«Мистецтво переказу: Повний гід по Reported Speech»

1. Що таке Reported Speech?

 

Reported speech (непряма мова) – це спосіб передати слова іншої людини без прямого цитування. У непрямій мові ми зазвичай змінюємо займенники, час дієслів та деякі слова, щоб вони відповідали контексту.

 

2. Як змінюється час у Reported Speech?

 

Коли ми передаємо слова когось у минулому, відбувається зміщення часу (backshifting). Це означає, що час дієслова змінюється на один ступінь назад:

 

 

 

•          Важливо! Якщо у прямій мові вже використовується Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous або would/could/should/might/ought to, то вони не змінюються.

 

• "I had seen that movie." → She said she had seen that movie.
• "He might come." → She said he might come.

 

 

 

• “Before my resignation I had been working on an environmental project.” ➞ The candidate said that before his resignation he had been working on an environmental project.
• “Had you ever been to a job interview before that last one?” ➞ I asked my neighbor if she had ever been to a job interview before that last one.

 

 

 

 

 

3. Як змінюються займенники та обставини?

 

Коли ми переходимо до непрямої мови, потрібно змінити особові займенники та обставини місця і часу, щоб відповідати контексту.

 

 

 

4. Як змінюється речення?

 

Формула:
 

Хтось + say/tell + (that) + підмет + змінене дієслово

 

• "I love English," she said. → She said (that) she loved English.
• "They are watching TV," he said. → He said (that) they were watching TV.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Різниця між "say - сказати" і "tell - розповідати"

 

• Say – коли не вказуємо, кому говорять:

 

• She said (that) she was happy.

 

• Tell – коли вказуємо, кому говорять (завжди із займенником або іменником):

 

• She told me (that) she was happy.

 

 

 

 

 

6. Питання у непрямій мові:

 

Є два типи питань у непрямій мові:

 

1. Yes/No Questions

 

Хтось + ask + if/whether + підмет + змінене дієслово

 

• "Do you like coffee?" she asked. → She asked if I liked coffee.
• "Did she call you?" he asked. → He asked whether she had called me.

 

2. Wh- Questions

 

Хтось + ask + запитальне слово (who, what, where, when, why, how) + підмет + змінене дієслово

 

• "Where do you live?" she asked. → She asked where I lived.
• "What is your name?" he asked. → He asked what my name was.

 

 

 

7. Reported Commands and Requests (Непряма мова для наказів і прохань)

 

Хтось + tell/ask + (object) + to-infinitive

 

• "Close the door!" he said. → He told me to close the door.
• "Please help me," she said. → She asked me to help her.

 

 

 

8. Negative Commands: tell/ask + (object) + not to-infinitive

 

• "Don’t touch that!" he said. → He told me not to touch that.

 

 

 

 

 

9. Винятки – Коли НЕ потрібно змінювати час

 

• Якщо у головному реченні стоїть дієслово в теперішньому часі (says, asks, tells), то часи не змінюються.

 

• "I like reading," she says. → She says she likes reading.
• "Where do you live?" he asks. → He asks where I live.

 

• Якщо говоримо про універсальні істини, то час не змінюється.
  • "The sun rises in the east," the teacher said. → The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ex. 1 Convert the sentences into reported speech

 

1. "I love learning English," she said.
2. "We are watching a new movie," they said.
3. "I have finished my homework," he said.
4. "She bought a new car last week," he said.
5. "They were playing football when it started to rain," she said.
6. "I will travel to France next summer," she said.
7. "You must be careful," my father told me.
8. "I can swim very well," he said.
9. "Do you like coffee?" he asked.
10. "Where does she live?" they asked.
11. "Did you finish your project?" my boss asked.
12. "How often do you go to the gym?" she asked.
13. "What are you doing now?" he asked.
14. "Will they come to the party?" she asked.
15. "Have you ever been to Italy?" he asked.
16. "Close the window, please," she said.
17. "Don’t touch that button!" he said.
18. "Help me with my homework," my little brother said.
19. "Be quiet!" the teacher told us.
20. "Call me when you arrive," she told him.
21. "I am very tired," she said.
22. "We have never been to Spain," they said.
23. "I saw my best friend yesterday," he said.
24. "My parents were watching TV when I got home," she said.
25. "I will call you later," he said.
26. "You should eat more vegetables," the doctor told me.
27. "She must finish the project by Friday," he said.
28. "I can speak three languages," she said.
29. "This is the best day of my life!" he said.
30. "I might move to another city next year," she said.   "Where did you buy that jacket?" he asked.
31. "How long have you been working here?" she asked.
32. "What time does the train leave?" they asked.
33. "Did you see the new movie?" he asked.
34. "Why are you late?" my boss asked.
35. "Will you help me with my homework?" my little brother asked.

 

 

 

Ex. 2 Rewrite the sentences from direct speech to reported speech

1. He said, “I am busy today.”
2. Mary said, “I like reading books.”
3. They said, “We are watching TV.”
4. Tom said, “I visited London last year.”
5. She said, “I will call you tomorrow.”
6. Peter said, “I can swim very well.”
7. The teacher said, “Open your books.”
8. Anna said, “I am going to the cinema tonight.”
9. He said, “I don’t understand this exercise.”
10. The children said, “We are playing football.”
11. My mother said, “I cooked dinner an hour ago.”
12. She said, “I must finish this project today.”
13. Jack said, “I am waiting for my friend.”
14. Kate said, “I saw that film yesterday.”
15. They said, “We will travel to Spain next summer.”

 

 

 

 

 

Ex. 3 Read the text below. Complete it by filling in the blanks with the correct words from the box.
Use each word only once. Pay attention to the tense changes and reported speech rules

 

 

said, told, asked, explained, mentioned, wanted to know, reminded, warned, promised, wondered, advised, if, that, why

 

Last weekend, our class had a meeting about the school trip. The teacher ______ that we were going to the mountains next month. Everyone was very excited. She ______ us to bring warm clothes and comfortable shoes. Tom ______ if we would stay in tents or in a hotel. The teacher ______ that we would sleep in small cabins near the lake.

Then she ______ that we mustn’t forget our raincoats because the weather could change quickly. Lisa ______ why we had to leave so early in the morning. The teacher ______ that the bus would pick us up at 6 a.m. She also ______ us to be on time because the driver wouldn’t wait.

After the meeting, Tom ______ that he could bring his guitar for the campfire. The teacher smiled and ______ that it was a great idea. She ______ us that there would be no mobile signal in the mountains. Emma ______ if we could take pictures. The teacher ______ that we could, but only when it was safe. Everyone ______ that the trip was going to be amazing!

 

 

 

Ex. 4 Rewrite the sentences from reported speech to direct speech

1. He said that he was tired.
2. She said that she liked chocolate.
3. They said that they were studying English.
4. Tom said that he had visited Paris.
5. She said that she would help me.
6. Peter said that he could play the guitar.
7. The teacher told us to be quiet.
8. Anna said that she was going to the theatre.
9. He said that he didn’t know the answer.
10. The children said that they had eaten pizza.
11. My mother said that she had cleaned the house.
12. She said that she must finish her homework.
13. Jack said that he was waiting for a taxi.
14. Kate said that she had bought a new dress.
15. They said that they would visit their grandparents.