Методична розробка "English grammar"

Indefinite (simple)

Continuous (progressive)

We use the present simple for permanent states, repeated actions, daily routines, likes and dislikes.

Time words: usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never.

                     He          Do/Does  ?

V, V s(es)    She       don’t/doesn’t -

                     It

+He goes to school every day.

?Does he go to school every day?

-He doesn’t go to school every day

?Where does he go?

 Who goes to school?

 He goes to school, doesn’t he?

 We use the present continuous for  actions happening now, at the moment of speaking, or around the time of speaking. Time words:now, at the moment, this week/month.

 am

  is      + V (ing)

  are

+He is going to school now.

?Is he going to school now?

-He is not going to school now.

?Where is he going?

 Who is going to school now?

 He is going to school now, isn’t he?

We use the past simple for actions which happened at a definite time in the past. Time expressions: yesterday, ago, in 1991, last Friday/ week/month/year.

 Ved, V2         Did ? / didn’t   - (V1)

+He went to school yesterday.

?Did he go to school yesterday?

-He did not go to school yesterday.

?Where did he go yesterday?

 Who went to school yesterday?

 He went to school yesterday, didn’t he?           

 We use the past continuous:

-for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past;

-for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it;

-for actions which were happening at the same time in the past;

-to give background information in the story.

 Time expressions: while, when, as, all day/night/morning.

        was/were + Ving

+I was reading at 3 o”clock.

 I was reading  when mother came.

 I While mother was cooking, I was reading.

? Were you reading at 3 o’clock?

- I was not reading at 3 o’clock.

?What were you doing at 3 o’clock?

 Who was reading at 3 o’clock?

He was reading at 3 o’clock, wasn’t he?

We use the future simple for:  predictions about the future, promises, on-the-spot decisions, threats. Time expressions: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year.

        shall/will+ V

+He will go to kyiv next month.

-He will not go to Kyiv.

?Will he go to Kyiv?

 Who will go to Kyiv?

 Where will he go?

 He will go to kyiv next month, will not he?              

We use the future  continuous:

-for an action which will be in progress at a stated time in the future;

-for an action which will be in progress when another action interrupts it;

-for actions which will be happening at the same time in the past;

 Time expressions: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, at …o’clock tomorrow.

           shall/will+be+Ving

+I shall be reading at 3 o’clock tomorrow.

 I shall be reading when mother comes.

 I shall be reading while mother will be cooking.

-I shall not be reading at 3 o’clock tomorrow.

?Will you be reading at 3 o’clock tomorrow? Who will be reading at this time tomorrow? What will you be doing a 3 o’clock tomorrow? You will be reading at 3 o’clock tomorrow, will not you?

      Perfect

Perfect Continuous (Progressive)

We  use the present perfect :  for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present, to talk about a past action which has a visible result in the present, for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past, to refer to an experience. 

  Time expressions: just, already, yet, for, since, so far, recently, ever, never, today, this morning/afternoon.

                              have

He,She, It             has               V ed , V3

+They have already opened the door.

-They haven’t opened the door yet.

?Have they opened the door yet?

 What have they done?

 Who has already opened the door?

 They have already opened the door, haven’t they?

 We use the present perfect continuous :  to put an emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present; for actions which started and finished in the past but the result of the action is visible in the present.

Time expressions: just, already, yet, for, since, so far, recently, ever, never, today, this morning/afternoon.

                             have

He, she, It       has               been        Ving

+He has been reading for two hours.

-He hasn’t been reading for two hours.

?Has he been reading for two hours?

 How long have you been reading?

 Who has been reading for two hours?

You have been reading for two hours, haven’t you?

We use the past perfect for:

- an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past;

 -an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible at a later point in the past.

 Time expressions: before, after, already, just, for, since, till/until, when, by the time, never.

                   had + Ved, V3 

+He had read the book by 3 o’clock yesterday.

 He had read the book before mother came.

-He had not read the book by 3 o’clock yesterday.

?Had he read the book by 3 o’clock yesterday?

