Текст для читання. 'Halloween'.

Halloween

     Halloween -  All Hallows' Eve or All Saints' Eve

   October 31 is Halloween and is now celebrated in many countries around the world, but do you know anything about the origins of this scary special day? Read the article and find out.

Task 1. Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).

Vocabulary                                            Definition

1. fancy dress                             a. a woman who can do magic

2. to adopt                                  b. when fruit and vegetables are taken from trees and the ground

3. a tradition                               c. special clothes to dress up as a character or thing

4. harvest                                   d. something that happens to you when you do something wrong or bad

5. to carve                                  e. something people have done for a long time

6. a punishment                         f. makes money for companies

7. a witch                                   g. to accept or start something new

8. commercial                            h. to cut a picture or letter in a surface

  The origins of Halloween.

  If you think of Halloween, you probably think of scary carved pumpkins, all kinds of fancy dress and children asking for sweets. And if you think of a country that celebrates Halloween, you probably think of the United States first. Americans and Canadians have adopted Halloween in a big way, but Halloween traditions actually come from 16th-century Ireland, Scotland and England.

  The tradition of Halloween on 31 October comes from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain. Samhain was the Celtic New Year and they celebrated it on 1 November because that was the end of summer and harvest time (life) and the beginning of winter (death). It was also the time for ghosts to return to earth for a day. People lit a big fire, wore special clothes made of animal skin and hoped to be safe from the ghosts and the winter. In AD 609, the Catholic Church put the Christian celebration of All Saints Day on 1 November. In AD 1000, the church added All Souls Day on 2 November, and All Hallows Eve – or Halloween – moved to the night of the 31st.

  Pumpkins.

  The Celts carved faces into vegetables like turnips, potatoes and squash (a pumpkin is a kind of squash) to scare the ghosts and other spirits and make them go away. It was sometimes called a jack-o’-lantern because of an Irish story about a man, Jack. He played a trick on the devil and then had to walk the earth for all time as a punishment. Irish people who came to live in the United States in the 1800s found pumpkins much easier to carve, and the tradition became the one we see today.

  Fancy dress.

  The Celts were afraid of the ghosts that came on Samhain. If they went outside after dark, they covered their faces with masks. They hoped any ghosts they met would think they were ghosts too and would leave them alone. In early America, the Native Americans and the first Europeans celebrated the end of the harvest, but not Halloween. When Irish people arrived, the harvest festival started to look more like Halloween and it became popular across the country. In the late 19th century, people tried to make Halloween less about ghosts and religion and more about celebrating the season with a party for neighbours and family. That’s why Americans today wear all kinds of Halloween costumes and not just scary things like witches and ghosts like in other countries.

  Trick or treat.

  This is another tradition that began in Europe, this time in England. When the church introduced All Souls Day, rich people gave poor people ‘soul cakes’, a small cake made with spices and raisins. It replaced the Celtic tradition of leaving food outside houses for the ghosts. ‘Going a-souling’ was popular in England for hundreds of years until about the 1930s. The Americans kept the tradition, but today children knock on people’s doors and ask for sweets. Going trick or treating is so popular that a quarter of the sweets for the year in the United States are sold for this one day. The rest of the world Halloween has become the United States’ second-biggest commercial festival after Christmas. Halloween is also celebrated in other countries, but it’s not as big as in the United States, even in the countries where the traditions began. Mexico celebrates the Day of the Dead from 31 October to 2 November and some of its traditions, like giving gifts of sugar skulls, are starting to mix with Halloween. In this way, the celebration of Halloween continues to change as new traditions join the oldest of the Celtic ones.

Task 2. Choose the best answer.

1. Which country was the last to start Halloween celebrations?

a. the United States

b. England

c. Ireland

d. Scotland

2. For the ancient Celts, winter was …

a. a time for celebrations.

b. a time when life became harder.

c. when they went to church.

d. when they saw ghosts.

3. Why did the Irish start carving faces into pumpkins instead of turnips and potatoes?

a. There weren’t any turnips and potatoes in the United States.

b. They brought the pumpkins with them from Ireland.

c. Pumpkins were less difficult to carve.

d. Pumpkins were a punishment for doing bad things.

4. American Halloween today is …

a. less scary than in the past.

b. scarier than in the past.

c. less popular than when the first people came to America.

d. similar to the way the Native Americans celebrated the end of the harvest.

5. Which tradition was the earliest?

a. going a-souling

b. giving soul cakes to the poor

c. leaving food outside houses

d. trick or treating

6. Which sentence about Halloween is true?

a. Halloween is still changing today.

b. Halloween has not changed much.

c. Halloween will probably not change much in the future.

d. Halloween will be replaced by the Day of the Dead.

Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct words.

1. And if you think __ a country that celebrates Halloween, you probably think __ the United States first.
2. The tradition comes__ the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain.
3. The Celts were afraid ____ the ghosts.
4. People lit a big fire, wore special clothes made ___ animal skin and hoped to be safe ___ the ghosts and the winter.
5. They covered their faces ___ masks.
6. Today children knock __ people’s doors and ask ___ sweets.
7. A small cake made ___ spices and raisins.

Keys. Task 1. 1c 2g 3e 4b 5h 6d 7a 8f

         Task 2. 1a 2b 3c 4a 5c 6a

         Task 3. 1of, of 2from 3of 4of,from 5with 6on,for,7with