Практикум з культури мовленнєвого спілкування
Практикум складається з п'яти тематичних уроків та призначений для учнів середніх та старших спеціалізованих шкіл. Матеріали включають комлекс різноманітних завдань та творчих вправ.
Разработано А.А.Кварцяным
практикум по культуре речевого общения
УЧЕБНЫЙ модуль из пяти уроков
Содержит тексты и диалоги по темам “Распространенные болезни и методы борьбы с ними”, “Физкультура и спорт в Великобритании и США”, “Олимпийские игры”. Все материалы снабжены комплексом разнообразных упражнений и творческих заданий, которые могут быть использованы на уроках английского, занятиях по переводу, в учебных дискуссиях и играх.
Предназначен для учащихся средних и старших классов специализированных школ
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Оглавление
Медицинское обслуживание. Охрана здоровья.
Больницы и аптеки. Жалобы. Диагностика.
Виды спорта в Великобритании. Спортивные клубы.
Виды спорта в США. Спортивные соревнования.
Олимпийские игры.
Основная
1. Аракин В. Д., Селянина Л. И., Сергиевская Е. Г. и др. Практический курс английского языка для 1-2 курса. М., Высшая школа, 1992.
2. Swan M. Walter C. The Cambridge English Course. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Дополнительная
3. Simon Greenall. Reward. Intermediate. Macmillaan Heinemann English Language Teaching, 2000.
4. Бармина Л. А., Верховская И. П. Learning to use articles. М., Высшая школа, 1989.
5. Hartley R., Viney P. Streamline English. Departures, Oxford University Press, 1996.
6. Soars J., Soars L. Headway. Advanced, Oxford University Press, 1989.
7. Longman Essential Activator, Longman, 1998.
HEALTH CARE
Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What can you say about the cost of medical care in the US nowadays?
2. What does health insurance do for people?
3. Why are there many people in the US without health insurance?
4. Why don’t poor people get regular check-ups and early diagnosing?
5. Who pays for their treatment when they get sick?
6. What do many Americans do that is bad for their health?
Frampton Hospital is the largest public hospital in Wickam City. It has an excellent staff of doctors and the most modern facilities, including a brand-new X-ray laboratory. Nowadays, the cost of medical care is very high, and Frampton Hospital is no exception. Fortunately, most people in Wickam City have some kind of health insurance that pays at least part of their medical expenses while they are in the hospital.
In the United States, most companies provide health insurance for their employees. However, there are many Americans who have no health insurance because they are unemployed and can’t afford it, or their companies don’t provide it. Uninsured people, most of them poor, don’t get regular checkups and early diagnosing. They don’t come to a doctor with their complaints, and if they need some medicine, they can’t get it without prescription. Such people often wait until they are quite sick before coming to the hospital. The cost of their treatment is very high, and the state ends up paying for it.
The U.S. health care system pays tremendous additional costs because most Americans don’t take good care of their health. They eat too many foods that are high in cholesterol, such as meat and dairy products, and not enough fruit and vegetables. Moreover, Americans have too much stress in their lives, and they don’t get enough exercise. Americans would leave longer and save billions of dollars in medical expenses by taking better care of their health.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
public hospital – государственная больница
X-ray laboratory – рентген-лаборатория
medical care – медицинское обслуживание
health insurance – медицинская страховка
regular checkups – регулярные осмотры
diagnosing – диагностирование
complaints – жалобы
to complain to sb. of (about) sth – жаловаться кому-то на что-то
medicine – лекарство
prescription – рецепт
treatment – лечение
to take good care of smb’s health – заботиться о здоровье
Task 2. Talk about health care. Answer the questions:
1. Have you ever been to the hospital? When did that happen?
2. Do you have health insurance?
3. Who do you think should pay for each person’s health care: the individual, the company he or she works for, or the government?
4. When the government pays, where does the money come from?
5. Does your country have a good health care system?
6. Have you ever been sick for a long time? Who took care of you?
7. How often do you see your doctor?
8. What can you do to stay healthy?
Task 3. Study the synonyms usually confused by Russian learners and choose the right word to complete the sentences.
ILL–SICK
In British English to be ill means to be in bad health, to be unwell, while in the USA to be sick is used in this meaning. Thus when an American says that he was sick he means that he was ill but when an Englishman says he was sick he means that he threw up or was ready to throw up food from his stomach (его тошнило). Both in England and in the USA, the sick man means the one who is ill. The word ill is never used before a noun in this meaning.
1. The nurse mixed the medicine with a tea-spoon and gave it to the _______ ______________ man who sat up in bed to take it.
2. When people are _____________ and have a temperature of over 39 degrees we say they are in a high fever.
3. When I go on board a ship or boat, I feel _____________.
PAIN–ACHE
The word pain refers to suffering of mind and body. It is sharp and sudden. Ache is generally used only in physical sense. It means a continuous pain.
1. I feel _____________ in swallowing.
2. Your laziness _____________ your parents.
4. People who have rheumatism feel _______________ in the bones when the weather is bad.
ILLNESS–DISEASE
Illness is the state of being ill, whereas disease refers to a particular kind of illness with special symptoms and name.
1. The _______________ was catching, and the doctor said he would put me on the sick-list.
2. His ________________ prevented him from taking his examinations together with his group.
3. The grippe, scarlet fever and measles are catching _______________.
CURE – TREAT
To cure means to bring back to health. To treat means to take care of with medicines. It refers to the process of curing.
1. The open air life on the farm _____________ him of his headaches.
2. The doctor said that if I followed his instructions, I should soon be _________________ of the disease.
4. A person must be ________________ in order to be ________________.
Task 4. Supply ill or sick:
1. It goes without saying that healthy men are happier than ___________ men.
2. When I am _____________ I stay in bed.
3. The meat was bad, and made everybody _________________.
4. He went to the hospital to visit a __________________ friend of his.
5. When I travel by boat I always become ______________.
6. I’ve been very _______________, but I’m much better now.
7. He felt _____________ and left in the middle of the game.
Task 5. Make up your own sentences using the following word combinations.
1) to keep healthy _______________________________________________________
2) medical treatment _____________________________________________________
3) to cure smb of smth ___________________________________________________
5) to follow doctor’s instructions _________________________________________
6) regular checkups ____________________________________________________
7) sharp pain ___________________________________________________________
8) public hospital _______________________________________________________
9) complains about health _______________________________________________
10) catching disease ____________________________________________________
Task 6. Read the following text.
Britain’s National Health Service
The good news about Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) is that it gives free medical help to everyone who needs it. Sick people don’t have to pay to see the doctor, or to stay in hospital, and they only pay part of the cost of their medicines. The bad news is that the NHS is always running out of money. The British government spends even less on health than the American government. And in the USA sick people also have to pay every time they see a doctor.
The NHS has been admired and enjoyed by British people since 1946 when it started. The idea then was to look after people “from the cradle to the grave”. Free medicine was part of the “welfare state”, which gave free education to the young, money to the unemployed, and pensions to the old.
Slowly, as the years pass, problems have grown up. Governments are finding that the bills are getting bigger and bigger. In 1982, Ј14,000 million was spent on health. One reason for this is that there are many more old people now than there were in 1946. Forty per cent of NHS money goes on looking after the old.
Some people say that the NHS is a luxury Britain cannot afford. They want to bring back more private medicine, for which people would pay. Free medicine, they say, should be given only to the poor. Other people, including many doctors, disagree. Everyone, they say, has the right to the same medical help. In a two part medical system, the rich would always get the best. This would not be fair.
People also disagree about how NHS money should be spent. Should Ј15,000 be spent on each heart transplant operation, when there are not enough beds for thousands of old people in pain? Should abortions be paid for by the NHS? Should more money be spent on the mentally ill? Shouldn’t doctors and nurses be better paid?
The questions go on and on – but so does the NHS. And millions of British people are thankful that it’s there.
Task 6. Are these statements true or false?
true false
1. Medical treatment in Britain is free. o o
2. Everyone agrees on how NHS money should be spent. o o
3. Some politicians say that the NHS is a luxury Britain cannot afford. o o
4. Most British people are grateful for NHS, even though it costs the country a lot of money. o o
Task 7. Write questions to the parts of the sentences in italic type.
1. There are three types of dental patients in Britain: NHS patients, private patients and insurance scheme patients.
2. The NHS provides a free service for children, nursing mothers, and people on low incomes.
3. The NHS has been admired and enjoyed by British people since 1946.
4. Forty per cent of NHS money goes on looking after the old.
5. Private patients pay the full cost of all treatment.
Task 9. Fill in the text with one of the following words:
pay treatment health insurance ambulance
hospital service waiting list
Although everyone in Britain can have free ____________ under the NHS, it is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay. Some people have private ________________ to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to the ______________ may have to wait a long time on a __________________ for their treatment. If they ______________ for the treatment, they will probably get it more quickly. Anyone who is very ill can call an _____________ and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.
Task 10. Read the text and circle the letter of the one main idea of each section.
1. Two recent changes are making modern medicine a more popular and exciting field of study than ever before. Fortunately, new technology is now available to modern ‘disease detectives’, doctors and scientists who are putting together clues to solve medical mysteries – that is, to find out the answers to questions of health and sickness. Also, transplants of the heart, liver, kidney, and other organs of the body are much more common than they were ten or twenty years ago.
a. Organ transplants are very common now.
b. Two recent changes make modern medicine exciting.
c. Disease detectives can solve medical mysteries.
2. Modern ‘diseases detectives’ are microbiologists, epidemiologists, and other scientists who try to find out the reason for the epidemic – a sickness that many people in one region have. These experts talk to people who have the disease and ask many questions, such as: What do you eat most often? How often do you wash your hands? Do you use drugs? They examine kitchens, bathrooms and air conditioning systems. Then they study the outside environment – dirt, plants, rivers and lakes, areas for animals, and so on – for clues that might give them information about disease. They share the information that they find with laboratory scientists who have the benefits of microscopes and computers. Together, these disease detectives work to find the causes of modern killer diseases.
a. Modern ‘disease detectives’ are doctors.
b. Several kinds of scientists do many things to find out the causes of diseases.
c. Microbiologists study the indoor and outdoor environment.
3. Organ transplants are common today. Because of modern technology, moreover, they are more successful than they were in the past, in other words, people with a new heart, liver or kidney can live much longer than they did previously. Not long ago, transplant patients often died after a few days because their bodies fought against the new organ. A new drug, however, now helps the human body accept its new part.
a. In the past, people did not live very long after receiving organ transplants.
b. Heart and liver transplants are dangerous because the human body fights against a new organ.
c. Because of modern medical science, organ transplants are now more successful than ever before.
Task 11. Give Russian equivalents of the following:
a) medical science _____________________________________________________
organ transplants ____________________________________________________
the cause of disease ________________________________________________
to solve medical mysteries ___________________________________________
to stay in hospital ____________________________________________________
private medicine _____________________________________________________
heart transplant operation ____________________________________________
b) What’s the doctor’s diagnosis? _______________________________________
Take this medicine three times a day. _________________________________
What are the directions for use? ______________________________________
This treatment did me good. __________________________________________
Task 12. Read the sayings and explain them. Do you agree? Develop your arguments.
1. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
2. A sound mind in a sound body.
3. One hour’s sleep before midnight is worth two after.
4. Health is better than wealth.
Task 13. Think of situations using the following words and word combinations:
a) public hospital; complaints; sharp pain; check-ups; X-ray laboratory; to be seriously ill; to be treated for; to make up a prescription; medicine
b) medical care; private health insurance; to have treatment done privately; to pay the full cost of treatment.
Task 14. Look at the information on allergy. Match the questions with the answers that follow.