 Who had read the book by 3 o’clock yesterday?

 What had he done by 3 o’clock?

 He had read the book by 3 o’clock, had not he?

We use the past perfect continuous :

-to put an emphasis on the duration of an action which started before another action or stated time in the past;

-for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visibly seen in the past.

Time expressions: for, since, how long, before, until.

                had + been + Ving

+I had been reading the book for 2 hours when mother came.

-I had not been reading for 2 hours when mother came.

?Had you been reading for 2 hours when mother came?

 What had you been doing when mother came?

 Who had been reading when mother came?

 He had been reading the book for 2 hours when mother came, had not he?

We use the future perfect for actions that will have finished before a stated time in the future.

Time expressions: before, by, by then, by the time, till/until.

       shall/will + have + Ved, V3

+I shall have done my lessons tomorrow by 3 o’clock.

 Before mother comes I shall have done my lessons.

- I shall not have done my lessons by 3 o’clock   tomorrow.

? Will you have done your lessons by 3 o’clock tomorrow?

 Who will have done your lessons by 3 o’clock tomorrow?

 What will he have done by 3 o’clock tomorrow?

 He will have done his lessons by 3 o’clock tomorrow, will not he?

We use the  future perfect continuous :

-to put an emphasis on the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future.

Time expressions: for, since, by.

 shall/will + have + been + Ving

+I shall have been doing my lessons for 2 hours when you come.

-I shall not  have been doing my lessons for 2 hours when you come.

? Will you have been doing the lessons for 2 hours when mother comes?

 Who will  have been doing the lessons for 2 hours when you come?

How long will you  have been doing the lessons  when mother comes?

 He will  have been doing his lessons for 2 hours when mother comes, will not he?

                                                                                The Passive  Voice

                Present           

                       Past

   am

   is         Ved, V3

   are

+The letters are written every day.

-The letters aren’t written every day.

? Are  the letters written every day?

 When are  the letters written?

 The letters are  written every day, aren’t they?

          was

          were          Ved, V3 

+The letter was written yesterday.

-The letter wasn’t written yesterday.

?Was the letter written yesterday?

 When was the letter written?

 The letter was written yesterday, wasn’t it?

     am

      is     being   Ved, V3 

      are 

+The letter is being written now.

-The letter isn’t being written now.

? Is the letter being written  now?

 When is the  letter being written?

 The letter is being written now, isn’t it?

         was

         were    being    Ved, V3

+The letter was being written  at 5 o’clock yesterday.

-The letter wasn’t being written at 5 o’clock yesterday.

?Was the letter being  written at 5 o’clock  yesterday?

 When was the letter being written?

 The letter was being written  at 5 o’clock yesterday, wasn’t it?

     have

     has      been    Ved, V3

+The letter has  already been written .

-The letter hasn’t been written yet.

?Has the letter been written today?

 Why has the letter been written today?

 The letter has been written today, hasn’t it?

had   been  Ved, V3

+The letter had been written  by 5 o’clock yesterday.

-The letter hadn’t been written by 5 o’clock yesterday.

?Had the letter been  written by 5 o’clock  yesterday?

 Why had the letter been written by 5 o’clock yesterday?

 The letter had been written  by 5 o’clock yesterday, hadn’t it?

         Tense  Forms

                       Future

   Future   in-the-Past

              will     be   Ved, V3

+The letter will be written tomorrow.

-The letter will not be written tomorrow.

?Will the letter be written tomorrow?

 When will the letter be written?

 The letter will be written tomorrow, will not it?

      would  be  Ved, V3

+He said that the letter would be written the next day.

-He said that the letter wouldn’t be written the next day.

              will  have  been Ved, V3

+The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

-The letter will not have beeen  written by 5 o’clock  tomorrow.

?Will the letter have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow?

 When will the letter have been written?

 The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock  tomorrow, will not it?

       would  have  been Ved, V3

+He said that the letter would have been written by 5 o’clock  the next day.

-He said that the letter wouldn’t  have been written by 5 o’clock  the next day.

