Тексти для самостійного читання

 

 

 

Зміст

Анотація..…………………………………………………………………………….. ст.3

Передмова…………………………………………………………………………….ст. 4

Методичні вказівки…………………………………………………………………..ст.5

Для учнів  І курсу

1.1.Тема : «I,My Family and friends”…………………………………………………………………………… ст.6-7

1.2.Тема: «Sport”………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ст.8-9

1.3.Тема : «Food»……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ст.10-12

1.4.Тема “  Climate Nature and weather”…………………………………………………………………… ст.13-15

1.5.Тема «Painting and drawing”………………………………………………………………………………… ст.16-20

1.6.Тема: “Science and technological progress»…………………………………………………………. ст.21-27

Для учнів ІІ курсу

2.1 Тема: “School life”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ст.28-29

2.2.Тема:”Family relationships”………………………………………………………………………………….. ст.30-32

2.3.Тема: “Eating out”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ст.33-34

2.4.Тема: “Art”……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ст.35-37

2.5.Тема: “Focus on Youth”…………………………………………………………………………………………. ст.38-40

Для учнів ІІІ курсу

3.1.Тема: “Ukraine in the world”………………………………………………………………………………… ст. 41-43

3.2.Тема:”Education”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ст.44-47

3.3.Тема:”Job Hunting”……………………………………………………………………………………………… ст. 48-49

Література…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ст.50

 

 

 

Анотація

У добірці розроблені завдання на розвиток навичок читання. Усі завдання охоплюють тематику, передбачену чинною програмою з іноземних мов для учнів загальноосвітніх шкіл.

  Збірник містить тексти, які побудовані на життєвих ситуаціях і  розвивають навички читання та творчі здібності учнів, допомагають учням у написанні власних письмових робіт. Усі тексти відповідають інтересам учнів. Лексичні та граматичні вправи допомагають учням у вивченні лексичних та граматичних структур, необхідних для  успішного написання  творчих робіт. Вправи добірки можуть використовуватися для закріплення та узагальнення вивченого матеріалу по темах.

 Збірник призначений для використання учнями,студентами та викладачами Вищого Професійного Училища № 41 м.Тульчина .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Передмова

 Вивчення іноземних мов - ключ до багатьох речей, які необхідні нам в сучасному житті. У зв’язку з останніми технологічними досягненнями світ розвивається дуже швидко у багатьох сферах, у тому числі і в освітній сфері. Значно активізувалися міжнародні зв’язки нашої держави, тому особливе місце належить змінам у сфері навчання іноземних мов.

Соціальне і культурне значення іноземної мови важко переоцінити, особливо у цей історичний період соціально-економічної і політичної розбудови нашої держави і визначення та стабілізації її місця й ролі на міжнародній арені. Все це і зумовило переосмислення ролі іноземної мови як важливого і необхідного засобу міжкультурного спілкування. Тому іноземна мова дедалі активніше набуває статусу соціально-економічного і політичного механізму порозуміння між різними представниками світової спільноти у різноманітних сферах її життєдіяльності.

Отже, враховуючи сучасний стан міжнародних зв’язків у різноманітних сферах життя, вихід України у європейський і світовий простір, необхідно розглядати іноземну мову як важливий засіб міжкультурного спілкування. Сучасна середня освіта повинна сформувати в учнів такий рівень знань, умінь та навичок, який дав би можливість  випускникам  училища практично підтримувати спілкування з носіями мови на комунікативно – достатньому рівні.

Як відомо, активність у засвоєнні інформації  відбувається на основі їх власних поглядів та інтересів, що є основним засобом мотивації  навчальної діяльності. При цьому необхідно враховувати особистісну індивідуалізацію учнів, співвідносити мовні дії з їх реальними почуттями, думками й інтересами. 
           У міру накопичення лексичних одиниць багато дітей потребують зорової опори тому сприймати тільки на слух мову вкрай важко. Особливо це стосується тих дітей, у яких зорова пам'ять розвинена краще слухової пам'яті. Тому так актуально читання. 
          Читання  є одним з найважливіших видів комунікативно-пізнавальної діяльності учнів. Ця діяльність спрямована на вилучення інформації з письмово фіксованого тексту.Читання  виконує різні функції : служить для практичного оволодіння іноземною мовою, є засобом вивчення мови і культури, засобом інформаційної  та освітньої діяльності .

 

Методичні вказівки

 Дана добірка містить вправи із 6 тем для учнів І курсу : «I,My Family and friends”,«Sport” ,” Food”, “Climate,Nature and Weather”,Painting and drawing”,”Science and technological progress”; 5 тем для учнів ІІ курсу: “School life” , “Family relationships”, “Eating out”, “Art”, “Focus on Youth” ;та 3 тем для учнів ІІІ курсу: “Ukraine in the world”, “Education”, “Job hunting”. Після кожного тексту  розроблені завдання розвитку навиків читання,говоріння та граматичних навичок. Для допомоги у виконанні граматичних завдань ,використовуйте підручник  «Англійська мова» 10 клас автор О.Карп’юк (сторінка 9-10). Для допомоги у виконанні лексичних завдань,обов’язковим є робота з словниками. Завдання розвивають інтерес учнів до вивчення іноземної мови. Завдання мають виконуватися письмово у робочому зошиті та оцінюватися  вчителем.

Перший рівень – початковий. Відповідь учня фрагментарна, характеризується початковими уявленнями про предмет вивчення максимально оцінюється у 2 бали

Другий рівень – середній. Учень відтворює основний навчальний матеріал, виконує завдання за зразком, володіє елементарними вміннями навчальної діяльності,максимально  оцінюється у 4 бали.

Третій рівень –  достатній. Учень знає істотні ознаки понять, явищ, зв'язки між ними, вміє пояснити основні закономірності, а також самостійно застосовує знання в стандартних ситуаціях, володіє розумовими операціями (аналізом, абстрагуванням, узагальненням тощо), вміє робити висновки, виправляти допущені помилки. Відповідь учня правильна, логічна, обґрунтована, хоча у ній бракує власних суджень , максимально оцінюється у 6 балів.

Максимальний бал 12.

 

 

 

 

I think, every person always dreams  about the place where he can speak about his problems, chat with close friends, where he can feel happy and quiet. For me it is my family and my home. It is the best place in the world and my dearest people live here.  My family is not large we are 4. I have a father, a mother and a brother. We all live together in a new flat.

My father is 45. He is a tall and well-built man with short black hair and grey eyes. He is quiet and hardworking . Really, he is a bread maker of the family. Dad is handy with many things. His hobby is fixing everything at home.

My mother is very lively. She is life and soul of the family. She is a pleasant woman of forty with beautiful chestnut hair and dark brown eyes. She is a lofty ideal for me. My parents have been married for 20 years they have much in common, in everyday life Dad is impractical and needs mother to look after him. Parents have different views on music, books, films. For example, my father likes horror films and my father likes «soap operas». My father is a football fat and Mum doesn’t like sports. But they try to have the same opinion about the education and upbringing of their children.