1. How do I know if I have allergies?
2. What is the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology?
3. What is an allergy?
4. How will my asthma affect my pregnancy?
5. What are some common allergens?
6. What are the best pets for a person who is allergic to animals?
7. Are there factors that contribute to asthma attacks?
8. What are allergy shots?
a) The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) is the largest professional medical specialty organization representing allergists, clinical immunologists, allied health professionals, and other physicians with special interest in allergy. One of the goals of the AAAAI is to educate the public about allergies and allergic-immunologic diseases.
b) An allergy is an abnormal reaction to ordinarily harmless substance or substances. These sensitizing substances, called allergens, may be inhaled, swallowed or come into contact with the skin. When an allergen is absorbed into the body it triggers white blood cells to produce IgE antibodies. These antibodies attach themselves to mast cells causing release of potent chemical mediators such as histamine, causing typical allergic symptoms.
c) Some common allergens are pollen, mold spores, dust mites, animal dander, feathers, foods, medications, and insect stings.
d) While there are many symptoms of allergy, watery, itchy eyes, sneezing, and a constant runny nose are some common symptoms. If you suspect you may be suffering from allergies, contact an allergist/immunologist for a professional diagnosis and treatment plan.
e) Properly controlled asthma does not increase the risk of maternal or infant complications. Uncontrolled asthma, on the other hand, causes a decrease in the oxygen content of the mother’s blood. Since the fetus gets its oxygen from the mother’s blood, decreased oxygen in her blood may lead to decreased oxygen in the fetal blood. This can lead to impaired fetal growth and survival.
f) There are many different types of factors that can trigger an asthma attack. Allergens, viral infections, sinusitis, irritants such as strong odors, chalk dust, tobacco smoke, temperature changes, exercise, gastro-esphageal reflux, chemical irritants, certain medications and emotional anxiety all can contribute to frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
g) Allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, is a process by which allergic material is administered in increasing concentrations, over a period of time, in order to decrease symptoms that would follow exposure to an allergen.
h) Turtles, hermit crabs, fish, snakes or any animal that does not have hair and dander are the pets of choice for animal-allergic patients.
Task 15. Translate the following text into Russian.
Health and Welfare in Great Britain
Most practising general physicians in Great Britain are part of the National Health Service, although some also have private patients. Established in 1948, the service provides full, and in most cases, free medical care to all residents. Patients, who may opt for a particular physician, pay minimal charges for prescriptions, adult dental treatment, eyeglasses and dentures, and some locally administered services, such as vaccinations. Most dentists, pharmacists, and medical specialists take part in the service. Each general practitioner may have no more than 3500 registered patients under the plan, for each of whom he or she receives a fee. The National Health Service is financed through general taxation, with national insurance payments contributing some 14 percent of the total cost, and patients’ fees contributing 4 percent.
The national insurance system, put into full operation in 1948, provides benefits for industrial injuries, illness, unemployment, maternity costs, and for children in certain circumstances, as well as allowances for guardians and widows, retirement pensions, and death payments. Retirement benefits are paid to men at the age of 65 and to women at the age of 60. Family allowances are payable for all children up to the ages of 16 to 19, or when the child leaves school. The insurance system assists the needy through weekly cash benefits and special services for the handicapped. Most of these services are financed partly through compulsory weekly contributions by employers and employees and partly through a contribution by the government out of general taxation. Expenditures on social security and the National Health Service accounted for about 47 percent of annual government spending during the early 1990s.
Task 16. Read the following jokes. Retell or act them out.
1. Once an old gentlemen went to see a doctor. The doctor examined him and said: “Medicine won’t help you. You must have a complete rest. Go to a quite country place for a month, go to bed early, drink milk, walk a lot and smoke just one cigar a day.”
“Thank you very much,” said the old gentleman, “I shall do everything you say.”
A month later the gentlemen came to the doctor again.
“I’m very glad to see you,” said the doctor, “You look much younger.”
“Oh, doctor,” said the gentleman, “I feel quite well now. I had a good rest. I went to bed early, I drank a lot of milk, I walked a lot. Your advice certainly helped me. But you told me to smoke one cigar a day, and that one cigar a day almost killed me at first. It’s no joke to start smoking at my age.”
2. A woman called one day at a house where there were three children, a boy and two girls. The boy had a cold and one of the girls had measles, and everyone was giving them presents. The other girl sat alone, crying bitterly. The woman went over to her and asked: “Why are you crying so bitterly?”
“They have all got measles, and colds, and everybody is buying them presents, and I haven’t got anything,” said the girl and cried again.
Task 17. Answer the following questions.
1) When were you ill last? Did you call in a doctor when you fell ill? What did you complain of?
2) What examination did the doctor give you? What treatment did he prescribe? How long did it take you to get well?
3) What do we do with a doctor’s prescription? How often did you take the medicine when you were ill? Did you follow the doctor’s advice?
Task 18. Read the article and choose one of these titles for it:
o Health Care Returns as an Issue
o Americans are overwhelmingly satisfied with their medical care
o System of Comprehensive Benefits
o Health Care Bill of Rights Legislation in Congress
WASHINGTON – The House of Representatives is about to debate health care reforms and health care has emerged as a major issue in the presidential campaign. Haven’t we been here before?
In 1993, health care was a hot issue. But the current debate is different from six years ago. Then the country was just coming out of a brutal recession. Middle-class Americans were terrified by the threat of losing their health care coverage and the Clinton Administration spoke directly to those fears.
“Every one of us in this room, even if we have insurance today, because our country cannot guarantee you health care coverage, we cannot know that we will have health insurance this time next year,” said first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in 1993.
The Clinton Administration came up with a bold program to guarantee insurance to all Americans.
“We have to create a system of comprehensive benefits that are always there that can never be taken away,’’ said President Bill Clinton in 1993.
But the administration’s plan was derailed by critics who said it would create a massive government bureaucracy.
Polls showed that Americans were overwhelmingly satisfied with their medical care and their health insurance, they were just afraid of losing it.
By 1994, when the administration’s plan was presented to Congress, Americans were more concerned about what would happen to them if the plan passed than about losing their health insurance if it failed.
So now, with the economy booming, low inflation and job creation at an all-time record, the health care issue has moved back on the front burner because more and more Americans have moved into managed care. The issue now is not loss of coverage. It’s loss of rights.
“Americans have the right to have their medical decisions made by them and their doctors, and not by those bureaucrats sitting behind a computer screen hundreds of miles away,” said Vice President Al Gore this year.
Back in 1994, Americans in managed-care plans and in traditional fee-for-service plans were about equally likely to rate their health insurance coverage as ‘“very good.”
By 1998, those in traditional plans were still satisfied, but not the people in managed-care plans. Today, managed care accounts for almost 90 percent of people whose health care is covered by their employers. They’re unhappy and that is the current crisis. It’s a middle-class problem.
But what about the growing number of Americans who don’t have any health insurance? Many of them are poor people, including women coming off welfare, children and non-citizens.
The danger for reformers now is the same as it was in 1994: the insured and the uninsured have different interests. And presidential candidates like Gore and former New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley are trying to package them together, as one crisis. That gives opponents an opening to depict the reforms not as protecting what the middle-class already has, but as taking it away.
A new 1999 Business Roundtable advertisement depicts a man and a woman that express fears of losing insurance over new government regulations. The organization is opposing health care bill of rights legislation in Congress, saying it would lead to increased costs.
It’s the same story now as in 1994. Middle-class concerns over managed care are driving the issue politically. But the crisis of the uninsured is largely outside the middle class.
The lesson of 1994 is, if you want to reform the system, you have to figure out a way to do it that doesn’t threaten the middle class.
By Bill Schneider/CNN
October 4, 1999
Task 19. Make a short summary of the article.
Task 20. Look at the list of controversial statements about medical care. For each one, discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Think also what the consequences of the idea would be.
1. The State should pay for all medical care. There should be no private medical care.
2. Heart transplants should be stopped. They are rarely successful, and the money could be better spent on other things.
3. The tax on cigarettes should be increased to pay for the health care needed by smokers.
4. Health care should be reduced for people over 65.
5. People who are very ill should have the right to decide if they want to die.
6. Doctors should always give patients all the information about their illness and chances of recovery.
Task 21. Discuss the following questions.
1. Is it true that we have become more aware of the need to look after our health in the past few years?
2. What are some of the things we should and shouldn’t do to stay healthy? Think of these topics: diet / smoking and drinking / exercise / work.
3. How fit are you? What do you do to stay healthy?
A VISIT TO A DOCTOR
Task 1. Read the dialogues, paying attention to the key words. Retell them in indirect speach. At the Physician’s
Doctor: Good morning.
Ann: Good morning, Doctor.
Doctor: Ah, here’s your form. Miss Miles, isn’t it?
Ann: That’s right, Doctor, Ann Miles.
Doctor: Well, what’s the trouble?
Ann: I feel sick, giddy and feverish and I’ve got a sore throat. To crown it all, I had an accident the other day, and I seem to hurt some of my internal organs. In fact, I feel more dead than alive.
Doctor: Now, let’s have a look at you. I’d like to listen to your chest. Breathe in, then cough. That’s it. Now again. Thank you. Now I’ll take your temperature. Put it (the thermometer) under your tongue. Well, it is a bit high. We’ll have to do something about it, won’t we? Have you been coughing much?
Ann: Yes, quite a lot, and sneezing.
Doctor: I want to examine your throat. Open wide. Say “Ah”.
Ann: Aaaaaahh.
Doctor: Yes, it does look a bit sore. You’ve got a cold but not a very bad one. You’d better have a couple days in bed. And I need to test your blood pressure.
Ann: What about the giddiness and pains in the stomach, Doctor?
Doctor: There doesn’t seem to be anything radically wrong with you, but it’s quite clear that you are run down, and if you don’t take care of yourself, you may have a nervous breakdown. You should undergo some treatment, but you don’t need the services of a surgeon. I’m prescribing you pills, a course of antibiotics. Take one capsule every four hours. Here’s the prescription. You can have it made up at the pharmacy. Take a long rest, have regular meals and keep to a diet. And you should get sick leave at least for a couple of days.
Ann: Thank you, Doctor. Goodbye.
At the Surgeon’s
Doctor: What’s wrong with your leg, David?
David: I’m afraid it’s a fracture, Doctor.
Doctor: How did it happen?
David: I was playing a game of tennis. Running to get the ball I slipped and fell down on my leg. I felt an awful pain when I tried to get up. My friends had to help me get here.
Doctor: That’s too bad. You should have been careful. Well, we’ll start with the X-ray examination. Now sit down in this chair and the nurse will take you to the X-ray room.
(A few minutes later the nurse drives David back into the surgery. She passes the X-ray picture to the Doctor.)
Doctor (after examining the picture): Unfortunately, it is a fracture. You’ll have to stay in hospital, David.
David: How long do you think I’ll have to stay here?
Doctor: I think not less than a couple of weeks, but I can promise you full recovery with no complications.
At the Dentist’s
Doctor: What’s the trouble, Mr Richter?
Richter: I have a filling, which is loose and I also have had an awful pain in my lower tooth on the right for a week or so. I tried to make an appointment with you on Monday, but I misplaced your number.
Doctor: Let’s have a look at the filling. Open your mouth wide. That’s it. Yes, it’s about to drop out. We’ll have your tooth filled. Now let’s see the bad tooth. Is it sensitive to heat the cold?
Richter: Yes, very. I haven’t had anything hot to eat or drink for the least five days.
Doctor: That’s too bad. You should have come for a check up long ago. I think it’s been hurting you for quite a while. We’d better have it X-rayed.
(The doctor has the tooth X-rayed and then he examines the picture.)
Doctor: I’m afraid I’ll have to pull it out.
Richter: Do you mean you pull it out now?
Doctor: Yes, certainly. We’ll start with the filling and then I’ll pull the bad tooth out. Don’t worry. I’ll give you an injection. Everything will be OK.
Richter: That’s all right, Doctor.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
to feel sick, giddy and feverish – испытывать тошноту, головокружение и чувствовать жар
to have a sore throat – испытывать боль в горле
internal organs – внутренние органы
human body – человеческое тело
to take smb’s temperature –
to cough – кашлять
to sneeze – чихать
to undergo a treatment – подвергнуться лечению
to need the services of a surgeon – нуждаться в операции
pharmasy (drug store, chemist’s) – аптека
to keep to a diet – придерживаться диеты
out-patients – амбулаторные больные
in-patients – больные в стационаре
complication – осложнение
to try to make an appointment – сделать попытку записаться к …
with …
nervous breakdown – нервный срыв
to test blood pressure – измерить давление
to prescribe pills for … – выписать таблетки от
recovery – выздоровление
to recover – выздоравливать
to be wrong with (one’s heart, – иметь заболевание (сердца, лёгких
lungs, etc) и др.)
to have one’s tooth filled – поставить пломбу (вырвать зуб)
(pulled out)
to have a fraction – иметь перелом
to give (get) an injection – сделать кому-нибудь (себе) инъекцию
Task 2. Compose your own sentences using the following table.
Task 3. Translate into English.