Original  tense  and message

 Reported      Speech

Present Simple

I need it.

Past Simple 

He said he needed it.

Present Continuous

He is sleeping.

Past Continuous

They said he was sleeping.

Present Perfect

She has gone out.

Past Perfect

He said she had gone out.

Present Perfect Continuous

It has been working OK.

Past Perfect Continuous

He said it had been working OK.

Past  Simple

We won.

Past  Perfect

She said they had won.

Past  Continuous

He was snoring.

Past  Perfect  Continuous

She said he had been snoring.

Future Simple

They will do it.

Future Simple-in-the-Past

She said they would do it.

Be going to

She is going to be late.

Was/were  going to

He said she was going to be late.

First Conditional

We will go there if you want us to.

Second Conditional

They said they would go there if he wanted them to.

    Direct Speech

Reported Speech

 today

 yesterday

 tomorrow

  … ago

 this…

 these…

 here

 last year

 last month

 last…

 next…

 that day

 the day before

 the next day

 … before

 that …

 those …

 there

 the year before

 the month before

 the … before

 the following …

  Special questions

He asked

He wanted to know

He wondered

“What are you doing?”

“Where do you live?”

“Where does he work?”

“What is Nick doing?”

“What have you prepared for today?”

“When did you come home yesterday?”

“When will your  mother come home?”

 what I was doing.

 where I lived.

 where he worked.

 what Nick was doing.

 what I had prepared for that day.

 when I had come home the day before.

 when my mother would come home.

  General  questions

 He asked

 He wanted to know

 He wondered

 “Are you watching TV?”

 “Do you play chess?”

 “Does she go to school?”

 “Are you listening to me?”

 “Have you done your homework?”

 “Did you skate last winter?”

 “Will you see your friend tomorrow?”

If

whether

 I was watching TV.

 I played chess.

 She went to school.

 I was listening to him.

 I had done my homework.

 I had skated the winter before.

 I should see my friend the next day.

      Active

   Passive

 Simple

to write

I’m glad to speak with you.

 to be written

I’m glad to be told the news.

 Continuous

to be writing

I’m glad to be speaking with you.

 -

 Perfect

to have written

I’m glad to have spoken with you.

to have been written

I’m glad to have been told the news.

 Perfect Continuous

to have been writing

I’m glad to have been speaking with you.

  -

     Active

   Passive

  Present

   writing

The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came.

 being written

While being examined, the doctor couldn’t help crying.

  Perfect

 having written

Having prescribed  the medicine, the doctor went away.

 having been written

Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers  soon lost their way.

  Past

         -

 written

The broken arm was examined by the doctor.

  Active

  Passive

 Simple

  writing

He likes telling stories.

 being written

He likes being told stories.

 Perfect

  having written

He is proud of having spoken to this outstanding person.

 having been written

 He is proud of having been spoken to.

 Personal pronouns

Possessive

adjectives

Possessive pronouns

Reflexive

pronouns

Nominative

Case

Objective

  Case

I

me

my

mine

myself

You

you

your

yours

yourself

He

him

his

his

himself

She

her

her

hers

herself

It

It

its

-

itself

We

us

our

ours

ourselves

You

you

your

yours

yourselves

They

them

their

theirs

themselves

      Affirmative

 Interrogative and

   negative

Negative

some

 any

no

somebody

 anybody

 nobody

someone

 anyone

 none

something

 anything

 nothing

somewhere

 anywhere

 nowhere

          singular

           plural

  this

  these

  that

  those

       Countables

Uncountables

Singular( однина)

Plural (множина)

Singular (тільки однина)

 a pen

two  pens

   a          milk  s

But:     a bottle of water

                  a glass of milk

                  a carton of orange juice

                  a cup of tea

                  a bowl of soup

                  a packet of crisps

                  a sliсe of lemon

      a 

There is a pen.

Is there a pen?

There isn’t a pen.

some-в стверджувальних реченнях

 any- в питальних і заперечних реч.

There are some pens.

Are there any pens?