My brother is only 11. He goes to school. He is funny and curious. He is constantly asking many questions often silly ones. But this only a moment – I can’t imagine my life without our little monster

We all feel happy when we are together. In the evenings we often have little gatherings in the kitchen by the cup of tea, chatting, laughing and discussing the events of the day. Those evening are the best of all. But sometimes I have problems with my parents. They don’t like the clothes  I wear the music I listen to and the friends I bring home.  It’s not easy to be a teenager. In summer I visit my Granny. I love her when I was a child she used to tell me fairytales  and stories of her life.

My parents are hardworking. They combine work with housekeeping. Mum manages our household very well. We all are in the habit of helping her to run the house. They say «Men make houses, women make home». My home is a cosy place. Our relatives and friends like to come to our place. My parents are very hospitable everybody feels at home in their flat. Really «There is no place like home».

Завдання № 1.

Перекласти текст на українську мову письмово.

Завдання № 2

Закінчити речення.

1. For me it is …
2. His hobby is …
3. My parents…
4. But this…
5. In the evenings
6. They say…

Завдання № 3

Поставити 5 питань до тексту .Використовуючи різні види запитань.

 

 

 

Table tennis was first Invented in England in about 1880. At first the game had several strange names: Gossima. Whiff Whaff and Ping Pong. It wasn’t until 1926 that the International Table Tennis Association was formed with international championships and rules. Although the game was invented in England British players don’t have much chance in international championships. It’s the Chinese with their fantastic speed and power who win almost every title. Table tennis looks more like gymnastics when the Chinese start playing, with the ball flying over the net at speeds of over 150 kilometres per hour.

There are all kinds of racing in England – horse-racing, motor-car racing, boat-racing, dog-racing, and even races for donkeys. On sports days at school boys and girls run races, and even train for them. There is usually a mile race for older boys, and one who wins it is certainly a good runner.

Usually those who run a race go as fast as possible, but there are some races in which everybody has to go very carefully in order to avoid falling.

The most famous boat-race in England is between Oxford and Cambridge. It is rowed over a course on the River Thames, and thousands of people go to watch it. The eight rowers in each boat have great struggle, and at the end there is usually only a short distance between the winners and the losers.

The University boat-race started in 1820 and has been rowed on the Thames almost every spring since 1836.

Squash began at Harrow School in the mid-nineteenth century, but has since worked its way Into almost every city and district in Britain and throughout Europe.

Squash is one of the fastest games in the world. Two people play in a small confined space surrounded by high walls with no net to keep them apart. The aim is to get to the point at the centre of the court and to stay there.

Squash players hope that the game will make them stronger and fitter, but. like many sports, squash can be very dangerous. The most obvious danger is the small ball that shoots through the air extremely fast.

Windsurfing was invented in the mid-sixties by two southern Californian surfers, Hoyle Schweitzer and Jim Drake. Surfers need strong rolling waves, and hate days of calm sea. Schweitzer noticed that on days when waves were not high enough to surf, there was often a strong wind and he set about finding a way to use it.

His first experiments Involved standing on his surfboard holding out a piece of sail cloth in his hands. Gradually he and Drake refined this idea into a basic design for a sailboard, similar to a surfboard, but holding a mast and a triangular sail which could be tilted and turned in any direction. The windsurfer operates a boom which controls the amount of wind in the sail, for speed and change of direction. Schweitzer immediately went into business designing and making the new sailboards and taking the idea abroad. By mid-seventies, the sport had spread to Holland, Germany and France.

Завдання № 1.

Знайти значення слова

1.Table tennis                                               a)оточений

2.Invented                                                     b)винайдена

3.Racing                                                        c)човнярство

4.Train                                             d)перегони

5.Boat-Race                                      e)настільний теніс

6.Surrounded by                               f)тренуватися

Завдання № 2

Перекласти речення на українську мову

1. Table tennis looks more like gymnastics.
2. There are all kinds of racing in England.
3. Usually those who run a race go as fast as possible.
4. The University boat-race started in 1820 in Thames.
5. Squash is one of the fastest games in the world.
6. Like many sports,Squash can be very dangerous.

Завдання № 3

Скласти план до тексту

There are several things we seem to like about our fast food – it’s cheap, it’s tasty, and it saves time.

What was originally an occasional indulgence or a stop gap seems to have become part of the staple diet of some countries, and the reasons for this are all entwined with each other.

Fast Food Tastes Good

We are genetically programmed to enjoy the tastes of fat and sugar, and much of the fast food that we consume tends to be full of both, with a side order of salt to boot.

A study in 2003 controversially suggested that fast food was as addictive as heroin due to the sugar and fat content, and that some people simply couldn’t stop eating it because their bodes craved the taste.

It was also suggested that eating these foods created what they described as ‘pleasure chemicals’ in people susceptible to the addiction. This theory could well be borne out by the 2008 survey that showed 44% of Americans and 45% of Brits didn’t think they could give up their fast food fix because it tasted so good...

Fast Food Availability

The sheer variety of fast and convenient foods that are now available to us makes it easy for us to grab a quick bite while out shopping, order in a Chinese takeaway when we can’t be bothered to cook, or put one of thousands of variations on the chilled and frozen ready meal in the microwave when we’re in a hurry.

We can go to a petrol station and leave with a coffee and a microwave meal in a tray that we’ve heated up on their premises! People are paid to drop countless takeaway leaflets through letterboxes up and down the country, so there’s no shortage of numbers to dial if you want pizza, Indian, Chinese or any other delicacy that can be delivered.

If you’re feeling really lazy you can programme all of your favourite takeaway numbers into your phone, and just speed dial your order for delivery...or even better why not go online and call up your favourite order, pay with stored credit card details and have the whole shebang delivered to your door. Eat it from the box and you won’t even have to do any washing up!

It’s Cheap To Eat Fast Food

Well, some fast food is cheaper than others, but the whole premise of McDonalds, for example, is Ray Kwok’s method of getting the food prepared as fast and cheaply as possible. The more cheaply the food was sourced and prepared, the cheaper it could be sold to the masses, and so the appeal was magnified.

Frozen and chilled ready meals can be bought cheaply from many supermarkets, and save the cost of individual ingredients as well as cooking and preparation time. Some ready meals can be even bought in a can ready to be heated in a saucepan. Quick, cheap and easy.

 

 

It’s Convenient

Gone are the days where most mums were at home with the kids and could spend time preparing every day’s meal from scratch. Most households now have both parents, or the lone parent out at work, and time poor parents tend to rely on convenience foods after a long day.

It’s not that we don’t want to cook when we get home – it’s just that by the time we do get back from a day in the office, or wherever, we don’t have time.

More and more people live alone, too, so there’s more reliance on meals for one and eating out instead of cooking a meal from fresh ingredients just to sit and eat it alone in front of the television. Lifestyles have changed to make home cooking a luxury for most of us, while throwing something in the microwave or ordering in seems like the better, faster option!
 