1. Врач сделал ему инъекцию. ________________________________________
2. Где Ваш рецепт? ___________________________________________________
3. Она выписала ему таблетки от головной боли. ______________________
4. Тебе поставили пломбу или выдернули зуб? __________________________________________________________________
5. Она заболела утром. У неё высокая температура, жар, головная боль, головокружениe и тошнота. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Тебе надо получить отпуск по болезни. ______________________________________________________________________
7. У нее заболевание лёгких. __________________________________________
Task 4. Ask another student:
1) how he is. ___________________________________________________________
2) if he is feeling well. ___________________________________________________
3) if he can tell you how to find the drugstore. _____________________________________________________________________
4) if he got sick leave. __________________________________________________
5) if he undergoes a treatment. __________________________________________________________________________________
6) if he keeps to a diet. _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7) if he tried to make an appointment with the doctor. _______________________________________________________________
Task 5. Read and act out the dialogues, using the words in brackets.
1. A: Can I help you?
B: Yes, thank you. I have a terrible headache (stomachache, backache, earache, sore throat).
A: How long have you had it?
B: About two or three hours.
A: Well, try these pills (capsules, tablets, drops, throat lozenges). Take two every four hours.
B: Thank you very much.
2. A: Good evening.
B: Good evening. Can you make up this prescription, please?
A: Certainly. Would you like to wait?
B: How long will it take?
A: It’ll be ready in twenty minutes. (a few minutes, a moment, an hour, half an hour)
B: Oh, I’ll come back later.
A: All right, sir.
B: Shall I pay now or later?
A: Later’ll be all right.
Task 6. Fill in the missing parts of the dialogues. Act them out.
1. A: You don’t look very well this morning. What’s the matter? Didn’t you sleep well?
B: (He didn’t sleep very well and he is feeling poorly.)
__________________________________________________________________
A: You haven’t got any pain, have you?
B: (He has no pain.)
__________________________________________________________________
A: Got a temperature?
B: (He doesn’t think he has any; he thinks he is quite all right, only just a bit tired, that’s all.)
__________________________________________________________________
A: Don’t you want to see a doctor?
B: (He thanks A, but he doesn’t want to see a doctor as he is sure he will be perfectly fit again before long.)
__________________________________________________________________
2. Doctor: Well, what are you complaining of?
Patient: (She hasn’t been feeling well. She has pains just below where her heart is.)
__________________________________________________________________
Doctor: Do you have these pains all the time?
Patient: (She doesn’t have them all the time. The pains usually come after meals.)
__________________________________________________________________
Doctor: After meals? Do you eat very big meals?
Patient: (She is fond of her food.)
__________________________________________________________________
Doctor: That’s probably the reason why you have these pains near the heart. You’d better not eat quite so much and keep to a diet. Lighter meals, that’ll probably put you right.
Patient: (She thanks the doctor and promise to follow his advice.)
__________________________________________________________________
Task 7. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs where necessary.
1. The doctor started with the filling and then he pulled the bad tooth ______.
2. Can you make _____ this prescription, please?
3. Take these tablets _______ your cough.
4. I’ve been feeling poorly _______ two days now, and I woke ____ _____ a sore throat this morning.
5. She tried to make an appointment _________ her doctor on Monday.
6. If you don’t want to put __________ weight, stop eating so much bread and pastry and keep _______ a diet.
7. He complained ____________ an earache.
Task 8. Make up dialogues using the following words and word combinations.
a) My friend’s recent illness
to have a headache and a sore throat; to be on sick-leave; to wish a quick recovery; to stay in bed; to keep to a diet; to be completely cured; diagnosis; to make out a prescription; to follow the doctor’s instructions; to undergo a treatment; complication
b) At the pharmacy
to fall ill with; to have a stomach ache; pills; a course of antibiotics; to have a high temperature; to prescribe; to make up the prescription; to follow doctor’s instructions
Task 9. Read the information and answer the following questions.
1. What are the causes of shock?
2. What are the signs of shock?
3. What can a person do for a shock victim?
Shock is a dangerous condition. A serious injury or a heart attack can cause a victim to go into shock. You need to consider the possibility of shock in all emergency situations. It’s important to recognize the signs of shock: cold, pale skin, weak breathing, and perspiration. The victim has the tendency to feel cold and thirsty. What is the first thing to do? It’s essential to keep the victim warm. You may want to give him a little water, but it is not good to give him alcoholic drinks. He may try to get up, but don’t let him. Call for help, and then promise to stay with the victim. He has to remain calm.
Task 10. Look at the information below. Match the following headings with the abstracts that follow.
1. Sudden Onset of Tooth Decay o
2. Controlling Tooth Decay o
3. Getting Rid of Bad Breath o
4. Prickly Ash Bark and Prevention o
5. Conclusion o
a) In response to a question about how to get rid of bad breath (a classic symptom of gum disease) he recommended swallowing Glyco-Thymoline as an intestinal antiseptic two to three times a day. The dose he recommended was 6 drops in a glass of water.
Glyco-Thymoline is a very old mouthwash which is available in many health food stores. I frequently recommend this in the Water Pik to wash bacteria from the gums. I am sure during this procedure the average patient will swallow some of the wash. Glyco-Thymoline is relatively non-toxic and very anti-bacterial.
b) When asked how to control tooth decay he recommended a massage of the teeth and gums with equal parts of baking soda and salt daily. He urged that a finger be used to work the paste into the gum collar. (The brushes in use at that time were much stiffer than today and therefore less effective in reaching the collar)
He recommended that once a month you add one drop of chlorine to a pint of water and use as a rinse. He cautioned against swallowing and recommended brushing after this rinse.
Dr. Paul Keyes discovered in 1960 that the bacteria Streptococcus Mutans was primarily responsible for tooth decay. The streptococcus bacteria are easily killed by salt.
Here again the psychically channelled instructions appear to fit nicely with the science discovered years later. Chlorine is toxic and for that reason is extremely anti-bacterial. Daily we are urged by the toothpaste companies and the American Dental Association (ADA) to brush with fluoride. Fluoride is far more toxic than chlorine and therefore more dangerous. Even the pro- fluoride ADA recommends that children use a pea sized drop of tooth paste in order to avoid a potential for a toxic dose. Have you ever seen a commercial for toothpaste demonstrate the use of a pea sized drop?
c) In response to a question about the sudden onset of tooth decay over the last three years he took another approach. He recommended an iodine preparation Atomidine to stimulate the immune system on a cyclical dose. He had them use one drop for five days and then skip two weeks. They were instructed to keep this up for a full year as well as have all the decay tended to and fixed.
Iodine is necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid. Hypo-thyroid (under functioning) will produce weakness in the immune system. Tooth decay is one symptom that the immune system has not adequately defended you from the bacteria in our world. By having the decay removed there were fewer nests or colonies of bacteria to spread from tooth to tooth and the immune system could better fight the bacteria.
Perhaps the relationship between iodine and fluoride explains why laboratory studies show fluoride increases decay. By ingesting fluoride you can inhibit iodine and therefore the thyroid. Several large blinded human studies and on animals show that fluoride had no beneficial effect in reducing decay and in some studies increased the damage. Remember that fluoride like mercury is a cumulative poison and the less you are exposed to such a poison the better off you will be.
d) Over and over ancient wisdom encounters common sense and modern science. Keeping your teeth means keeping them clean. How you achieve that depends on personal choice. I hope this information has been informative and will help you and your family prevent dental problems in the future.
e) During his trances Cayce frequently recommended Ipsab for gum and teeth problems. The ingredients of Ipsab are primarily prickly ash bark, sea salt and flavorings.
The American Indians used this bark for tooth care and called is “toothache bark”. They taught the children to strip a thin sliver of bark from this tree and use it to clean in between the teeth and down in the gum.
The pre-Columbus Indians had very little decay compared to our day but they did have gum disease. By using the anti-bacterial effect of fresh bark they not only cleaned their teeth they medicated them with anti-bacterial cleansers.
Task 11. Fill in the gaps with words from the list below.
health role health care health activities public health
control outcomes prevention control approach
1. Public health agencies and other organizations involved in ____________ approaches to cancer are increasingly asked to play a more active role in the effort to reduce the burden of cancer.
2. The purpose of the December 2000 meeting was not to achieve consensus, but rather to bring forward suggestions for future public _______________ related to prostate cancer, including disease surveillance, research, programs, services, and communication.
3. Meeting attendees discussed what the public ____________ should be related to understanding of risk and disease burden, primary and secondary prevention, treatment, and quality of life.
4. The development of a ______________ practitioner guide and a patient booklet about the risks and benefits of cancer screening is necessary.
5. Many states and territories have recognized the value of taking a comprehensive approach to cancer _____________ and control.
6. The significant growth of cancer prevention and control programs has resulted in recognizing that improved coordination is essential to maximize resources and achieve desired cancer _______________.
7. There are many benefits to a comprehensive cancer _______________, including increased efficiency for delivering public health messages and services.
Task 12. Correct first-aid treatment, if it is given properly and promptly, can save lines. What would you do in these circumstances?
1. Someone has a minor burn; should you:
a) put cold water on the burned area?
b) put a tight bandage on it?
c) put butter on it?
2. Someone has a bad burn; should you:
a) put cold water on the burned area?
b) put a tight bandage on it?
c) Put a loose, clean covering on?
3. You are the first to arrive at the scene of a car accident; should you:
a) lie the victims flat and keep them warm?
b) Avoid moving the victims and keep them warm?
ІTask 13. Read this interview with a doctor and check your answers.
Interviewer: Dr Clarke, when an accident happens the people present are much likely to be people of the general public and not members of the medical profession. Now, how good are we? I mean would you say that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing? If we’re not sure what to do, is it actually best not to do anything at all?
Dr Clarke: Well, they’re obviously interesting and important questions. Yes, first aid is terribly important and you can save lives if the right action is taken. I’d say that ninety percent of first aid is common sense, and only ten per cent is specialist knowledge. If someone isn’t breathing, you must give them artificial respiration, and I think most people know how to do that. If the person is bleeding, the bleeding must be stopped. I think these things are obvious. Medical help must of course be sought and someone must decide whether the victim can be taken to hospital, or whether, given the nature of their particular accident, the victim should be left alone.
Interviewer: Yes, can we talk about road accidents more specifically in a moment?
Dr Clarke: Yes.
Interviewer: Is there one particular kind of accident where generally we get it wrong, we follow our common sense but it lets us down, and we do the wrong thing?
Dr Clarke: Yes, I think there are two things associated with that. On the subject of burns, for example, some people put cream or grease or butter on, and this in fact makes the burn hotter; and the other thing…
Interviewer: I’m sorry to interrupt. What should we do about burns, then?
Dr Clarke: Well, you need to decide first of all, how bad it is. If it is a minor burn, the best thing to do is put the burnt area under the cold tap, or slowly pour on iced water.
Interviewer: I see.
Dr Clarke: This should be done for about ten minutes, and it stops the heat from spreading. However, if it is a bad burn, what we call a third degree burn, don’t touch it, you really should get for this type of burn expert help immediately. Cover the burn very lightly with something clean like a sheet or a, or a handkerchief and then go straight to the hospital. The other thing people do is to give drinks, especially alcoholic drinks, which means that if a patient needs an operation, we can’t give an anaesthetic.
Interviewer: So it’s better not to give any drinks at all.
Dr Clarke: Certainly not alcoholic drinks. If the patient complains of thirst, he should wash his mouth with water and not swallow.
Interviewer: That’s very useful. Now back to road accidents. Could you give us some general advice on what to do at the scene of a car accident?
Dr Clarke: Yes. Three things. First of all you should check that the victims are breathing. I mean if they are not, give artificial respiration. The most common injuries in car accidents are in fact fractures and bleeding, so the second thing to do is stop the bleeding. Thirdly, er… very important don’t move the victim unless it’s absolutely necessary. I mean, if bones are broken, the injury could be made much worse by moving the victim. You should keep them warm, loosen any tight clothing, and try to reassure them. They’ll probably be suffering from shock, so just stay with them until expert help arrives. It’s a very good thing to do.
Interviewer: Right, I see. Now, of course, there are a lot of accidents we haven’t had time to talk about. But do you think it’s worth while for the general public to find out about them, and find out how they can help.
Dr Clarke: Sure, yes. I do indeed. I mean, I would advise people to find out as much as they possibly can. I mean, many of us freeze and panic when faced with a crisis. So, you know, why not learn about basic first aid?
Interviewer: Dr Clarke, thank you very much.