There aren’t any pens

some-в стверджувальних реченнях

 (в питальних – коли прохання і пропозиція)

 any- в питальних і заперечних реч.

There is some milk.

Is there   any milk?

There isn’t any milk.

But:Would you like some coffee?(offer)

        Can I have some sugar? (request)

    a few

She took a few apples

                    a little

 Can I have a little cream in my coffee?

      many

How many…?

There are many apples

                  much

   How much...?

There is much milk in the fridge.

                  a lot of

      is

It is an applle.

        are

These are three desks

              is

There is some water in the fridge.              

          Remember:

 Money    weather

 news         advice

 hair           information  is  (in the

                  knowledge           singular)

                   progress                   

Future Simple

Be going to

• Predictions about the future , based on what we think, believe or imagine , using the verbs think, believe, expect, etc; with the expressions  be sure, be afraid, etc; with the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps, etc.

   I am sure Rob’s parents will be very happy to hear his news. 

• decisions made at the moment of speaking (on-the -spot decision).    

It’s hot in here. I’ll open the window.

• promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers.

Will you help me to   carry this upstairs?

 -actions, events, situations  which will definitely happen in the future and which we can’t control.

Sam will be ten years old on Tuesday.

• Plans, intentions or ambitions for the future

        I’m going to go back to   college one day.

• Actions we have already decided to do in the near future.

    Alex and Sarah are going to see a play tonight.

• Predictions based on what we can see or what we know, especially when there is evidence that something will happen.

    It’s freezing cold. The roads are going to be very icy.

 The time expressions  we use with the future simple and be going to:

   tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,  tonight, soon, next week/month/year etc, in a week/month etc.

Present Simple

Present Continuous

• We use the present simple  with a future meaning when we refer to programmes, timetables etc.

The first bus leaves the station at 5.45.

-We use the present continuous for actions we have  decided and arranged to do (i.e. fixed arrangements) in the near future.

  We’re setting sail next week.

  I’m seeing my dentist this afternoon.

• We use present simple or present perfect and not future forms  after words and expressions such as while, before, after, until/till, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, provided that, by the time  , etc to introduce time clauses.

By the time we finish this it will be lunch time.

• We also use present simple and present perfect but not future forms after words and expressions such as unless, if, suppose, supposing, in case etc.

    You should take a coat in case it rains later.

• We use future forms with :  when – when it is used as a question word.

  When will she book the tickets?

  If/whether – after expressions which show uncertainty/ignorance etc, such as I don’t know, I doubd, I wonder, I’m not sure, etc.

 I wonder if Mark will come to the party.

 Conditionals type 0 express a general truth, a law of nature or a scientific fact, i.e. something which is always true.  They also express something that always happens as a result of something else.

If-clause

main clause

if+present simple

present simple

If you don’t water plants

If you heat water

they die.

it boils.

 Type 1

Conditionals Type 1 express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.

If-clause

main clause

if+present simple

future simple

imperative

can/must/may etc + bare infinitive

If I wear these shoes

If you study hard  

my feet will hurt.

you will pass your exams.

We can use unless instead of if … not in the if-clause . The verb following unless is always in the affirmative.

If you don’t study

You won’t pass your exams

you won’t pass your exams.

unless you study.

 Conditionals type 2 (unreal present) are used to express imaginary situations, which are contrary to facts in the present, and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or  the future.

If-clause

main clause

if+ past simple/past continuous

would/could/might+ present bare infinitive

If the weather was better,

If she was working closer to home,

If I were you,

we could eat outside.

she wouldn’t have to take the bus.

I would look for a new job.

Conditionals type 3 (unreal past)  are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to the facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets or criticism.

If-clause

main clause

if+ past  perfect/

past  perfect continuous

would/could/might+ past participle

If I had woken up earlier,

If you had told me you were going to the party,

I would have got to work on time.

I would have come with you.

Regular active form

Causative form

Present Simple

He decorates the flat.

He has the flat decorated.

Present Continuous

He is decorating the flat.

He is having the flat decorated.

Past Simple

He decorated the flat.