Завдання № 1.

Знайдіть речення ,які  не відповідають контексту тексту.

1. The fast food is very expensive.
2. Fast food was as addictive as heroin due to the sugar.
3. We can go to a petrol station and leave with a coffee.
4. You can’t order the fast food thruoght the phone.
5. Most households now have both parents.
6. Life styles have changed to make home cooking a luxury for most of us.

 

Завдання № 2

Знайдіть пропущенні слова.

1. There  ___ several things we seem ____ like about fast food.
2. Fast food ___ good.
3. Fast Food __________.
4. If you are feeling really ____ you can phone to the restaurant.
5. Well, some ____ food is cheaper ____ others.
6. More and ___ people live ____.

Завдання № 3

Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на питання : «Do you agree with such fact,that fast food is harmful for our health?»

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  The Earth is a home to millions of different kinds of living things which are linked in many ways. Together they make up the complex world of nature. Some are rivals or enemies, while the others depend on each for survival. 
      Wild plants and animals live in a particular set of surroundings, called their habitat. Nowadays people are in a hurry to change habitats to suit their own needs - to create farmlands or build cities, for exam- pie. The way people live threatens the delicate balance between living things and their habitats. 
       People create pollution which travels through the air and water from one habitat to another. We need certain things to stay alive and healthy. We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. We need also food that is safe to eat and housing to shelter us. But we can't get all these things by ourselves. We live in a large community, so we can solve health problems only working together. 
       Polluted air is a community problem. Air becomes polluted in many ways. Cars, trucks, buses and airplanes are among the worst polluters. They send partly burned gases into the air. Air can be also polluted by smoke and gases from factories. Dirt, smoke and gases in the air can be carried away by wind, by air currents or settle over as a blanket of smog. Air pollution can cause diseases. But everyone may feel uncomfortable and suffer from lack of energy when air isn't clean. 
       What do people do to cut down on air pollution? Today many factories use devices to reduce the smoke, dust or gases. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can help to reduce air pollution. More efficient engines can help too. 
       Water pollution is caused by dumping wastes into lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. Harmful wastes may also soak into the soil, or drain or run off from fields that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticides are often used to kill insects and weeds in cities or on farms. Polluted water can spread many diseases. 
       Every day people throw away amazing amounts of garbage and trash. What happens to these wastes after they are picked up by garbage trucks? Trucks take the garbage to out-of-the-way places, called garbage dumps. Sometimes the trash is burned, causing air pollution. But the more healthy way to get rid of solid wastes is to spread them over the land and pack them down. After that a thick layer of earth can be put down over the garbage and trees and grass can be planted. The rapid rise in the human population and the corresponding demand for resources have had a dramatic impact on the natural world. While global warming, acid rain and holes in the ozone layer affect the whole planet, other changes threaten individual species. 
       World temperatures are currently rising every year. This is called global warming. It is caused by the buildup of gases and water inspiration  in the atmosphere. These gases form a layer that reflects the heat back to Earth, rather than allowing it to escape into the outer atmosphere. As the planet warms up, the water in the oceans will take up more space and water locked up in glaciers and the polar ice caps will start to melt. This could cause sea levels to rise and many habitats will disappear under water. 
       Acid rains fall when poisonous gases from power stations and vehicle exhausts mix with oxygen and moisture in the air. These gases become a part of the water cycle and may be carried a long way by the wind before they fall as acid rain or snow. Acid rains poison or kill wildlife in lakes, rivers and forests, and damage the surrounding plant life. The problem could be controlled by reducing vehicle emissions and limiting the gases released from power stations. 
       A natural layer of ozone gas high in the atmosphere provides protection against the Sun's harmful rays. However, certain pollutant gases are now destroying the ozone. Since 1979 "holes" have appeared in the ozone layer first over the Antarctic, then over the Arctic. Damaging ultraviolet rays from the Sun penetrate these "holes", slowing the growth of plants. 
       The Earth is our home but much of it is dirty and dying. By the year 2030 scientists report that 25% of all animals, birds, fish and insects may be extinct. Every year man cuts down more trees to provide paper, wood, medicines, and mineral fuel. But it isn't only trees and forests which are disappearing. Every rain forest contains millions of animals, insects and flowers. These are destroyed too. Governments in rain forests countries need to plan and work together. They should protect certain areas and plant new forests. 
       Today many scientists and world leaders realize that the Earth is in danger. It's really very simple. Either we stop killing the Earth, or we kill ourselves. We need a cleaner, healthier planet. Millions of ordinary people understand this too. Some of them belong to the so-called "Green" or earth-friendly organizations in countries all over the world. Groups, like "Green Peace", have already helped to stop the hunting of some animals, such as whales. What else can be done? I think that everyone should decide for himself how he or she can help our planet. And it is important not only to decide but also to carry out the decisions. 

 

Завдання № 1.

Знайдіть антоніми до наступних слів

1.Many                                                 a) destroy

2.Together                                            b) useful

3.Polluted                                             c) few

4.Harmful                                             d) dangerous

5.Healthy                                              e) alone

6.Protaction                                           f) clean

Завдання № 2

Поставте слова у правильному порядку

1.  they\  of world \ Together \ make up \ nature \ the complex.
2. is\ problem \ a community \ air \ Polluted.
3. ways \ polluted \ becomes \ in many \ Air.
4. smoke \ Dirt \ in the air \ carried away \ and gases \ can be \ by wind.
5. temperatures \ are currently \ every year \ World \ rising.
6. simple \ really \ very \ It’s.

Завдання № 3

Складіть твір про забруднення навколишнього середовища (30-40 слів).

 

 

 

