerosis focus.

Macroscopic examination of lung tissue revealed areas of high airiness with small bubbles.  Histological examination revealed thinning and rupture of alveolar septa accompanied by formation of large diversiform cavities.  What disease was revealed in the lung?

 Microscopy of an autopsy material sampled from lungs has revealed that the alveolar lumen is filled with exudate consisting mostly of erythrocytes.  What type of pneumonia is the most likely to be the cause?

Macroscopic examination of lung tissue revealed areas of high airiness with small bubbles.  Histological examination revealed thinning and rupture of alveolar septa accompanied by formation of large diversiform cavities.  What disease was revealed in the lung?

A 45 year old man with a history of left-sided croupous pneumonia died of multiple traumas received as the result of a car accident.  On autopsy in the lower lobe of his left lung its posterolateral wall is attached to the chest wall with fibrous adhesions.  The lobe is diminished, dense, fleshy on section, grayish-pink in color;  its pieces sink, when placed in water.  Histological analysis reveals diffuse excessive growth of fibrous connective tissue in these areas.  Name this complication of croupous pneumonia:

 A child of 15 years: 14 days after suffering an acute tonsillitis, has swollen face, blood pressure increased, urine in the form of "meat washes". Histological examination of the kidney biopsy revealed an accumulation of serous-hemorrhagic exudate in the lumen of the Bowman-Shumlyansky capsule, inflammatory infiltration of mesangium and capillary loops; immunohistochemical study revealed the deposition of immune complexes on the basement membranes of capillaries and in the mesangium of glomeruli. What disease has the patient developed?

A 19 year old man suffered bronchial disease from early childhood. He died of kidney failure. In addition to multiple bronchiectatic caverns filled with purulent exudate,, enlarged kidney dense in consistency was found at the autopsy, the cortical layer was thickened, white, dense. The pyramids of the kidney are anemic, clear. Name the process that has developed in the kidneys?

A 29 year old man was admitted to the nephrology unit with complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting. Has been ill for 20 years. The cause of death was uremia. At the autopsy the kidney is sharply reduced in size, dense, the capsule is difficult to remove. The surface of the kidneys is unevenly fine-grained, the bark is unevenly thin to 0.2 cm. What kidney disease should you think about?

A 26 year old man suffering from bronchoectatic disease and who died of renal failure was found to have kidney amyloidosis at autopsy. Specify the most important diagnostic feature.

At the autopsy of the deceased, who had been suffering from cystitis and dyskinesia of the ureters for a long time, morphological signs of uremia were revealed. The kidney was unevenly scar-shriveled. In the lumen of the bowls are small stones and sand. Histologically revealed "thyroid kidney", foci of interstitial inflammation. Which diagnosis is the most common?

The section revealed a significant increase in the volume of the right kidney. In the incision the kidney contains a stone. The lumen of the renal pelvis is distended by the urine that is being accumulated. The kidney parenchyma is sharply thinned. Which diagnosis is most accurate?

At the autopsy: the kidneys are enlarged, the surface is coarse-grained due to the presence of numerous cavities with a smooth wall filled with a transparent liquid. What is the disease?

A girl of 9 years old 2 weeks after an acute respiratory disease developed swelling of the extremities, increased blood pressure, urine in the form of "meat washes". Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis with nephritic syndrome has been diagnosed. What pathological process underlies kidney pathology?

At a puncture biopsy in a transplanted kidney diffuse infiltration of a stroma by lymphocytes, plasmocytes, lymphoblasts, plasmoblasts, and also necrotic arteritis is revealed. What pathological process has developed in the transplant?

A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomy. The kidney looks as a thin-walled sacfilled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis:

Autopsy of a man who died from ethylene glycol poisoning revealed that his kidneys are a little bit enlarged, edematic; their capsule can be easily removed. Cortical substance is broad and light-grey. Medullary substance is dark-red. What pathology had this man?

After an abortion a 25-year-old woman developed oliguria, anuria, and increasing azotemia. The patient died of acute renal failure. Autopsy revealed degeneration and necrosis of the convoluted renal tubules epithelium. What disease was the cause of death in this case?

Autopsy of a man who died of ethylene glycol poisoning revealed that his kidneys are slightly enlarged, edematic; their capsule can be easily removed. Cortical substance is broad and light gray. Medullary substance is dark red. What pathology did this man develop?