He had the flat decorated.

Past Continuous

He was decorating the flat.

He was having the flat decorated.

Future Simple

He will decorate the flat.

He will have the flat decorated.

Future Continuous

He will be decorating the flat.

He will be having the flat decorated.

Present Perfect

He has decorated the flat.

He has had the flat decorated.

Present Perfect Continuous

He has been decorating the flat.

He has been having the flat decorated.

Past Perfect

He had decorated the flat.

He had had the flat decorated.

Past Perfect Continuous

He had been decorating the flat.

He had been having the flat decorated.

Infinitive

He should decorate the flat.

He should have the flat decorated.

-ing  form

He insisted on decorating the flat.

He insisted on having the flat decorated.

Absolute

Comparative

Superlative

A.

-

-er

-est

1. Monosyllabic adjectives

low

nice

hot

lower

nicer

hotter

lowest

nicest

hottest

2.Disyllabic adjectives ending in :

          -y

         -ow

          -le

          -er

pretty

wealthy

narrow

shallow

simple

gentle

clever

tender

prettier

wealthier

narrower

shallower

simpler

gentler

cleverer

tenderer

prettiest

wealthiest

narrowest

shallowest

simplest

gentlest

cleverest

tenderest

 3. Disyllabic   adjectives with stress on the second syllable

severe

severer

severest

4.Trisyllabic

adjectives with  a prefix

   un-

unhappy

untidy

unhappier

untidier

unhappiest

untidiest

B

-

more …

most …

 1. Disyllabic  adjectives

modern

useful

more modern

more useful

 most modern

most useful

2.Polysyllable adjectives.

terrible

comfortable

more terrible           

more comfortable

most terrible

most  comfortable

The to-infinitive

is used after

-ing form

is used after

bare infinitive

is used after

-verbs: agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc

-adjectives: happy, sad, glad, willing, eager, reluctant, clever, kind;

-pronouns : something, anyone

-too/enough

- it+be+adjective/

noun.

-be+first/second/

 next/last etc.

-would like, would prefer, would love

- in the expressions:

to tell you the truth,

to be honest, to sum up, to begin with.

-verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, continue, deny, fancy, go(for activities), imagine, mind, mis, quit, save, suggest, practice, consider, prevent, love, like, prefer, dislike, hate, spend, waste, lose, look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to; hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel (to describe an incomplete action)

I heard Anna talking to the children.

-expressions: be busy, it’s no use , it’s (no) good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no point in, can’t stand, have difficulty in, have trouble etc.

-modal verbs: can, may, must, might, could;

-verbs: let, make, see, hear, feel;

But: we use to-infinitive after be made, be heard, be seen etc (in passive form);

- had better, would rather;   

- Help can be followed by either  the to-infinitive or the infinitive without to.

We use ‘the’:

We don’t use ‘the’:

-with nouns when we are talking  about something specific, when the noun is mentioned for the second time or is already known. She lent me a scarf. The scarf is made of silk.

- with nouns which are unique. The Earth, the sun.

-before the names of rivers , seas, oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, groups of islands, countries when they include words such as ‘kingdom’, ‘state’ (the USA).

- before the names of musical instruments (the guitar);

-before the names of hotels, theatres, cinemas, ships, organizations, newspapers, museums;

-before nationality words (the Welsh) and families (the Browns);

-before titles when the person’s name is not mentioned (the President);

-before the words morning, afternoon, evening.

  I usually go to the gym in the afternoon.

-with plural nouns when we talk about them in general.

 Whales are very intelligent mammals.

-before proper names.

 Let me introduce you to Tom.

-before the names of countries, cities, streets, parks, mountains, islands, lakes, continents.

-before the names of meals (breakfast, lunch), games and sports (swimming, football).

- with the words this/that/these/those.

-with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.

 These aren’t my books. They are Janet’s.

-before titles when the person’s name is mentioned. Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles.

-with the words school, church, bed, hospital, prison when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.

I love going to school because I learn things.

But: My mum came to the school to see my maths teacher.