Task 14. Fill in the gaps with the following words or phrases:
as a result which before especially although
however this is why such as on the contrary if to
Doing regular exercise can be dangerous, ____________ if you are over 40. ____________ it is a very good idea to see your doctor _____________ starting if you think you are not very fit. Some people try to exercise too vigorously too soon, and _______________ – they cause themselves injuries _____________________ can take a long time to heal.
______________, it is not only older people who should take care. Doctors report many injuries _________________ backaches, sprained ankles and pulled muscles, which can all be avoided ______________ a little care is taken. If you do injure yourself ____________ allow your body to recover naturally. ______________, don’t push yourself because you think it is doing you good. __________, you could do yourself permanent damage.
Task 15. Read and act out the dialogues.
Ted: Ow!
Pat: What’s the matter, Ted?
Ted: I slipped and fell downstairs.
Pat: Have you hurt yourself?
Ted: Yes, I have. I think that I’ve hurt my back.
Pat: Try and stand up. Here. Let me help you.
Ted: I’m sorry, Pat. I’m afraid that I can’t get up.
Pat: I think that the doctor had better see you. I’ll telephone Dr Carter.
Ted: The doctor says that he will come at once. I’m sure that you need an X-ray, Ted.
***
Nurse: Good morning, Mr Croft.
Mr Croft: Good morning, nurse. I want to see the dentist, please.
Nurse: Have you an appointment?
Mr Croft: No, I haven’t.
Nurse: Is it urgent?
Mr Croft: Yes, it is. It’s very urgent. I feel awful. I have terrible toothache.
Nurse: Can you come at 10 a.m. on Monday, April 24th?
Mr Croft: I must see the dentist now, nurse.
Nurse: The dentist is very busy at the moment. Can you come at 2.00 p.m.?
Mr Croft: That’s very late. Can’t the dentist see now?
Nurse: I’m afraid that he can’t, Mr Croft. Can’t you wait till this afternoon?
Mr Croft: I can wait, but my toothache can’t.
Task 16. Read and retell the jokes.
1. A doctor was called to see a rather testy aristocrat.
“Well, sir, what’s the matter?” he asked cheerfully.
“That, sir,” growled the patient, “is for you to find out.”
“I see,” said the doctor thoughtfully. “Well, if you’ll excuse me for an hour or so I’ll go along and fetch a friend of mine – a veterinarian. He is the only chap I know who can make a diagnosis without asking questions.”
2. “Doctor,” asked a patient, “I am feeling much better now, and I want you to let me have your bill.”
“Nonsense, sir,” said the physician, “do be calm; you are not strong enough for that yet!”
3. “Doc,” said the patient, “if there is anything the matter with me, don’t frighten me half to death by giving it a scientific name. Just tell what it is in plain English.”
“Well,” said the doctor, “to be frank with you, you are just plain lazy.”
“Thank you, doctor,” sighed the patient with relief. “Now give me a scientific name for it, so I can go home and tell the misses.”
4. “Don’t you think, doctor, you’ve rather overcharged for attending Jimmy when he had the measles?”
“You must remember, Mrs Brown, that includes twenty two visits.”
“Yes, but you forget he infected the whole school!”
Task 17. Read the article and choose one of these titles for it.
o Hitting a Dreaded Weight Plateau
o Hitting a Plateau Can Create a Sense of Panic
o The 5 Secrets Of Consistent Weight Loss
o Stress Hormones May Be Interfering with your Weight Loss
Since joining eDiets, your scale numbers have been dropping by an average of one and a half pounds a week. You’ve stuck to the meal plan, exer-cised regularly and sucked up the recommended 64 ounces of water a day.
You think to yourself it doesn’t get any better than this. But just when you feel comfortable about your diet the scale needle stops moving! Days turn into weeks and your weight stays the same.
It’s not a cruel joke. It’s a plateau... and it’s perfectly normal, says Pam Smith, author of The Diet Trap (Lifeline Press).
Renowned nutritionist... best-selling author... energy coach... host of the syndicated radio program Living Well... former wellness coach of NBA superstar Shaquille O’Neal — Smith’s impressive resume; is reason enough to trust her advice for overcoming the dreaded diet plateaus. She says plateaus are simply points in your weight loss regimen where your body seems to have reached its lowest weight.
Whether you are 5 or 50 pounds from your goal weight, it can happen to you, too. Smith says even following the healthiest weight loss regimen won’t prevent you from hitting plateaus. Yes, you will most likely slam into more than one plateau while on the way to your goal weight.
Smith says it’s not unusual to hit a plateau every 12 to 15 pounds when your weight is high and every 5 to 7 pounds when you are closing in on your ideal weight.
“Hitting a dreaded weight plateau when losing weight is not only classic, it is to be expected,” Smith tells eDiets from her Orlando, Florida office. “It sounds like bad news, but it’s actually good news... a sign your body is working right and working for you.”
“As you reach a body fat percentage that you have been at in the past, the body attempts to adjust — as a survival mechanism — to keep you safe and secure at that historical weight. Metabolism will slow (the body temporarily burns fewer calories), blood sugars fluctuate wildly (attempting to get you to eat more — and wrongly) and you will hold fluids more readily, oftentimes masking the fat loss (you can be losing fat but holding fluid).”
For many, those pesky plateaus can be the beginning of the end. The disappointed dieter often gets flustered and calls it quits.
“Hitting a plateau can create a sense of panic, threatening the very weight loss success just attained,” Smith says. “Getting on the scale and not seeing a sure reward of lost pounds speaks failure.”
“It can set the emotions reeling and justifies a feeling of, ‘If I’m not losing, I might as well be eating Oreos!’ or opens the mind up to desperate measures for weight loss such as slashing calories, cutting out healthy whole grains or downing a weight loss brew or potion. This in turn causes the person to get derailed.”
You may not be able to prevent a plateau, but that doesn’t mean you can’t weather it better or break through it quicker. Straight from The Diet Trap, here are Smith’s top five tips for beating the plateau blues and getting your diet back on track.
1. Stoke your Metabolic Fire! Get a clear picture of what you are doing day by day and how your patterns stack up to the Metabolism Boosting Prescription (eat early, eat often, eat balanced and lean, eat bright — and drink LOTS of water.) Have you gotten off track with the timing, balance or portions of your eating? Are you skipping meals to reduce caloric intake during the day and then overeating at night thinking that it balances out?
Self-monitor. Keep a diary for a week to assess just what you are eating and how you are exercising in terms of timing, balance and portions! Even look at your water intake; dehydration will force the body to retain fluids. Drink up!
2. Seriously look at your stress! What else is going on in your life? Is the stress level too high and energy draining? The production of stress hormones may be interfering with your weight loss, adding to the plateau’s sticking power. When it comes to righting the wrong of the fat-storage mechanism of stress and having all the metabolic burn you want and need, eating the right foods at the right time is the bottom line. Strategic eating keeps your body actively metabolizing the nutrients you eat. In addition, it energizes you for exercise and allows for more restful sleep – both of which further equip the body for stress release.
3. Stay off the scale! Don’t assume that the scale is always a true measure of what is going on with the body. If exercise levels are at adequate levels 5-7 days a week, you may be putting on muscle but losing fat, thus losing inches even if you are not losing pounds. It’s always a good idea to do several body measurements to have a second objective way to monitor progress.
4. Size up your weight picture! Do you really need to lose more weight? Are you within the recommended weight range for your body? It may be that you have arrived at the right weight and your goal needs adjustment. Is it a body image problem affected by other things in your life that are ‘not right’ or ‘not enough?’
Or is it a body composition problem? A high percentage of body fat – say 30 percent – even at an appropriate weight can mean the difference of two clothing sizes larger than someone at the same given weight who has more muscle mass and just 20 percent body fat. Remember, conditioning is as vital as your eating in changing body composition. Strategic eating and movement are the dynamic duo.
5. Shake it up! Get out of the rut and put variety into your eating and your exercise! Our bodies really do adjust to a level of fitness and caloric energy... even to the same kinds of food eaten day after day. You could be eating well, but not getting the variety mix of metabolic-boosting nutrients.
You might want to add an endurance activity such as a 90-minute to 2-hour walk or hike on the weekend. It can jump-start further weight loss. Cross or interval training is also a great move, as is finding simple ways to add short bouts of activity throughout your day. Try walking hills and/or using walking poles to increase your metabolic burn. Add a 10-20 minute walk or bike ride after dinner or use an exercycle. Take an exercise class such as spinning or Pilates to help reduce stress.
“There are many ways to get off a plateau, but they take effort, commitment and balance, and not giving up healthy living to take revenge on the scale,” Smith says. “It mostly takes time — stay the course! You’ve come too far to let a plateau send you back to square one.”
by Kim Droze
Senior Writer
Task 18. Make a short summary of the article.
Task 19. Discuss the following matters.
1. When you are ill, do you prefer to go to the doctor, or to try to cure yourself? Give reasons.
2. Modern medicine has made it possible to avoid much suffering and many deaths which previous centuries took for granted. Are all the effects beneficial?
3. What kind of attitude should doctors have to their patients? Should doctors always be completely truthful with their patients?
4. Do you take enough exercise? If not, why not?
SPORTS AND GAMES IN GREAT BRITAIN
Task 1. Read the dialogue paying attention to the key words. Act it out.
A: What would you say were the most popular games in England?
B: Well, I suppose football, that is, soccer or rugger, handball, water-polo and cricket.
A: What are the other outdoor games?
B: Oh, there’s tennis, hockey, golf, and so on. Tennis is played all the year round – on hard courts or grass courts in summer, and on hard or covered courts in winter.
A: What about horse-racing?
B: I should say that that is one of the most popular sports in Great Britain. Then there are, of course, track and field athletics, boxing, wrestling and archery.
A: I’ve been told that there are no winter sports in England.
B: Well, you see, the English winter isn’t very severe as a rule, and we don’t often have a chance of skiing, skating or tobogganing, but winter is the great time for hunting, provided the ground is not too hard.
A: Is there any golf to be had near London?
B: Oh, yes, any amount. There are dozens of good golf links within an hour or so of London. You ought to join a golf club if you’re keen on the game.
A: I think I shall get the chance. What about indoor games?
B: Well, there’s chess, billiards, table tennis … By the way, do you play billiards?
A: Well, I do, but of course, I’m not a professional or a champion, just an ordinary amateur and not a very good one at that.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
to play (soccer, cricket, basket- – играть в (футбол, крикет, баскетбол,
ball, water-polo, volleyball, водное поло, волейбол, ручной мяч,
handball, hockey) хоккей)
to go in for sports – заниматься спортом
track and fiel athletics – легкая атлетика
boxing – бокс
wrestling – борьба
racing – гонки, скачки
archery – стрельба из лука
skiing – лыжный спорт
skating – катание на коньках
tobogganing – катание на санках
Task 2. Make up sentences using the following patterns.
1. He is good at playing football (tennis, hockey).
2. He goes in for track-and-field athletics (skating, skiing)
3. Mary is fond of running (swimming, jumping)
4. Do you go in for swimming (cycling, rowing)
5. They play tennis (basketball, football, hockey, chess).
Task 3. Make up as many sentences as you can.
Task 4. How many names of sports can you think of in English? Write down as many as you can, grouping them into categories. Some sports may go in more than one category.
water sports
indoor sports
winter sports
motor sports
target sports
equestrian sports
racquet sports
ball games
Task 5. Write a questionnaire which can be used to find out about people’s interests in sports and games. Prepare 15 questions. The first three are done for you.
1. Do you do any sports?
2. Do you like watching sport?
3. What’s the farthest that you have ever run?
4._______________________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________________
6._______________________________________________________________________
7._______________________________________________________________________
8._______________________________________________________________________
9._______________________________________________________________________
10.______________________________________________________________________
11.______________________________________________________________________
12.______________________________________________________________________
13.______________________________________________________________________
14.______________________________________________________________________
15.______________________________________________________________________
Task 6. Read the following text.
WINTER SPORTS IN ENGLAND
Whenever you strike up a conversation in England, maybe at the barber’s, in the street or on a train journey, you inevitably get around to two subjects – the weather and sport, which are as much part on English life as roast beef and the Houses of Parliament. The weather often interferes with sport – in summer, a cricket or tennis match sometimes has to stop because of rain. In winter football or rugby matches have postponed due to fog, icy grounds or snow.
Snow, however, is the least of our worries, as it usually lasts a fortnight at the most, and some winters we have no snow at all.