Leonardo da Vinci was an immensely talented painter, engineer, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, scientist and inventor lived during the Italian Renaissance. What is unique about Leonardo and make him an universal genius, is that he excelled at both technical and creative endeavors in a wide variety of fields. He completely embodies the notion of the inquisitive "Renaissance Man". 
       Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. The actual location of Leonardo's birth is uncertain - some say Vinci (about 50km west of Florence), others believe Anchiano (near Vinci). Nevertheless, Vinci claims the prestigious title of his birthplace ("da Vinci" means "from the town of Vinci"). Leonardo was the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a wealthy 25-year-old notary of Florence, and local peasant girl, who is only known by her first name, Caterina. Leonardo was born out of wedlock but his father took custody of the little fellow shortly after his birth. 
       Leonardo never attended public school but growing up in his father's home he had access to scholarly texts owned by family and friends. Early sources describe his superlative male beauty, charm of manner, and precocious display of artistic talent. He was an excellent singer and musician, and even as a young boy, demonstrated a great talent for drawing. When Leonardo was 15, his father apprenticed him to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading artist of Florence and the early Renaissance. He served at least ten years (1466-1476) as Garzone (apprentice) to Andrea del Verrocchio and painted details in Verrocchio's canvases. In 1475 da Vinci painted the kneeling angel on the left and the landscape of the Verrocchio's picture Baptism of Christ. 
       Leonardo's lack of formal education and his methods of self-education led him down paths which were not common. His apprenticeship as a painter trained him to be unusually observant to the world. He learned through his observations and experiments. It was during this apprenticeship that he became acquainted with most of the things that were to shape his future life, painting, sculpture, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy, although to the end of his life mechanics was his greatest love. With his paintings, he introduced new techniques, and researched concepts such as drawing in perspective. 
       In 1472, he was accepted into the painter's guild of Florence and officially graduated from apprentice to master. After leaving Verrocchio's studio in 1478, Leonardo remained in Florence where he worked independently. His early paintings include Ginevra de Benu (1474), Adoration of the Magi (1481), Benois Madonna (1481), Saint Jerome (1481), and an altarpiece for the chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio. The unfinished Adoration of the Magi is the most important of all the early paintings. 
       About 1482 Leonardo became the court artist for the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza and spent 17 years working for him. Da Vinci wrote the duke an astonishing letter in which he claimed that he could build portable bridges, ships, armored vehicles, and other war machines, and that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. In Milan he served at the same time as a military engineer, architect and artist. 
       During his long stay in Milan, da Vinci painted The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. He also produced many other paintings and drawings (most of which have been lost), theater designs, architectural drawings, domed churches, fortresses and canals. His largest commission was for a colossal bronze monument of Sforza's father on horseback, that Leonardo never finished. 
       Leonardo Da Vinci returned to Florence once more in 1503, at which time he was commissioned to paint a mural in the council hall in Florence's Palazzo Vecchio. Leonardo's work, entitled The Battle of Anghiari, which was never completed, would have measured 23 x 56 feet, double the size of his masterpiece The Last Supper. While working on The Battle of Anghiari, the French governor of Milan hired Leonardo, and once again Da Vinci abandoned his project to begin employment elsewhere. 
       In his lifetime, Leonardo began dozens of paintings, but abandoned the majority of them before they were completed, never returning to finish them. Many artists attest that this is not an occurrence unique to da Vinci, and that such abandonment stems from creative exhaustion. But psychologists and historians speculate that da Vinci's personality was simply too restless to complete many projects, most of which were started simultaneously and abandoned on a whim. 
       One of Leonardo's great accomplishment, which still so fascinate the world, is the famous Mona Lisa (originally called La Gioconda). Even more captivating to the imagination of many is the controversial self-portrait da Vinci sketched in his later years. Its structural similarity to the face of the Mona Lisa has long held the interest of artists and scientists. To this day no one knows whether the woman in the painting was a real person, or whether it was Leonardo's vision of himself as a women. Leonardo seems to have had a special affection for the picture, for he took it with him on all of his subsequent travels. 
      Leonardo da Vinci's personal life is shrouded in secrecy and the question of his sexuality still remains a mystery. There is no record of any woman in his life or even a close friendship with one. In contrast, throughout his life, Leonardo surrounded himself with beautiful young men, and his drawings and writings evince a deep appreciation for male beauty. 
       Besides being a skillful artist, Leonardo was also known as a remarkable inventor, and a brilliant scientist. Leonardo designed a myriad of inventions, although few of these designs were constructed in his lifetime. In his later years, he devoted a substantial amount of time to carefully constructed notebooks filled with scientific notations and compelling sketches, all meticulously inscribed backwards (starting at the right side of the page and moving to the left), so that they can only be read with the aid of a mirror. Leonardo was left-handed, so mirror writing came easily and naturally to him. Some say that although unusual, this mirror writing is a trait shared by many left-handed dyslexic people. 
       The breadth of his inventive prowess is astounding in light of his many other pursuits. Da Vinci designed or created devices that could immediately be employed in his own day, such as water pumps. He also drew up devices that are commonplace today, but would have been flights of fancy in his time, such as his design for a submarine. Based on the gear, he came up with loads of different ideas, including the bicycle and an "auto-mobile". He sketched designs of many different flying machines. Leonardo designed an flying machine that bears a striking resemblance to modern helicopters. 
       Although Leonardo despised war he worked as a military engineer to invent many military weapons, mainly through the need to work. He designed rudimentary tanks, catapults, machine guns, and even navel weapons. 
       As a scientist Leonardo da Vinci towered above all his contemporaries. He wrote and drew about subjects including anatomy, optics, aerodynamics, hydraulics, geology, zoology and botany, often flitting from subject to subject on a single page. His scientific studies - particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics - anticipated many of the developments of modern science. One of Leonardo's obsessions involved the idea of flight. He systematically studied the flight of birds and applied his observations in the drawings. 
       Da Vinci studied anatomy, dissecting many cadavers and drawing them in painstaking detail. At that time this meant going against the church and one could be jailed for defiling a human corpse. Da Vinci described the body like a machine, and even replaced muscles with strings to see how they worked with the levers of the bones. He studied also the circulation of the blood, the action of the eye, the process of conception and growth of the fetus in the womb. 
       One of his most complete scientific achievements was in geology. Many scientists, as late as the nineteenth century, refused to believe that the world was not created as we see it, but that it had formed over many years. Most believed in the 'biblical' age of the earth, some 4 000 years. Yet 300 years earlier, Da Vinci had already formulated the idea of geological time, following his involvement in canal building and his insatiable curiosity that led him to investigate the exposed rocks. His observations led him to believe that valleys are carved by rivers, that the sea-level can fall to reveal mountains, and that this all happened over a huge period of time. 
       After the death of Giuliano dei Medici, Leonardo accepted an invitation from Francis I, king of France, to leave Italy and work for him. At the age of 67, in 1519, while living in France, Leonardo Da Vinci died and was buried in the church of Saint-Forentine in Amboise. The church was ruined during the French Revolution, and completely torn down during the 19th Century. And although today, there are no markings to identify Leonardo's grave, he continues to live on through his surviving paintings, his many notebooks and through the extensive selection of posters, stamps, and prints that have been produced over the years. 

Завдання № 1

Поставте пропущений прийменник

1. What is unique ___ Leonardo?

1. on
2. about
3. in

2. He completely embodies the nation __ the “Renaissance Man “.

a) about

b) at

c) in

3. He grown __ in his father’s home.

a) with

b) at

c) up

4. During his long stay __ Milan ,he painted “The Last Supper”.

a) in

b) with

c) at

5. As a scientist Leonardo towered ___ all his raries.

1. through
2. above
3. with

6. One __ his most complete achievements was in geology.

1. of
2. about
3. from

Завдання № 2

Знайдіть початок речення

1… lived during the Italian Renaissance.

2… by family and friends.

3… such as drawing in perspective.

4… spent 17 years working for him.

5… the question of his sexuality still remains a mystery.

6… and prints that have been produced over the years.

