Articles a/an/the/- in English

Articles. Teacher: Daria Ishchenko

Articles are words used before nouns to clarify whether the noun is specific or general. There are two types: the definite article (the) and indefinite articles (a, an).e.g. a book – (одна) книга, an apple – (одне) яблуко, the pens – ручки

Основні терміни (Key Terms)Indefinite Article — Неозначений артикль (a/an). Definite Article — Означений артикль (the). Zero Article — Нульовий артикль (відсутність артикля). Construction Site — Будівельний майданчик. Building Maintenance — Експлуатація (технічне обслуговування) будівель.

Ситуація. Артикль. Example. Example. Пояснення. Вперше про предмет. A / An. We need to buy a crane for this project. Нам потрібно купити кран для цього проєкту. Будь-який кран, ми ще не вибрали конкретний. Конкретний предмет. The. The crane is already on the site. Кран уже на майданчику. Той самий кран, про який ми домовлялися. Унікальний об'єкт. The. Check the foundation of the building. Перевір фундамент будівлі. У будівлі зазвичай один фундамент, він конкретний. Професії / Посади. A / An. He works as an architect. Він працює архітектором. Використовуємо з назвами професій. Множина (загалом)Zero— Excavators are expensive. Екскаватори дорогі. Говоримо про всі екскаватори як клас техніки. Матеріали (незлічувані)Zero. We use — concrete for the walls. Ми використовуємо бетон для стін. Бетон як речовина (в загальному значенні).

Ex. 1 Fill in the gaps. Construction Process. Construction starts with (1) a site preparation. First, (2) an excavator digs (3) the foundation pit according to (4) the blueprint. Once (5) the pit is ready, workers pour (6) - concrete to create (7) a solid base. (8) An engineer must check (9) the quality of (10) - materials daily to ensure (11) the safety of (12) the structure.

Ex.2 Fill in the gaps. Building (1)- new warehouse is (2)the complex process. First, (3)the owner must hire (4)an experienced architect to create (5)a design. After (6)the design is approved, (7)the construction company starts work on (8)the site. (9)The workers use (10)- heavy machinery, such as (11)a bulldozer and (12)an excavator. (13)The soil must be leveled before pouring (14)- concrete. (15)The foundation is (16)the most important part of (17)the structure. If (18)the foundation is weak, (19)the building will have (20)- problems in (21)the future. (22)The steel beams are used for (23)the frame to provide (24)- extra strength. 

Ex.3 Fill in the gaps(1)___ maintenance is crucial for (2)___ longevity of (3)___ public buildings. (4)___ inspector visits (5)___ facility once (6)___ year. He checks (7)___ roof for (8)___ leaks and examines (9)___ heating system. If he finds (10)___ crack in (11)___ wall, he writes (12)___ report. (13)___ repairs must be done by (14)___ professional technician. Sometimes (15)___ elevator needs (16)___ urgent repair because (17)___ safety is (18)___ priority. (19)___ water pipes are often made of (20)___ plastic or (21)___ copper. (22)___ effective management helps to reduce (23)___ cost of (24)___ electricity.

Ex.4 Fill in the gaps(1)___ site manager is holding (2)___ meeting today. He wants to discuss (3)___ delay in (4)___ delivery of (5)___ bricks. (6)___ project requires (7)___ high quality of (8)___ workmanship. (9)___ foreman says that (10)___ crane is broken. We need to call (11)___ mechanic immediately. In (12)___ meantime, (13)___ masons can start working on (14)___ interior walls. (15)___ safety officer reminds everyone to wear (16)___ helmet. (17)___ accident can happen in (18)___ second. (19)___ dust on (20)___ site is (21)___ problem for (22)___ health. (23)___ ventilation must be improved in (24)___ basement.

Ex.5 Fill in the gaps(1)___ renovation is often harder than (2)___ new construction. First, (3)___ engineer inspects (4)___ stability of (5)___ walls. If (6)___ structure is old, it may need (7)___ reinforcement. (8)___ installation of (9)___ new windows will improve (10)___ energy efficiency. (11)___ workers must be careful with (12)___ electricity and (13)___ gas pipes. (14)___ architect suggests adding (15)___ extension to (16)___ rear of (17)___ house. (18)___ wood used for (19)___ floor must be (20)___ oak or (21)___ pine. (22)___ final cost of (23)___ project depends on (24)___ price of materials.

Домашнє завдання: вивчити правило, виконати письмово впр.1-2 (вставити артиклі та зробити письмовий переклад текстів, слайди 11-12)

Ex. 1 Design and Architectural Supervision(1)___ architect is responsible for (2)___ aesthetic and functional design of (3)___ building. He uses (4)___ computer software to create (5)___ 3 D model. After (6)___ client approves (7)___ concept, (8)___ technical drawings are prepared. (9)___ set of drawings includes (10)___ floor plans and (11)___ sections. (12)___ structural engineer must ensure that (13)___ frame can withstand (14)___ wind loads. During (15)___ construction phase, (16)___ author's supervision is necessary. If there is (17)___ error in (18)___ dimensions, it can cause (19)___ serious delay. (20)___ accuracy is (21)___ key factor in (22)___ civil engineering. (23)___ final version of (24)___ project must meet all building codes.

Ex.2 Foundations and Earthworks. Before starting (1)___ work, (2)___ geologists test (3)___ soil. (4)___ stability of (5)___ future skyscraper depends on (6)___ depth of (7)___ foundation. Workers use (8)___ pile driver to install (9)___ reinforced concrete piles. (10)___ groundwater level must be monitored carefully. If (11)___ site is located near (12)___ river, (13)___ additional drainage is required. (14)___ layer of (15)___ sand and (16)___ gravel is placed under (17)___ slab. (18)___ insulation protects (19)___ basement from (20)___ moisture. (21)___ technician uses (22)___ laser level to check (23)___ horizontal alignment of (24)___ surface.