Our football season lasts from late summer (end of August) to late spring (early May). Football, or soccer, as it is sometimes called to distinguish it from rugby and football, is the most popular sport. Most young lads begin by kicking a tennis ball or tin –can up and down the street, and some of them end by playing for their town club. Football clubs in England are based on towns like Manchester, Birmingham, Portsmouth, and all have nicknames – Norwich are the Canaries, because of their yellow shirts, Portsmouth – the Sailors, because the town is a port, Wolvenhampton – the Wolves, and so on. The big event of the week usually begins at 3 o’clock on Saturday afternoon, when most matches played. Many footballers in England are fulltime, professionals – they are paid by their club and work only in football.
You’ d be surprised at many of the things football fans shout when they are standing at a football match on a cold and rainy winter’s day. “Shoot the referee”, “Eh, goalie, get yourself some spectacles”, or “Put that forward on pension”, or “I’m not coming again to see this rubbish” – this is from the man who’s been saying that for the past twenty years.
A team plays either at home or away – and will win, draw or lose – bringing a happy or sad week-end to many English families.
Another British sport is rugby. This is especially popular in Wales and the north of England. It is played with an oval-shaped ball on a field like a football pitch, but the two goals have no nets and their posts are quite high – in the shape of the letter H.
Ice-hockey, skiing and skating have no great following because of the lack of ice and snow.
Among the popular indoor sports are table-tennis, billiards and boxing. Girls especially go in for table-tennis, net-ball – something like basket-ball, hockey played on grass and indoor athletics.
Task 7. Here is a list of five most popular sports played by 12- to 19–year-olds in Britain. Write the top five sports in your country. Are these different from British choices? Why do you think this is?
In UK In your country
1. swimming (53.3%) 1. _________________________________
2. football (39.7%) 2. _________________________________
3. cycling (31.6%) 3. _________________________________
4. ten pin bowling (28%) 4. _________________________________
5. tennis (24.4%) 5. _________________________________
Task 8. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. How did the author feel when he started running?
2. What has become the biggest British sporting event in the last two years?
Run Your Way to Health
The London Marathon
When I started running seven years ago, I could manage only about a quarter of a mile before I had to stop. Breathless and aching, I walked the next quarter of a mile, then jigged the next quarter of a mile, alternating these two activities for a couple of miles. Within a few weeks I could jog half way round Hampstead Heath without stopping. Soon I started to run up the quarter mile stop at the top to get my breath back. Eventually I found that I could even manage to get up the hill comfortably.
I started to run because I felt desperately unfit. But the biggest pay-off for me was – and still is – the deep relaxation that I achieve by taking exercise. It tires me out but I find that it does calm me down.
In those early days I saw few other runners. Now there are many more – and not just the macho sports freaks. Men and women of all ages have now taken up running. Some 25, 000 runners aged five to 85 are attracted each year to the Sunday Times Fun Run in Hyde Park.
In the last two years the London Marathon has become the biggest British sporting event – overtaking the boat race and the Derby in the number of spectators it attracts. When I started to jog I never dreamt of running in a marathon, but in 1982 I realised that if I trained for it, it was within my reach, and after a slow, six-month build-up I managed the 26.2 miles in just under four hours. A creditable performance for a first timer and a far cry from those days when I had to stop for breath after a quarter of a mile.
Task 9. Here are some opinions, both for and against the idea of sportsmanship. Read them and choose one of the ideas that you agree with, and another that you disagree with. Write a dialogue between two people who hold these views, or a short defence of your view.
1. ‘Football makes millions of people happy every day.’
(Ian Wright, English footballer)
2. ‘Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting.’
(Gearge Orwell, novelist and essayist)
3. ‘If you spend a lot of time on sportsmanship, you’re going to spend a lot of time losing.’
(Glenn Dobbs, sports coach)
4. ‘Football, in itself, is a grand game for developing a lad physically and also morally, for he learns to play with good temper and unselfishness, to play in his place and “play the game”, and these are the best training for any game of life.’
(Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the boy scout movement)
5. ‘I have practically never played football or cricket, for which I am profoundly thankful. Even to watch these games is for me an anguish of boredom.’
(Malcolm Muggeridge, journalist and humorist)
Task 10. Look at the extract from the interview with Trevor Hebbert, a professional footballer, and the following report. Then write your own report of the next part of the interview.
Interview
It’s not what people think it is. I mean, you would, when you are young, all you do is, you do all the dirty jobs, you have to clean people’s boots, you have to pick up their kit, wash out the bathrooms, scrub the floors, it’s – things like that. Paint walls. We are doing all that sort of thing.
Report
He said that life for a young professional footballer wasn’t what people thought it was. All they did was the dirty jobs: they had to clean people’s boots, pick up their kit, wash out the bathrooms, scrub the floors, paint walls and things like that.
Interview
Some of the travelling isn’t too good. I mean, going up on Friday night and staying in a hotel. It’s all right, but it’s not – you know, I mean, it takes you away from your family and your kids a little bit. Sometimes training can be very monotonous. I mean, that’s a thing you have to put up with, but I think certain things you have to do in training are very boring.
Report
Task 11. Look at the questions and then see how quickly you can find answers in the text.
1. Which team won the match?
2. What colour were they wearing?
3. What team were Harris and Carrick playing for?
4. Were Carrick and Saunders on the same side?
5. Who scored Merton’s goal?
6. Did Carrick score?
Merton City V New Park Rangers
(extracts from a TV commentary)
… and so it’s Merton City in the dark blue stripes who kick off … that’s Harris … that’s Carrick… Keith Dawson wearing number 6… Littlecoat in there challenging…
… throw again for New Park…
… goal kick… that’s Barrow… good ball, good chance – it’s a goal! A beautiful ball through by Peter Carrick and then Saunders number 10, makes it one goal to nil for Merton.
… and Dawson trying to find… and almost got through…Steve Rukin with the interception … away by Delaney…
… now it’s Keith Dawson – and Rangers are really keeping up the pressure in these last ten minutes of the first half...neat, very neat – Carrick got the return ball…and Carrick still going…and Carrick with a shot!…
Tring with a cross… Hutchins coming in… away by Delaney…that’s Rukin, to Barrow…corner…
… and that’s the whistle for half-time with Merton City leading by one goal to nil.
…Tring… free kick – two Park players and another…and it almost went in – it must have hit the post and rebounded – what a remarkable piece of luck for City!
…one minute to go of playing time…throw in to Merton City…it’s a corner – could this be the last corner of the match?… the whistle has blown – and Merton City has knocked New Park Rangers out of the FA Cup – a great, great victory by Merton City.
Task 12. Read the notes about recent changes in professional football in Britain. Discuss whether similar changes have happened in your country.
1. Major football clubs have become highly successful business with huge budgets made possible by advertising, sponsorship and television fees.
2. A large number of famous international players and managers now work for British clubs, and have raised the level of skill and spectacle in British games.
3. Spectators now have to sit down in football stadiums (most used to stand on ‘terraces’), and prices are much higher than before.
4. Going to football matches is no longer an all-male pursuit. It is now seen as entertainment for the whole family – mothers and daughters included. It has also become more middle-class.
Task 13. Translate into Russian.
1. Most top British footballers start their careers when they are found by ‘scouts’ from one of the big football clubs.
2. If they do well, they might get a chance to play for their club a year or two later.
3. Some footballers are injured – knees and ankles cause most of the problems with health.
4. All footballers must retire young, and for some it’s not easy to build a new career.
5. Violence among a small but noisy group of fans has given some clubs a bad name.
6. Many people prefer to watch television in the comfort of their own home.
7. For many small clubs in the third and fourth divisions, the crowds are growing smaller, and the money problems bigger.
Task 14. Write answers to the following questions.
1. Are you a football fan? How many matches did you see last summer? Have you ever watched a Cup final? What’s the difference between a Cup final and a Cup semi-final?
2. How many footballers (forwards, half backs, and full backs) are there in a football team? What member of a football team can take the ball with his hands? When does a referee use his whistle? What is the difference between a corner kick and a penalty kick? When do we say that a player is off-side?
3. What was the score in the most interesting match you saw last year? Who opened the score? Was it difficult for him to get through the defence? Why?
Task 15. Complete these sentences, using your own ideas.
1. If I have a choice between watching or playing a sport, I choose _______, ______________ because ____________________________________________.
2. When I watch professional sportsmen I feel ____________________ because they ________________________.
3. I think a great team is the result of _____________________________.
4. Supporting a football club is _____________________________.
5. I think professional footballers earn __________________ money. The effect of this is ____________________.
Task 16. Translate into English.
1. Я люблю кататься на лыжах, но в Англии не так часто идёт снег.
2. Когда они бывают в деревне, они подолгу катаются на лошадях.
3. Гольф –одна из самых популярных в Англии игр.
4. Ей нравились игры на свежем воздухе, и летом она почти всё свободное время проводила на теннисных кортах.
5. Её брат уже почти три года занимается теннисом.
6. Они рассказали нам о жизни профессиональных футболистов.
7. Зима – отличное время для охоты, если земля не слишком твердая.
8. Вы не слышали, кто забил последний гол?
9. Люди самых разных возрастов принимают участие в лондонском марафоне.
10. У этой футбольной команды есть болельщики во всех городах Великобритании.
Task 17. Make up situations using these words and word combinations.
a) A Basketball game:
a home team, to be at one’s best, pressing and switch tactics, effective, to win with a score of
d) A Football Game:
a visiting team, to root for, to run, to shout, the game ended with a score of
Task 18. Read the article and make a short summary of it.
It’s a Funny Old Game . . . Sometimes
As I think someone might have said before, cricket’s a funny old game. Though what is quite so amusing about being flayed around by some of the best batsmen in the world on one of the flattest pitches around on one of the hottest days of the year did just escape me for a moment.
It was terrific for me to be told on Thursday morning that I was in the eleven for the Oval Test. Getting that sort of notice hardly gave me time to go through my usually extensive physical preparation, but I was absolutely thrilled to be back playing for my country again. There were memories of four years earlier when I had an especially good game at the same venue against the Aussies, to say nothing of a good deal of excitement. Then Nasser lost the toss again and reality soon dawned.
On the whole, I don’t think I bowled particularly badly and there were a few chances. I could have had Justin Langer a couple of times around the bat when I first came on, but it didn’t quite go my way. I have bowled better, for sure, and it was disappointing not to put on the performance I wanted, but there we go. Those Australians did bat well on what was a very, very good surface. There was a little bit of turn there, and it would have been nice if the toss had gone the other way so I could have had a go at them in the second innings.
They were very positive and set their stall out to go at four an over, as they could with such a strong top seven in the order. I doubt whether they could have gone about it in quite the same way if they hadn’t been batting first. But there’s nothing you can do about the toss and it did become very hard work. However, you can’t say “I don’t fancy this for a game of soldiers” and just walk off. You have to get on with it and give it your best shot. I have always believed that you can only take wickets when you’re bowling and I did get Matthew Hayden out. I was pleased about that because he’s a big so and so and has an imposing presence at the crease, so I was pleased to see the back of him.
Conditions might have been in their favour, but they did bat well. Having got that wicket and seen Justin Langer skulled, and then in walks Steve Waugh to bat on one leg and he still gets 150 or so. What can you do? That meant that at one stage there were two of them out there in the nineties and another one waiting to come in who already had a hundred! You had to laugh and try to enjoy it and keep plugging away.
I must say I enjoyed the reception I got when I came into bat. It was really quite emotional, although I cannot claim the situation was similar to Don Bradman when he got out in his last Test innings. John Arlott was doing commentary then and said how it must be difficult to bat when he had tears in his eyes. Mind you, when I pinged Shane Warne over mid off, I reckon I must have looked a bit like The Don in his pomp. To be honest, when you get a reception like that, it reminds you why you play the game. It was terrific and you have to store memories like that because it all slips away through your hands so quickly. One minute you’re out there playing and the next you’re lying in bed thinking, “well that all went blooming quickly”.
Then, after the disappointment of the result at The Oval, I suffered another disappointment when the touring parties were announced for the winter without the name of Philip Clive Roderick Tufnell included. I was pleased to see Richard Dawson included as a spinner, because it will be good experience for him. And good luck to Robert Croft and Ashley Giles. If Ashley doesn’t get fit in time, I suppose I might keep pretty close to the ‘phone, just in case I get the nod. As it is, I’m not the first person to get the last Test of a summer, had a go when conditions aren’t particularly in your favour and then get the old, “see you later; thanks for popping in”. I just hope I get the chance to pop back in again at some time.