Завдання № 3

Складіть 5 речень,які описують даний текс

 

 

 A mobile phone or cell(ular) phone is an electronic telecommunications device. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)(the exception are satellite phones). Cellular networks were first introduced in the early to mid 1980s (the 1G generation). Prior mobile phones operating without a cellular network (the so-called 0G generation), such as Mobile Telephone Service, date back to 1946. Until the mid to late 1980s, most mobile phones were sufficiently large that they were often permanently installed in vehicles as car phones. With the advance of miniaturization, currently the vast majority of mobile phones are handheld. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, a mobile phone can support many additional services such as SMS for text messaging, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. 
       Some of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers include Alcatel, Audiovox, BenQ-Siemens, Dopod, Fujitsu, Kyocera, LG, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Panasonic (Matsushita Electric), Philips, Sagem, Samsung, Sanyo, Sharp, SK Teletech, Sony Ericsson, and Toshiba. 
       There are also specialist communication systems related to, but distinct from mobile phones, such as Professional Mobile Radio. Mobile phones are also distinct from cordless telephones, which generally operate only within a limited range of a specific base station. Technically, the term mobile phone includes such devices as satellite phones and pre-cellular mobile phones such as those operating via MTS which do not have a cellular network, whereas the related term cell(ular) phone does not. In practice, the two terms are used nearly interchangeably, with the preferred term varying by location. 
       Mock-up of the "portable phone of the future", from a mid-60s Bell System advertisement, shows a device not too different from today's mobile telephones. 
       Radio phones have a long and varied history that stretches back to the 1950s, with hand-held cellular radio devices being available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony. 
       In most of Europe, wealthier parts of Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, Australia, Canada, and the United States, mobile phones are now widely used, with the majority of the adult, teenage, and even child population owning one. At present India and China have the largest growth rates of cellular subscribers in the world. The availability of Prepaid or pay as you go services, where the subscriber does not have to commit to a long term contract, has helped fuel this growth. 
       The mobile phone has become ubiquitous because of the interoperability of mobile phones across different networks and countries. This is due to the equipment manufacturers working to meet one of a few standards, particularly the GSM standard which was designed for Europe-wide interoperability. All European nations and most Asian and African nations adopted it as their sole standard. In other countries, such as the United States, Japan, and South Korea, legislation does not require any particular standard, and GSM coexists with other standards, such as CDMA and iDen
       In less than twenty years, mobile phones have gone from being rare and expensive pieces of equipment used by businesses to a pervasive low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile phones now outnumber land-line telephones, with most adults and many children now owning mobile phones. It is not uncommon for young adults to simply own a mobile phone instead of a land-line for their residence. In some developing countries, where there is little existing fixed-line infrastructure, the mobile phone has become widespread. According to the CIA World Factbook the UK now has more mobile phones than people. 
       With high levels of mobile telephone penetration, a mobile culture has evolved, where the phone becomes a key social tool, and people rely on their mobile phone addressbook to keep in touch with their friends. Many people keep in touch using SMS, and a whole culture of "texting" has developed from this. The commercial market in SMS's is growing. Many phones even offer Instant Messenger services to increase the simplicity and ease of texting on phones. Cellular phones in Japan, offering Internet capabilities such as NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, offer text messaging via standard e-mail. 
       The mobile phone itself has also become a totemic and fashion object, with users decorating, customizing, and accessorizing their mobile phones to reflect their personality. This has emerged as its own industry. The sale of commercial ringtones exceeded $2.5 billion in 2004. The use of a mobile phone is prohibited in some rail carriages
       Mobile phone etiquette has become an important issue with mobiles ringing at funerals, weddings, movies, and plays. Users often speak at increased volume which has led to places like bookshops, libraries, movie theatres, doctor's offices, and houses of worship posting signs prohibiting the use of mobile phones, sometimes even installing illegal jamming equipment to prevent them. Many rail companies, particularly those providing long-distance services, offer a "quiet car" where phone use is prohibited, much like the designated non-smoking cars in the past. Mobile phone use on aircraft is also prohibited, but because of concerns of possible interference with aircraft radio communications. 
       Cameraphones and videophones that can capture video and take photographs are increasingly being used to cover breaking news. Stories like the London Bombings, the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina have been reported on by cameraphone users on news sites like NowPublic and photosharing sites like Flickr. 
       In Japan, cellular phone companies provide immediate notification of earthquakes and other natural disasters to their customers free of charge. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate trapped or injured people using the signals from their mobile phones; an interactive menu accessible through the phone's Internet browser notifies the company if the user is safe or in distress. 
       Mobile phones often have features beyond sending text messages and make voice calls—including Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, personal organizers, e-mail, built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio, Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared and bluetooth connectivity, call registers, ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, and serving as a wireless modem for a PC. 
       Mobile phones and the network they operate under vary significantly from provider to provider, and even from nation to nation. However, all of them communicate through electromagnetic radio waves with a cell site base station, the antennas of which are usually mounted on a tower, pole, or building. 
       The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, usually 5 to 8 miles (0.8 to 13 kilometres) away. When the cellular phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and will then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations. As the user moves around the network, the mobile device will "handoff" to new cell sites. 
       Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two Watts) radio transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. Some technologies include AMPS for analog, and TDMA, CDMA, GSM, GPRS, EV-DO, and UMTS for digital communications. Each network operator has a unique radio frequency band. 
       As with many new technologies, concerns have arisen about the effects on health from using a mobile telephone. There is a small amount of scientific evidence for an increase in certain types of rare tumors (cancer) in long-time, heavy users. More recently a pan-European study provided significant evidence of genetic damage under certain conditions. Some researchers also report the mobile phone industry has interfered with further research on health risks. So far, however, the World Health Organization Task Force on EMF effects on health has no definitive conclusion on the veracity of these allegations. (See also electromagnetic radiation hazard.) It is generally thought, however, that RF is incapable of producing any more than heating effects, as it is considered non-ionizing radiation; in other words, it lacks the energy to disrupt molecular bonds such as occurs in genetic mutations. 
       Another controversial but more lethal health concern is the correlation with road traffic accidents. Several studies have shown that motorists have a much higher risk of collisions and losing control of the vehicle while talking on the mobile telephone simultaneously with driving, even when using "hands-free" systems. A study in The New England Journal of Medicine reports that drivers who used mobile phones while driving were four times more likely to crash than those who don't, a rate equal to that for drunken driving at the .01 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level. An experiment conducted by the American television show MythBusters concluded that use of mobile phones while driving poses the same risk as someone operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. 
       Accidents involving a driver being distracted by talking on a mobile phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to driving while intoxicated. At least 25 countries restrict or prohibit cell and other wireless technology: India, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore all prohibit mobile phone use while driving. Australia, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, the Philippines, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates prohibit the use of hand-held cell phones while driving. Drivers in the Czech Republic and France may use cell phones but can be fined if they are involved in crashes while using such a device. 
       Restrictive legislation has been proposed in 40 states in the US, but only New York State, Connecticut, and New Jersey, and Washington, D.C. have passed laws regarding cell phone use and driving. 
       Early mobile phones did not have much security designed in. Some problems with these models were "cloning", a variant of identity theft, and "scanning" whereby third parties in the local area could intercept and eavesdrop in on calls. Analogue phones could also be listened to on some radio scanners. 
       Although more recent digital systems (such as GSM) have attempted to address these fundamental issues, security problems continue to persist. Vulnerabilities (such as SMS spoofing) have been found in many current protocols that continue to allow the possibility of eavesdropping or cloning. 
       The Madrid Bombings were set off by mobile devices in 2004. During the 7/7/05 Bombing in London the mobile network was disabled by the authorities who tried to pre-empt the use of this type of threat. 
       There is a great deal of active research and development into mobile phone technology that is currently underway. Some of the improvements that are being worked on are: Now that operators are upgrading their networks to advanced wireless and other third-generation (3G) services, many new entertainment and communications services are becoming available, including new broadcast-type operations on spectrum formerly occupied by Televison Channels 52-69. With downlink speeds comparable to that of wireline DSL, mobile service can now offer capabilities such as streaming video sharing and music downloads. Services such as MobiTV or Juice Caster are just some examples of applications that leverage these new networks. 
       One difficulty in adapting mobile phones to new uses is form factor. For example, ebooks may well become a distinct device, because of conflicting form-factor requirements — ebooks require large screens, while phones need to be smaller. However, this may be solved using folding e-paper or built-in projectors. 
       One function that would be useful in phones is a translation function. Currently it is only available in stand-alone devices, such as Ectaco translators. 
       An important area of evolution relates to the Man Machine Interface. New solutions are being developed to create new MMI more easily and let manufacturers and operators experiment new concepts. Examples of companies that are currently developing this technology are Digital Airways with the Kaleido product, e-sim, mobile arsenal, and Qualcomm with UIOne for the BREW environment. 
       Mobile phones will include various speech technologies as they are being developed. Many phones already have rudimentary speech recognition in a form of voice dialing. However, to support more natural speech recognition and translation, a drastic improvement in the state of technology in these devices is required. 
       New technologies are being explored that will utilize the Extended Internet and enable mobile phones to treat a barcode as a URL tag. Phones equipped with barcode reader-enabled cameras will be able to snap photos of barcodes and direct the user to corresponding sites on the Internet. This technology can be extended to RFID tags, or even snapped pictures of company logos. Searches can also be personalized to local areas using a GPS system built in to cell phones. Examples of companies that are currently developing this technology are Neomedia (via Paperclick), Mobot and Scanbuy. Another approach (used by jumptag.com) is to map URLs to short text tags tailored for easy user entry on phone keypads. 
       Developments in miniaturised hard disks and flash drives to solve the storage space issue are already surfacing, therefore opening a window for phones to become portable music libraries and players similar to the iPod. 
       Developments in podcast software enables mobile phones to become podcast playback devices through existing channels like MMS Podcast, J2ME Podcast and AMR-NB Podcast. The emergence of integration capabilities with other unlicensed access technologies such as a WiMAX and WLAN, as well as allowing handover between traditional operator networks supporting GSM, CDMA and UMTS to unlicensed mobile networks. The new standard (UMA) has been developed for this to move towards fixed mobile convergence. 
       Further improvements in battery life will be required. Colour screens and additional functions put increasing demands on the device's power source, and battery developments may not proceed sufficiently fast to compensate. However, different display technologies, such as OLED displays, e-paper, or retinal displays, and smarter communication hardware (directional antennae, multi-mode, and peer-to-peer phones) may reduce power requirements, while new power technologies such as fuel cells may provide better energy capacity. 
       New technology in Japan has combined the RFID chip principle into the handset and hooked it up to a network of readers and interfaces. The system, pioneered by NTT DoCoMo and SonyEricsson, is called Felica and there are around 10,000 convenience stores where one can now use a phone to pay for goods just by 'swiping' it over a flat reader. By charging up a phone with pre-paid cash credits, it can act as a sophisticated mobile-phone wallet. The technology is proving popular and there are now even vending machines that accept this form of payment. The delivery of multimedia and broadcast content including video to mobiles is beginning to become a reality with the rollout of Qualcomm's MediaFLO. In addition, there are two main competing standards DMB - Digital Multimedia Broadcasting - and DVB-H - a handset version of the Digital Video Broadcasting standard. These methods avoid swamping the network by using traditional broadcasting. 
       Image scanning, as seen in existing research. With time, this may develop into full 3D texturing and modeling. It is unlikely that cell phones will have the processing power to construct models and textures. But it is likely that the bandwidth to communicate the video, and receive a processed model will exist. 
       There are several cell phones that can perform GPS positioning. In the future, GPS positioning may be coupled with accelerometer positioning, for covering underground or indoor positioning. This would likely lead to maps and help finding where you are going, and supports social efforts, such as locating friends or group members nearby, and identifying some strangers. The GPS technology already available in some phones, while coupled with the camera phone, may also allow users in the future to not only take a picture, but snap the exact location and angle at which the picture was taken. 
Завдання № 1