Phil Tufnell – 30 August 2001
Task 19. Different countries have reputations for being good at different sports. For example, the Russians are very good at gymnastics. Why, do you think? Can you think of some other examples? Develop your arguments.
Task 20. Think of a sporting event you went to as a child. What sport was it? Where did you sit or stand? Who did you go with? What was the weather like? Do you remember what you wore? Or what you ate? Or what anyone said? What feeling did you have? Make some notes and tell a partner about it.
SPORTS AND GAMES IN THE USA
Task 1. Read the text paying attention to the key words.
The United States is a sports-loving nation. Sports in America take a variety of forms: organized competitive struggles, athletic games, and spectacular sports. Most sports are seasonal, so that what is happening in sports depends upon the time of year. Baseball is one of the most popular sports in the United States. It is played throughout the spring and summer, and professional baseball teams play well into the autumn. On a fine summer evening after dinner, there are probably more than twenty thousand games of baseball played throughout the country. Every autumn there is the World Series, a play-off for the professional championship between the two top teams of the nation – one the winner of the National League competition and the other of the American League.
American football is the most popular sport in autumn. The game is not the same as European football, or soccer. There are eleven players on each team, and they are dressed in padded uniforms and helmets because the game is rough and injuries are likely to occur. The game is so popular, that it has become one of the most colorful aspects of American college life. Outstanding high school football players are usually encouraged to come to a college or university by offers of scholarships. There are professional football teams in nearly all major cities of the US.
Basketball is the winter sport in American schools and colleges. Many Americans prefer it to football because it is played indoors throughout the winter and because it is a faster game. There are many professional basketball teams.
Other spectacular sports include wrestling, boxing and riding (horse racing). Cycling, swimming, water skiing, sailing, rowing and diving are very popular summer sports. Then there are, of course all kinds of running: long (short) distance running, cross-country run, running on a track marked with lanes, steeplechase, hurdle-race, jogging, cross-country race. In the winter, ice-skating, skiing, and hockey are at the fashion.
In recent years there has been a great increase in the popularity of indoor bowling. It is carried throughout autumn, winter, and spring. Bowling is a popular sport with young and old. It is easily played and is enjoyed by persons who have grown too old to care for more strenuous athletic activities.
As much as Americans like to go in for sports or to watch games being played, they seem to have fully as much fun reading and talking about sports. Usually, several pages of the daily paper are devoted to discussing sports events, and games are carried on television and radio. In almost any social gathering, people get around to talking about such things as outstanding players or games of former years, which team is going to win the championship, or what records are most likely to be broken.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
baseball – бейсбол
American football – американский футбол
riding – езда верхом
cycling – велоспорт
rowing – академическая гребля
long (short) distance running – бег на длинные дистанции
cross-country run – бег по пересеченной местности
running in a track marked with – бег по раздельным дорожкам
lanes
steeplechase – бег с препятствиями, стиплчез
hurdle-race – бег с барьерами
jogging – бег трусцой
cross-country race – кросс
sail – ходить под парусом
stroke – грести
swim – плавать
dive – прыгать в воду
fence (with fils, sabres, epees) – фехтовать (на рапирах, саблях, шпагах)
Task 2. Combine each of the following groups of sentences into one sentence following the suggestions given and eliminating unnecessary words.
1. Sports in America take a variety of forms. There are organized competitive struggles. These draw large crowds. There are athletic games. People play these for recreation. (Use such as and which.)
2. No other game is exactly like baseball. One is most nearly like it. This is cricket. (Use but.)
3. Attendance at football games is large. A college or university can finance its entire athletic program. (Use so…that.)
4. The number of spectators at college football games is large. The number of spectators at professional football games is larger. The professional players are more skilled. They perform more spectacularly. (Use but and and.)
Task 3. Read the dialogue and act it out.
A: You look very tired and pale. Why don’t you take part in any of the games?
B: I really haven’t the time. Besides, games don’t interest me.
A: Well, it doesn’t have to be games. You can go in for running, jumping or discus throwing. A person just needs exercise. Athletics will make the body strong.
B: Oh, but I do morning exercises!
A: That isn’t enough.
B: But I’m not much good at any of the sports. To tell the truth, I’m rather poor.
A: Well, practice makes perfect. You better make up your mind and join our sports club.
B: What do you do there?
A: The best way to find out is to come and see for yourself. You can join any group you like. For instance, you can train in boxing, weight-lifting, basketball and football teams.
B: I’ll come then, if you don’t expect me to set or break any record.
Task 4. Translate into English.
1. В спортивном клубе ребят учат фехтовать на рапирах, саблях и шпагах.
2. Летом они любят ездить верхом и ходить под парусом.
3. Джон выиграл студенческие соревнования по бегу на короткие дистанции.
4. Какие виды легкой атлетики Вы знаете?
5. Ей не нравятся бокс и борьба.
6. Дети любят плавать и прыгать в воду.
7. Он давно увлекается академической греблей.
8. От неё ожидали нового мирового рекорда.
Task 5. Imagine you and your friends are going on a visit to the US and planning to see some sport. Role play a visit to a travel agent. Find out some details of dates, venues, etc. Use the following words:
Task 6. Read these dialogues and act them out.
1. A: How did you like the game?
B: It was really exciting. I never saw American football before. It’s very different from the European game.
A: Oh, yes, it is different. We call European football soccer. Which do you like more?
B: Soccer. It’s less dangerous than your football.
2. A: Have you ever played soccer?
B: Yes, I did a little in the past.
A: I’m getting out of shape.
B: If you want to play soccer, a friend of mine can help you. He’s on a team.
A: Thank you. I’d love to. And what about you? Are you going to join a team?
B: Unfortunately, I don’t have the time.
3. A: How did you like the game?
B: It was really great. I think Pittsburgh team played one of its most exciting games today.
A: Yes, it certainly did. Don’t you think their pressing was very effective?
B: Yes, and their switch tactics were more effective too.
A: I think it’s very important that David Riley took the lead very early.
B: Yes, and he score 21 of his 32 points in the first half. He is an excellent player.
A: By the way, he is one of the best American basketball players. I’m glad you saw my favourite team.
B: So am I. Thank you for the invitation.
4. A: Do you really want to watch this TV program?
B: Why? Do you think it’s bad?
A: It’s boring. Let’s change to channel 10 and watch the wrestling matches.
B: Yes, dear. Anything you want.
Task 7. What would you say in the following dialogues? Act the out.
1. A: How did you like the game?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: Yes, it certainly did. Don’t you think their switch tactics were more effective?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: Yes, it was very important. He is an excellent player.
B: __________________________________________________________________
2. A: Did you see the cup game yesterday?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: How did you like the goalkeepers?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: I’m sorry I couldn’t go to the stadium yesterday.
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: I’ve read in today’s paper that they are better this year than they were last year.
B: __________________________________________________________________
3. A: How did the game end yesterday?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: Did you enjoy the game?
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: When they play next time I’ll come and watch with you.
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: Thank you.
4. A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Three to one in our favor.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: It was really exciting I enjoyed every minute of it.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Nelson and Grezky did. Nelson scored two goals in the first half and Grezky scored the third in the second half.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Thank you .That was a most enjoyable evening.
Task 8. Answer the following questions:
1. Do you like swimming and diving? What is the best weather for diving? What equipment do you need?
2. Do you know how to play baseball (American football)? What are the rules? What equipment do you need?
3. How many times have you run a cross-country skiing race? Was the ski-track good at the last skiing competition? What did you have on during the competition, a coat or a skiing suit?
4. Do you go in for speed skating or for figure skating? Are there usually plenty of people at your skating rink?
Task 9. Make up dialogues using the following words and word combinations.
1. Swimming
to win the title, the championship, free style stroke, all-round champion, individual championship, to set a record in, butterfly stroke, to improve a record, a diving cap, to repeat the result
2. On the Skating-Rink
to be out of practice, a skating rink, to be blue with cold, a pair of skating boots, to slip on the ice, to stand on the skates, to fall on the ice, to be good at skating, to be in good shape
Task 10. Read the dialogue and answer the following questions.
1. What is the advantage for a child to begin a sport at a young age? What is the disadvantage?
2. What happens at a tennis school in America?
3. What is Pam de Gruchy’s advice to young tennis players?
4. What is Robert’s ambition?
5. What are some of the things he likes doing?
Children in sport
I: On today’s programme we look at children who are trying to be champions in the world of sport, and the pressures they can be under to win. I spoke to Allan Baker, the former British Athletics coach, and he had this to say.
AB: Well the problem is that you want to find these children at quite a young age, to train them and motivate them as early as possible. Umm… at that age they don’t have social problems, you know they don’t have boyfriends or girlfriends, so they give their sport the whole of their life. Umm, but they are so young that they can lose their childhood, and they are adults before they are 16. But of course they are not adults at all. Physically they can be quite developed, but emotionally they are still children. Everybody is looking for the new young star of the future, because there is a lot of money to be earned.
I: Tennis is one of the sports where youngsters can play against their elders with more than a chance of success. In America there are tennis schools which accept children from as young as 9. So from the age of 9 a boy or a girl is playing tennis for four or five hours every day, and doing ordinary schoolwork around that. I spoke to the team manager of the Tennis Association, Pam de Gruchy.
PG: You see, we’ve already seen two 14-year-old American girls, that’s Tracy Austin and Andrea Jaeger, playing at Wimbledon, and now, both at 18, they are both showing the pressures on their bodies and their minds, and people are beginning to question whether this is good thing for children. A 14-year-old just can’t cope with the pressures of Wimbledon, the tournament, the Wimbledon crowds and the press reporters. Well, I say to my girls, ‘Stay at home, stay at school, do the things the teenagers like doing. If you like swimming, swim; if you like going to dances, just go!’ And if when they are older they’d really like to be a professional tennis player, well, they’ll be better people for it, I’m perfectly sure.
I: Pam de Gruchy thinks that young players shouldn’t be allowed to become professionals until the age of 17 or 18 at least. I asked her what was responsible for the pressures on the young players – was it the money that can be earned, the parents, or perhaps the children themselves?
PG: Oh no, it’s the parents, without a shadow of a doubt. They want to push their children. I get letters from parents saying, ‘My little Johnny enjoys playing tennis all day, and he’d like to learn only that and be trained for a professional coach,’ and quite frankly I just don’t believe it.
I: But what about the youngsters themselves? Robert, a 100-meter and 200-meter runner gave me an idea of his training programme, and his own simple way of avoiding trouble.
R: Well, I train under a coach for three days a week, and uhm… then decide how much running to do. If I’ve trained hard, then maybe I run five miles, you know, if not so much, then eight miles. Well, of course, I’d like to go to the next Olympics, and of course I’d like to win a gold medal but there are lots of other things I like doing with my life too. I play in a rock group and I’m also a keen photographer. Well, I suppose for me the most important thing is enjoyment. If you win, you are happy, and if you lose, it’s the same. I mean if you start getting upset every time you lose, I think it’s time to stop.
I: The sports stars of tomorrow, and good luck to them.
Task 11. Discuss the following questions.
1. In which sports do children compete with adults?
2. What do you think the pressures on young sportsmen come from?
2. In your opinion, should be a minimum age for teenagers becoming professional?
3. Think of some children who have excelled in the world of sport. How were they affected by their success and fame?
Task 12. Prepare a mini-debate in your class, on one of these themes. Write down your arguments.
‘Sport should be a form of play, not a way of earning money.’
‘Winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing.’
Task 13. Write answers to the following questions.
1. What is the difference between games and other kinds of sport? Do you like rowing? Do you go in for jogging?
2. Do you train at a sports club? What training do you get there? Why does a sportsman need regular training?
3. What do you call a man who trains sportsmen? What must a coach see to? Does a coach take part in competitions together with the team which he trains?
Task 14. Write a paragraph developing one of the following topic sentences.
1. I would rather watch a football game than play in one.
2. ________________________ is my favourite summer sport.
3. The most unusual sport in my country is ________________________.
Task 15. Read the article about one of the world’s leading baseball players. Retell the text.
Babe Ruth played baseball like he lived his life: with loud, gaudy, entertaining gusto. There was nothing subtle about the happy-go-lucky Sultan of Swat, who paraded through his career, forged an enduring relationship with adoring fans and then withstood the test of time as the greatest power hitter in baseball history.
Ruth’s legendary home run totals – 714 in his career, 60 in 1927 – are no longer records, but they still stand as the milestone power numbers by which all other players are judged. His legendary carousing still enhances the irascible image that colours his aura. More than anything, the magnetic Ruth is hailed as the savior of the game, the man who ushered in baseball’s long-ball era and revitalized the game when it was mired in the bog of the 1919 Black Sox scandal.
The Babe, a former Baltimore orphan who started his career as a successful Boston Red Sox pitcher, set a major-league record with 29 homers in 1919, his final Boston season, and soared to the mind-boggling total of 54 in 1920, his first season with the New York Yankees. He quickly became a New York icon as he powered his way through the Roaring ’20s and the Great Depression, leading the Yankees to four World Series championships and anchoring one of the most devastating lineups in baseball history.
Lost in the fog of Ruth’s 12 American League home run titles, four 50-homer seasons and six RBI titles was a career .342 average that ties for eighth all-time in baseball’s modern era. Not lost is the enduring image of a paunchy Babe signing autographs, hob-nobbing with celebrities or circling the bases with his distinctive trot. A trot that carried Ruth to immortality as the greatest player of the 20th century.
Task 16. Read the following article and choose one of these titles for it.
Venus and Serena Williams
U.S Open final
The first Grand Slam championship match between sisters
Twenty three million view women’s final between Sisters
NEW YORK – Venus and Serena Williams helped make tennis more popular than football, for one night at least.
Nearly 23 million viewers watched at least part of Venus’ 6–2, 6–4 victory over her younger sister Saturday night in the first prime-time women’s U.S Open final.
The preliminary national rating for CBS Sports’ telecast was 6.8 with a 13 share.
That means an average of 6.8 percent of all of the country’s TV homes were tuned in to the tennis at any given time, and 13 percent of in-use televisions were tuned to CBS.
It was the largest TV audience of any program Saturday night, including ABC Sports’ coverage of No. 5 Nebraska’s 27-10 win over No. 17 Notre Dame. The college football game’s ratings might have suffered because Nebraska opened a 17-point lead early.
Venus and Serena didn’t play exceptionally, and their match was rather lopsided, too.
Still, the TV audience for the first Grand Slam championship match between sisters in 117 years increased each half-hour during the broadcast, peaking with a 7.7 from 9:30-10 p.m.
The high numbers might prompt the U.S. Tennis Association, which runs the tournament, and CBS to keep the women’s final at night. It previously was played Saturday afternoon, sandwiched between the men’s semifinals.
“It was a one-year experiment. We agreed to try it for a year, and we will talk to the USTA about it in the next few months,” CBS Sports president Sean McManus said Sunday.
“Judging from the viewer interest, it was a phenomenal event. It really transcended sports and became a news item. People who wouldn’t normally watch a women’s tennis event tuned in to see what all the buzz was about.”
A potential sticking point for next year is that CBS owns the TV rights to the college football game between national powers Miami and Florida scheduled for Sept. 7, 2002, the same Saturday as the U.S. Open women’s final next year.
“It would take some working out,” McManus said.
Task 17. Make a short summary of the article.
Task 18. Write sentences and speak on one of these topics.
1. Sports in the USA (Great Britain, Russia, Germany, etc)
2. My favorite sport (game).
3. The most exciting football (basketball, tennis, etc) game I have ever seen.
OLYMPIC GAMES. REVISION
Task 1. Read the following text.
OLYMPIC GAMES
The Olympic Games are more than two thousand years old. The first games were held in Greece. They were held every four years in the plain of Olympia in Ellis, in honour of Zeus. “Faster! Higher! Stronger!” said the sportsmen who took part in the competition. It was a time for laying aside political and religious differences, as athletes from all the Greek cities and districts competed. The games included patriotic and religious rituals as well as athletic contests, and high honours were given to the winners. Beside athletic games, there were contests of choral poetry and dance.
The Olympic Games deteriorated under Roman rule of Greece and were halted in the fourth century. They were revived in the late nineteenth century, in 1896, with goals of peace and fellowship modelled on those of the ancient Olympics. The games were held every four years. At time of war no games were held. It is also a part of the old tradition. The modern Olympics include many athletic events of the original Olympics, such as the discus throw. The Olympic Games now involve participants from over the world and have their International Olympic Committee (IOC) and National Olympic Committee (NOC) executive boards. Olympic ceremonies with national anthems and flags, their emblems, flame, motto, creed, oath, etc., are the symbols of the games.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
National anthem (flag) – государственный гимн (флаг)
IOC executive board – исполнительный комитет МОК
National Olympic Committee – Национальный олимпийский комитет-
(NOC)
Olympic oath – олимпийская клятва
Emblem – эмблема
Games – игры
Rings – кольца
Creed – кредо
Motto – девиз
Spirit – дух
Flame – огонь
Torch – факел
Podium – пьедестал
Movement – движение
Sports – виды спорта
Opening (closing) ceremony – церемония открытия (закрытия)
Presentation party – церемония награждения
ІTask 2. Match the following headings with the passages below.
1. The Victory Ceremony
2. What do the Olympic rings mean?
3. Closing statement
4. What is the Olympic creed?
5. What is the Olympic oath?
6. What is the Olympic motto?
7. Opening ceremony
8. The Olympic flame and torch
9. Closing Parade
a) The colours of the interlinked Olympic rings were chosen by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), to represent the union of the 5 continents, Australia, Africa, America, Asia and Europe and further signify the meeting of the world’s athletes at the Olympic Games.
The plain white background of the Olympic flag is symbolic of peace throughout the games .
The five colours of the rings from left to right are blue, black and red across the top with yellow and green along the bottom, these colours may be found on most flags of the world and officially hold no other particular significance, although some believe each colour represents a particular continent:
Blue = Europe Yellow = Asia
Black = Africa Green = Australia
Red = America
b) The Olympic creed was first stated in 1896 by the founder of the modern Olympic games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the words of the creed are as follows;
“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.”
c) The Olympic motto “Citius, Altius, Fortius” is Latin literally meaning “Faster, Higher, Braver,” However the universally accepted meaning is “Swifter, Higher, Stronger.”
d) One athlete from the games host country takes an oath at the Opening Ceremony on behalf of all the competing athletes . The Olympic oath is a gesture of sportsmanship that was first given at the 1920 Olympic Games. The words of the Olympic oath are:
“In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams.”
A similar oath is also taken by a coach or team official at each Games.
e) The Olympic flame is one of the most visible symbols of the modern games, it is a tradition from ancient Greece.
During the ancient Games, in Olympia, a sacred flame ignited by the sun burned continually on the altar of the goddess, Hera.
The modern Olympic flame was first seen in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics where it burned constantly throughout the games
The Olympic flame symbolises purity, the endeavour for perfection and the struggle for victory, it also represents peace and friendship.
The tradition of the Modern Olympic Torch began in 1936 at the Berlin Games, to represent a link between the ancient and modern Olympics, and has since remained as an Olympic custom.
The torch is lit as it was in ancient times by the sun at Olympia, Greece and then passed from runner to runner in a relay to the host city. There it is used to light a flame in a cauldron at the Olympic Stadium during the Opening Ceremony. The flame burns continuously throughout the Games and is extinguished at the Closing Ceremony.
f) Order of Events:
Parade of Nations – Greece first, host city last, others in alphabetical order.
Speeches by the President of the Organising Committee and the President of the International Olympic Committee.
Head of State officially declares the Games open.
Olympic Flag is raised as the Olympic Hymn is played.
Olympic Torch is used to light the Olympic flame.
Doves are released as a symbol of peace.
Olympic Oath is taken by an athlete and an official.
Cultural entertainment is provided by the Organising Committee of the host city.
g) Order of Events:
Olympic athletes are not separated into national teams as they enter the stadium, to symbolise the unity and friendship of the Games.
3 flags are raised to the National Anthems - Greece, host country and next host country.
Olympic Flag passed to the Mayor of the next host city.
President of the International Olympic Committee pronounces the Games closed.
Olympic Flame is extinguished.
Olympic Flag is lowered as the Olympic Hymn is played.
Cultural entertainment is provided by the Organising Committee of the host city.
h) The president of the IOC pronounces the Games closed with the following statement:
“I declare the Games of the ___________ (current) Olympiad closed, and in accordance with tradition, I call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now at _________________ (the site of the next Olympics), to celebrate with us there the Games of the _____________ (next) Olympiad.”
i) At the Ancient Games, winners were presented with a simple olive tree branch which was cut with a gold-handled knife from a wild olive tree. The Greeks believed that the vitality of the sacred tree was transmitted to the recipient through the branch.
At the Modern Games, Olympic medals are presented to the winning athletes who stand on a dais at the completion of their event. A GOLD medal is presented for first place, SILVER for second and BRONZE for third. The host city is responsible for designing the medals within the guidelines set by the IOC. The national anthem of the winner is played as each medallist’s national flag is raised.
Task 3. Make sentences about the Olympic games, using the words above. Make up your own story about the Olympics.
Task 4. Read the announcement and render it in Russian.
World Youth Games
We are pleased to inform you of the event which will go down in the sports chronicles of the outgoing century as a memorable page in the development of the youth sports in the world.
On March 15, 1996 the President of the Russian Olympic Committee Vitaly Smirnov received a personal message from Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch, President of the International Olympic Committee, informing him that the World Youth Games will be held in Moscow under the auspices of the IOC on July 11–19, 1998.
In the history of the modern Olympic movement there have never been any competitions similar to the World Youth Games. Experienced professionals are involved in preparations for this spectacular youth sports festival.
Moscow is the capital of the World Youth Games. The Russian government has instituted the Organizing Committee and the Executive Board of the Games. The Moscow City Physical Culture and Sports Amalgamation will perform the functions of the Executive Board. It is vested with broad powers. It coordinates, among other things, the activities of a number of state, public and international sports organizations directly involved in preparations for the Games.
The program of the Games is spread over nine days which are going to be fascinating. It encompasses 13 sports most popular with the young men and women. They include football, track-and-field, swimming, basketball, volleyball, tennis, gymnastics, callisthenics, synchronous swimming, fencing, judo, Greco-Roman wrestling and table tennis. The winners will receive the awards and prizes in the Russian style. We expect that many sports delegations from every country will arrive. We have already received the confirmation of their participation in the Games from more than 40 countries.
The World Youth Games will be held in strict conformity with the requirements of the Olympic Charter and Rules of the International Sports federations whose representatives will also be invited to Moscow. Highly-skilled referees and judges from Russia and many other countries of the world will work at the Games.
In addition to watching and participating in the Games, thousands of young men and women from many parts of the world will have a chance to learn more about Moscow, one of the most beautiful cities of the world. They will be given a warm and heartfelt welcome already in the sports village which is being built by decision of the government of Moscow in one of the most ecologically clean districts of the capital. Five high-rise blocks of apartments will rise in the neighborhood of the Olympic Village of 1980. The residential district will meet the latest requirements in town planning. There will be everything necessary for comfortable living and recreation. It is planned to set up a cultural and entertainment center with discotheques, computer games and restaurants. There will also be a medical rehabilitation center there as well as stores and souvenir shops.
In their spare time the participants in the World Youth Games will be kept busy. The organizers of the festival will do their best to make the athletes’ leisure interesting and enjoyable. Every guest will be able to take a tour of the city, go to the ancient Kremlin, museums and exhibitions and see the historical and cultural sights of the capital. Well-known Russian drama companies, opera singers, ballet dancers, the stars of the Russian variety theater and children’s folklore ensembles will stage concerts and theatrical performances for the young athletes.
During the World Youth Games it is planned to open an international club in the sports village, where the young men and women from the various continents of the earth will get together. The club will organize national song and dance festivals, shows and discotheques.
The Executive Board of the Games draws on the strong and all round support of the government of Russia, the Mayor and the government of Moscow, the Russian Olympic Committee, the State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism. The Russian state and public organizations do all they can to hold the World Youth Games in Moscow at a high level and turn them into a true festival of the world youth sports.
Task 5. Rewrite the following text in the past tense.
The Sydney 2000 Olympics will run from September 15 through October 1,2000. The Games will last for 16 days, during which over 10,000 athletes representing 198 countries will compete in 28 different sports in venues in Sydney and throughout the rest of Australia.
The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games will showcase twenty-eight different sports, including first appearances for taekwondo, triathlon, women’s water polo, canoe slalom, and gymnastics. 10,200 athletes and about 5100 officials from 200 countries are taking part in 28 sports. They will be joined by 15,000 media, who will provide various forms of coverage for an estimated worldwide audience of 3.5 billion.