Вставте пропущене слово

1. A mobile phone is an _________ telecommunication device.
2. Mobile phones are also _________.
3. Accidents _______ a driver being distracted by talking on a phone.
4. Early mobile phones did not have ____ _________ designed in.
5. One ________ in adapting mobile phone is form factor.
6. There are several cell phones that can perform _____.

Завдання № 2

Знайдіть граматичні помилки в реченнях

1. Most mobile phones was large.
2. Radio phones have a long and varied history.
3. Mobile phones often have features make voice call.
4. There is a great deal of active research.
5. The GPS technology already available in some phones.
6. The technology are depended on the system.

Завдання № 3

Перекажіть текс

 

 

 

 

 

We did quite a lot of subjects at school. They were: Physics, Mathematics, Biology, Russian Literature, Chemistry, English, History of this country and many other subjects. It was rather difficult to go to school when a school-leaver, we had so much to do. I know that all the subjects are important and they all must be payed much attention to, but still I didn't like exact sciences. I spent much time on doing them at home. However hard I tried, all those formulas and definitions were mixed up in my head and I couldn't make it out after all. So I had nothing to do but sit for two or three hours swotting Physics, Chemistry and Maths. My favourite subjects were Literature, History, English. Most of all I liked English. I read English books, tried to translate some stories from newspapers from English into Russian and vice versa. I had some English handbooks and they were of great help to me when I studied English Grammar and did some exercises.

At our English lessons we read quite a lot of dull texts from our textbooks. But in my view, written texts and textbooks are not important. The best way to improve your language skills and habits is to work at a language laboratory. But there was no good language laboratory at our school. And I spent plenty of time home listening to the tapes, imitating the sounds and intonations of the native speakers of English. I was working hard at my pronunciation because my teacher said that it was my weak point. Sometimes I spoke English with my friends after classes and they said I was making good progress in the language. I decided to take my entrance exams to the Institute because I want to know English. Nowadays, it's impossible to do without foreign languages because of expanding economic, cultural ties of this country with other countries of the world. Besides, one can't be a learned and well-educated person if he doesn't know at least one foreign language. As for me, I'd like to read English and American Literature, to understand it without resorting to anybody's help. 