Logistically, the Games is huge. Thousands of volunteers have been recruited to assist as interpreters, guides and working in media and results centers.
Approximately 5.5 million tickets have been sold, with reasonable prices giving all Australians a chance to see events.
Sydney is ensuring the memory of the 2000 Olympic Games will be a lasting one.
Task 6. Read the news and write your report about it (reported speech).
OLYMPIC UPDATE
It’s time now for our “Olympic Update”. Our report is coming live by satellite from the Olympic Games. Here’s our reporter, Pat Sweeney.
This is the Olympic swimming pool, at the center of the Olympic complex. The most important event today was certainly the women’s 200-meter freestyle competition. An American, Doris Kennedy, was first and won the gold medal. She swam the 200 meters in a new world’s record of 1 minute 58 seconds. The United States won two gold medals yesterday and three the day before, so in the first three days of the Olympic Games the American team has won six gold medals.
Javelin
Here you see Jack Lumber from Canada. This morning he won the men’s javelin final. On his first try he threw the javelin over 100 meters. Nobody has ever done it before- a new world’s record. Unfortunately, there was nearly a terrible accident in the javelin event. Harry Jones, the American competitor, slipped when he was throwing his javelin, and it hit a judge in the foot. Luckily, the judge was fine.
Gymnastics
Here we are in the Olympic Gymnasium. Olga Ivanov, the fifteen-year-old Russian gymnast, has just finished her routine. We’re waiting for her results now.
And here they are! She has an average of 9.5 points. That’s the best score today! Olga’s won the gold medal.
High jump
We’re waiting for the last jumper. Ted Kelly from England is going to jump. The bar is at 2.30 meters.
Now he’s beginning his last try. And he’s jumped! Oooh! He’s crashed into the bar! He’s landing. The bar’s fallen. Is he hurt?
No, no, he’s all right. He’s getting up and walking away, but he is a very disappointed man.
Task 7. Write sentences, according to the model:
Here are some Olympic records.
Men’s Javelin throw: Miklos Nemeth, Hungary – Montreal, 1976 – 310 ft. 4 in.
Miklos Nemeth, a Hungarian, won the men’s javelin throw in Montreal in 1976. He threw it 310 feet 4 inches.
1. Men’s 800-Meter Run: Alberto Juantorena, Cuba – Montreal, 1976 – 1 min. 43.5 sec.
2. Men’s Swimming (100-meter butterfly): Mark Spitz, United Stats – Munich, 1972 – 54.27 sec.
3. Women’s High Jump: Sara Simeoni, Italy – Moscow, 1980 – 6 ft. 51/2 in.
4. Women’s Javelin Throw: Maria Colon, Cuba – Moscow, 1980 – 224 ft. 5 in.
5. Women’s swimming (100 – meter butterfly): Kornelia Ender, East Germany – Montreal, 1976 – 1 min. 0.13 sec.
Task 8. Write sentences, using the comparatives according to the model:
Women’s 100 metres: Green 11.57 seconds
Foster 11.53 seconds
Foster ran faster than Green.
1. Men’s swimming 200 metres freestyle. Davis 1 minute 62 seconds
Brown 1 minute 54 seconds
2. Women’s high jump. Gold 1.91 metres.
Harlow 1.96 meters.
3. Men’s 1500 metres. Thomas 3 minutes 41 seconds
Horne 3 minutes 42 seconds
4. Men’s 100 metres. Walls 10. 5 seconds
Jones 10.8 seconds.
Task 9. Complete the dialogues. Act them out.
1. A: __________________________________________________________________
B: It was great. I haven’t seen a more exciting game for a long time.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, and so were their switch tactics. Their captain’s a very good player.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Yes, and he score two of their four goals.
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: He’s one of my favourite players too. Thank you for the invitation.
2. A: __________________________________________________________________
B: Who’s playing?
A: __________________________________________________________________
B: __________________________________________________________________
A: Three to one in our favor.
Task 10. Answer the following questions.
1. Which is the most popular game in your country?
2. What games can you play?
3. What is your favorite indoor (outdoor) game?
4. Are you a football fan?
5. How long does a football match last?
6. What kind of sport do you like?
7. What sport do you go in for?
8. Do you often take part in sport competitions?
Task 11. Look through the questionnaire. Interview each other.
1. Would you describe yourself as:
very fit
quite fit
average
unfit
2. Do you ever get out of breath?
Can you touch your shoes(without bending your knees)?
Can you run for 1 km?
Can you hang from a bar, supporting your own weight for 20 seconds?
3. Does your daily routine involve any physical exertion?
Yes
No
4. Do you take regular exercise?
Yes
No
5. If you take regular exercise, how often do you take it?
Every day
Every other day
More than once a week
Once a week
Less
6. If you take regular exercise, in which of the following ways do you take it?
Sport
Jogging
Swimming
Dance
Yoga
Walking
Other _____________________
7. If you play sport, is it:
A team game
Competitive
Organised
Amateur
Professional
8. Do you possess any sport equipment?
Yes
No
If so, what? __________________________________________________
9. Do you/did you have to play any sports at school?
Yes
No
If so, which ones? ______________________________________________
How often? ____________________________________________________
10. Do you/did you have P.E. (Physical Education) classes at school?
Yes
No
If so, how often? _______________________________________________
11. Do you think sports or P.E. should be a compulsory part of the school curriculum?
Yes
No
Why/why not? __________________________________________________
Task 12. Roleplay the situations.
1. After a football game you talk with a friend of yours about it.
2. You are getting out of shape and want to join a sport club. Ask a friend of yours if he can help you.
3. You go to see a friend of yours and find him in bed (he thinks he has the flu); when you tell him about the tickets for the cup football game he says he’ll get out of bed and join you.
Task 13. Work on a project. Choose a sport you enjoy. Research and write a short history of it, and present it to the class.
Task 14. Read the article and make a short summary of it.
Sabres’ McKee elated by call from Canadian Olympic team
It goes back to a phone call the defenseman received earlier this month, one many hockey players only dream about. In a last-minute decision, McKee was added to the Canadian Olympic hockey roster.
Wayne Gretzky, Team Canada’s executive director, said McKee was needed to give the coaching staff enough players to stage competitive on-ice sessions. The four-day minicamp was held in early September in Calgary.
McKee feels the experience has changed his hockey career.
“It is one of the greatest honors that I could have ever accepted,” he said. ``I was a little nervous at first. But after a while, I felt as though I really fit in.
“Hopefully, come December, I’ll be on the roster.”
The 23-member roster for the Salt Lake City Olympics must be selected by Dec. 22.
The Olympic puck began rolling for McKee when Sabres general manager Darcy Regier left a message on his cell phone.
“I was driving my car at the time and had to pull it over and stop,” said the 24 year-old McKee. “At first, I thought someone was playing a joke on me. But I knew it was Darcy’s voice. But I was so excited that I deleted Darcy’s message.”
The defenseman said he’s comfortable in his role with the Sabres, but doubted anything could top the boost from the Olympic team experience, which he expects to carry over into the regular season.
“To feel respected by those players, as well as the coaching staff and management that wanted me there, and got me there, is a confidence booster,” said McKee. “To be on the ice with those players and feel good while you’re out there, and not out of place, that is an enormous confidence booster.”
“When you look at that level of hockey and the players that were there, it was kind of like an All-Star game,” added McKee, now in his seventh Sabres season. “It was like being with the best of the best.”
Task 15. Describe a sport and explain the rules, without naming it. Ask other students to guess which sport has been described.
Task 16. Find reasons for these facts.
1. Many people like watching football games on TV more than going to football matches.
2. Professional sportsmen must retire young.
3. Sport is a very important part of a child’s education.
4. Fears that sport was incompatible with femininity proved illusory.
Task 17. With a partner, look at these questions about the history of sport. Answer them if you can, making guesses where you are not sure.
1. Is sport in the 20th century different from the past? In what ways?
2. Do you think there were sport professionals before the 20th century? In what sports?
3. Which modern sports originated in Great Britain? In the US?
4. Did governments always encourage people to take part in sports? Why or why not?
5. What problems did people have in playing sports in your country?
|
№ п/п |
Новые понятия |
Содержание |
|
1 |
public hospital |
государственная больница |
|
2 |
medical care |
медицинское обслуживание |
|
3 |
health insurance |
медицинская страховка |
|
4 |
ache, pain |
боль |
|
5 |
diagnosing |
диагностирование |
|
6 |
complains |
жалобы |
|
7 |
medicine |
лекарство |
|
8 |
prescription |
рецепт |
|
9 |
disease, illness |
болезнь |
|
10 |
to take good care of smb’s health |
заботится о здоровье |
|
11 |
to cure smb from smth |
излечивать кого-то от чего-то |
|
12 |
to feel sick, giddy and feverish |
испытывать тошноту, головокружение и чувствовать жар |
|
13 |
internal organs |
внутренние органы |
|
14 |
human body |
человеческое тело |
|
15 |
to undergo a treatment |
подвергнуться лечению |
|
16 |
to need the services of a surgeon |
нуждаться в операции |
|
17 |
pharmacy (drug store, chemist’s) |
аптека |
|
18 |
to keep to a diet |
придерживаться диеты |
|
19 |
out-patients |
амбулаторные больные |
|
20 |
in-patients |
больные в стационаре |
|
21 |
complication |
осложнение |
|
22 |
to test blood |
сделать анализ крови |
|
23 |
to test blood pressure |
измерить давление |
|
24 |
to recover |
выздоравливать |
|
25 |
to try to make an appointment with… |
сделать попытку записаться к … |
|
26 |
to prescribe pills for … |
выписать таблетки от |
|
27 |
nervous breakdown |
нервный срыв |
|
28 |
to be wrong with (one’s heart, lungs, etc) |
иметь заболевание (сердца, лёгких и др.) |
|
29 |
to have one’s tooth filled (pulled out) |
поставить пломбу (вырвать зуб) |
|
30 |
to have a fraction |
получить перелом |
|
31 |
to give (get) an injection |
сделать кому-нибудь (себе) инъекцию |
|
32 |
to get sick leave |
получить отпуск по болезни |
|
33 |
to go in for sports |
заниматься спортом |
|
34 |
to play (soccer, cricket, basketball, water-polo, volleyball, handball, hockey) |
играть в (футбол, крикет, баскетбол, водное поло, волейбол, ручной мяч, хоккей) |
|
35 |
track and field athletics |
легкая атлетика |
|
36 |
boxing |
бокс |
|
37 |
wrestling |
борьба |
|
38 |
racing |
гонки, скачки |
|
39 |
archery |
стрельба из лука |
|
40 |
skiing |
лыжный спорт |
|
41 |
skating |
катание на коньках |
|
42 |
tobogganing |
катание на санках |
|
43 |
baseball |
бейсбол |
|
44 |
riding |
езда верхом |
|
45 |
paddle |
грести (байдарка, каноэ) |
|
46 |
cycling |
велоспорт |
|
47 |
rowing |
академическая гребля |
|
48 |
long (short) distance running |
бег на длинные дистанции |
|
49 |
cross-country run |
бег по пересеченной местности |
|
50 |
running in a track marked with lanes |
бег по раздельным дорожкам |
|
51 |
steeplechase |
бег с препятствиями, стиплчез |
|
52 |
hurdle-race |
бег с барьерами |
|
53 |
jogging |
бег трусцой |
|
54 |
cross-country race |
кросс |
|
55 |
sail |
ходить под парусом |
|
56 |
stroke |
грести |
|
57 |
swim |
плавать |
|
58 |
dive |
прыгать в воду |
|
59 |
fence (with fils, sabres, epees) |
фехтовать (на рапирах, саблях, шпагах) |
|
60 |
National anthem (flag) |
государственный гимн (флаг) |
|
61 |
IOC executive board |
исполнительный комитет МОК |
|
62 |
National Olympic Committee (NOC) |
Национальный олимпийский комитет |
|
63 |
Olympic oath (Medal, Emblem, Games, Rings, Motto, Spirit, Flame, Torch, Flag, Podium, Champion, Movement, Sports) |
олимпийская клятва (медаль, эмблема, игры, кольца, девиз, дух, огонь, факел, флаг, пьедестал, чемпион, движение, виды спорта) |
|
64 |
Opening (closing) ceremony |
церемония открытия (закрытия) |
|
65 |
Presentation party |
церемония награждения |
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