Завдання № 1

Перекласти текст на українську мову письмово.

Завдання № 2

Закінчити речення.

1. We did quite a lot of …
2. I know that all the subjects …
3. At our English lessons …
4. I was working hard …
5. I decided   to …
6. As for me …

Завдання № 3

Поставити 5 питань до тексту.Використовуючи всі види питань

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How could you describe the word "family"? First of all "family" means a close unit of parents and their children living together. But we shouldn't forget that it is a most complex system of relationships. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would like, and very often we have to work hard at keeping them peaceful.

When do people usually start a family? This question doesn't have a definite answer. In the 18th, 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century people used to get married at the age of 18 or even 16. If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said to be an old maid or a spinster. That might have turned out a real tragedy for her family which usually brought up more than three children, because in some cases a successful marriage was the only chance to provide a good life for the daughter and to help her family. Despite the fact that the girl was so young, she was already able to keep the house, take care of her husband and raise children. To feel the time, its culture and customs I advise you to read a wonderful novel or see a breathtaking film "Pride and Prejudice". Though the story takes place at the turn of the 19th century, it retains fascination for modern readers, revealing some problems which may be urgent in the 21st century.

But life's changing as well as people's style of life. Nowadays we have got much more freedom in questions concerning family. It is natural to get married at the age of 20 up to 30; however, some people prefer to make a career first and only after that start a family when they are already in their forties. Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together without being married. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, it is difficult to juggle a family life with studies at school or university. But without good education it is practically impossible to find a suitable well-paid steady job. It's a must to get a higher education, but by this moment you are already 22—24 years old. After that you seek for a well-paid job to live independently, which takes about 3—5 years. Now you see why people in the 21st century do not hurry to get married.

There is also another difference between old and modern families. Nowadays it is very unusual to find three generations living under one roof as they used to do in the past. Relatives, as a rule, live separately and don't often meet one another. This fact sharply hurts an older generation. Our parents and grandparents usually suffer from lack of attention and respect from their children and grandchildren, although they try not to show it. They really don't need much, just a telephone call or a visit once a week will make them happy.

There are two basic types of families. A nuclear family — a typical family consisting of parents and children. A single-parent family consists of one parent and children. Nowadays there are very few people who have never divorced. Today the highest divorce rate in the world has the Maldive Republic. The United States of America take the third place. Russia is at the ninth place. What are the reasons of great numbers of divorce? Let us name some of the most common and serious ones.

• Occurrence of adultery once or throughout the marriage. The unfaithful attitude towards a spouse destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.

• Communication breakdown. After some time of living under one roof spouses find out that they are absolutely incompatible. Constant clashes, brawls and squabbles cause serious problems. The differences grow as a snowball and can't be already settled by kisses or hugs.

• Physical, psychological or emotional abuses. When a person taunts, humiliates, hits the children or his spouse, it can't but end with a divorce.

• Financial problems. It sounds lamentably, but sometimes love alone can't guarantee well-being, whereas money can solve many of your problems. So when a couple lacks it, their relations become more and more complicated, their priorities change and the relationships end.

• Boredom. A lot of couples get bored of each other after 7 or more years of marriage. Boredom may become the reason of constant quarrels and adultery which inevitably leads to a divorce.

However, it goes without saying, in most cases married couples succeed in solving all the problems and keep living in peace and happiness.

 

Завдання № 1

Знайдіть значення слова

1.describe                                         a)точної

2.definite                                          b)стосуватися

3.tragedy                                          c) описати

4.concerning                                     d)одружуватись

5.get married                                              e)пари

6.couples                                                    f)трагедія

Завдання № 2

Перекладіть речення на українську мову

1. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would like.
2. If a girl about 23 or more wasn’t  married ,she was said to be an old maid.
3. But life’s changing as well as people’s style of life.
4. There is also another difference between old and modern families.
5. Nowadays there are very few people who have never divorced.
6. United States of America take the thirds place.

Завдання № 3

Скласти план до твору.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The British have taken good ideas from all over the world. You can eat Chinese, Indian, Italian and Greek food in any big city. There is a fantastic variety of restaurants.
The restaurants' best customers are business people, who meet in them to talk business in a relaxed atmosphere away from the telephone. They can eat what they like because the company pays the bill.

When a man and woman want to get to know each other better, they often go out to a restaurant together. After all it's easier to talk in a quiet atmosphere with soft music, wine and good food. Most British families only go to restaurants on special occasions, like birthdays or wedding anniversaries.

For visitors to London, eating out can be fun. But if you want that special feeling of London, go to the Ritz in Picadilly for tea any afternoon at about half past four. And you'll see that the prices are very high.

Then you can try England's favourite food-fish and chips. Take it away and eat where you like — in the park, on the bus or while you walk down the street. British restaurants have not always been famous for their good food.

Too often, they offered only fried food and chips with everything. But now healthy food is in fashion. 

At A Restaurant

I enjoy eating out. We often go to a restaurant with my parents. It usually happens at weekend or Friday evenings, when everybody is free from work and studies. My mum likes Italian food: pasta with different sauces, pizza, and other national dishes. My father prefers eastern cuisine. His favourite dish is grilled meat with vegetables. As for me, I’m a fan of sushi and fast food. As you see our tastes differ. That’s why we choose to go to various restaurants. For example, last week, we went to the nearest sushi-bar. We had a great time there. First of all, the atmosphere in the restaurant was nice. There were black square tables and lots of Japanese national ornaments. We chose the table next to the window. The waiters were also very kind and welcoming. My parents don’t like Japanese food much, so they ordered simply some salads and fried chicken wings. Luckily, they don’t serve only national food in this restaurant. I ordered a portion of traditional rolls and a cup green tea. Everything was rather delicious. My parents tried a small piece of my rolls and said they weren’t bad. We asked the waiter to bring us the bill and left after paying. It was an excellent evening. Sometimes I eat out with my friends. We usually go to a fast food place. There is a large shopping center not far from my house and we often go there. When we get hungry, we go to the ground floor where many fast food restaurants are situated. There we usually have a sandwich or a portion of pancakes with a glass of juice.

Завдання № 1

Знайдіть речення,які не відповідають контексту.

1. The British have not taken good ideas from all over the world.
2. The restaurants’ best customers are business people.
3. For visitors of  London, eating out can be fun.
4. I don’t enjoy eating out.
5. We usually go to a fast food place.
6. There are usually have a sandwich or a portion of pancakes.

Завдання № 2

Знайдіть пропущенні слова відповідно до тексту.

1. They can _____ what they like because the ___________ pays.
2. They ____ only fried food and ____.
3. My mum likes ______ food.
4. My ______ don’t like ______ food.
5. _______ was rather delicious.
6. There is a _____ shopping center not far ______ my house.

Завдання № 3

Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на питання : «What restaurants do you like to visit?»

 

 

 

 

An idea or way of life that we live by, that’s culture, and culture affects us all no matter where we live or what we do. We often live and work in these different cultures and we don’t even realize it. Music is a huge factor in the way we are affected by our culture. Hence the fact music is in all cultures even in our own way of life. Think about the last time you said something smooth or cool to your girlfriend or guy friend you probably heard it in a love song or rap song. We often take for granted the fact that music is all around us no matter what kind you listen to. You listen to music in your car, in the mall while you are shopping, in the shower, on television and at parties. Music is a key component in any kind of culture; it is a way to express the ideas and beliefs of that culture. Music has been a powerful force throughout history. Its power has affected all aspects of people’s lives.

The ideas and attitudes people have toward their society can easily be seen in their music. Expression in music comes in every emotion you can think of sad, happy, mellow, anger, peaceful and many others. Music, especially in today’s society, brings about certain ways of life or attitudes about life. I often wonder what the next generation has to offer to the wonderful world of music. In the Fifties it was do-wop and swing music, America had its first taste of "Rock and Roll” in this era of happy times. People’s lives were safe and happy and this do-wop bee-bop music reflected the way people’s attitudes were about life.

In the Sixties "Rock and Roll” made its collision with mainstream American culture and people like the Beetles and Elvis Presley became the forefathers for a huge cultural gateway. The era of peace love and happiness was beginning and so once again the music reflected this way of thinking, acting and feeling. The Beetles and Elvis were the first real artists to make it big and to have a following of a tremendous magnitude. That rebel rock and roll, grow my hair long, and shake my hips seed was planted into our culture. This started a snowball effect that led into the Seventies and Eighties cultures of "Sex, Drugs and Rock and Roll”. Here is where it gets good; music found new meaning in the lives of Americans and the world.

 Music began to protest things like war and political issues for example the environment. America was in an uproar and music played a key part. The nineties began the advance of Hip-Hop, Rap and Pop music. In a culture of fast pace "dog eat dog” type attitudes many new music styles came about. People became inspired to branch out and create their own kinds of music and dance. Dance clubs and electronic music began to make their way on to the scenen. A vast new kind of music called Rap/Hip-Hop made a huge impact on the culture of America. The words and behavior of rap reflect a way of life, an attitude or a "culture”. Most of this music talks about the streets or growing up poor and how the artist has made it big now. Not to really to support this music but it has made a huge impact on my generation. A whole hip-hip culture has sprung up from this urban movement. Apparatuses in this culture have come about to create things like a style of fashion, and its own sort of dialect called Ebonics, All this from a movement of music started by African American cultures twenty or thirty years ago. 
       Music and life run parallel, music affects my life in many ways. My mood depicts my music, if you catch my drift. When I was younger I used to listen to a lot of rap/hip-hop music, I still do today, but I have learned to enjoy other kinds of music also. My kind of music is progressive, mellow and me being as high strung as I am, this helps me to relax take the bull by the horns. My favorite quote is in this song I once heard by Jack Johnson " Move like a Jelly Fish Rhythm is nothing you go with the flow you don’t stop”. I take heed to this quote in life, in my way of living and in my "culture”. Johnson’s quote helps me to "go with the flow” and don’t ever stop or give up on life or your goals. Music like this is my therapy; it is one of the few things that is constant in life. People, well at least I do, run to music in times of sadness and joy. Music in a way gives advice and inspires us to do things. Sometimes when you are in a situation and don’t know what kind of stand to make you turn to music for advise. Myself and other countless people use music to escape, if just for a little while, the harsh realities of the real world to gain control of our emotions and to continue in our daily life. Music is a way of life, a map to cultural expression, because a world with out music is a world with out culture. 

Завдання № 1

Знайдіть антоніми до наступних слів

1.different                                                   a) hard

2.last                                                           b) unhappy

3.easy                                                         c) end

4.hapy                                                        d) same

5.beginning                                            e) old

6.new                                                      f) previous

Завдання № 2

Поставте слова у правильному порядку.

1. began to \ Music \ like war \ protest \ and \ political issues .
2. of \ Hip Hop \ began \ the \ advance of \ nineties \ The \ things.
3. run \ parallel \ Music \ life \ and.
4. used to \ I \ a lot of \ rap \ hip-hop \ music \ listen to.
5. advice \ in a way \ gives \ Music.
6. a way of \ Music \ life \ is.

Завдання № 3

Складіть твір на тему : «Моя улюблена музика» (50-60 слів)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.Adolescence is much like a midpoint in ones life; when a person is neither a kid nor an adult. At this period, teens have passed the age when they were called kids but are not yet qualified to be adults. Teenagers want to think like adults, behave like adults and also start to view themselves as independent beings in decision making. All this hormonal changes also come with the negativity of maturity such as drugs and alcohol. The statistics below show that the percentage of teenagers using drugs and alcohol in the last decade has increased. Why is this? The answer is that teenagers are under pressure by their peers, mass media and also the influence of parents.
         Peer pressure plays a major role in the harmful behavior of teens. Teens who want to fit in among their friends are most especially prone to this. They try to make friends and they get friends as much as possible. Of these friends there are the good ones who give them the knowledge and information you want need or inquire and there are the ones who give them information about not too good things like drug, alcohol, parties, e.t.c. This influential communication between a teen and his/her peer may be directly or indirectly. Directly such as conversations with their friends or indirectly such as listening to classmates discussing of a party which occurred a night before. Then they begin to mention alcohol, drugs and violence obviously from what have experienced they talk about it in a way possible. Then you would like to see how good it is the next weekend you go to that kind of party. If you can not resist such as a temptation you will begin to do harmful deeds that will definitely have adverse results in the future.
        Let’s not put all the blame on teens and their peers alone. The mass media is also responsible in an understandable way. The media has proven to be a lot damaging than useful in the type of information meant for mature audience but end up with the immature audience. Soap operas and frivolous shows shown on TV contain immoral and untrue images of the world as it is more of the writer’s imagination or the way directors direct them to act. Most teenagers are probably old enough to watch this shows but not mature enough to comprehend with the fictitious nature of movies and soap operas.
        Though movies and soaps are rated, underage people are still able to access them. The responsibility then shifts to the parents whom are meant to control their children from getting misleading information about drugs, alcoholism and lots more. This can be done through the use of V-chip for TV and Parental Controls for Internet. Parents who I would disparage of because most parents have and are taking care of their responsibility and it has worked tremendously.
Happily, in the past year, alcohol and drug usage among teens have decreased nationwide (US). This is apparently because the media, which is responsible for the frivolous information, has increased amount of information about drug abuse, alcoholism and their long and short-term side effects. They have also been informing parents about the use of V chips in their TV set to block out unwanted programs. These are some of the trends that make we teenagers most liable to the atrocities of the modern world at an early age.
ИСТОЧНИК: http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=25524
           2. Experimentation with alcohol and drugs during adolescence is common. Unfortunately, teenagers often don't see the link between their actions today and the consequences tomorrow. They also have a tendency to feel indestructible and immune to the problems that others experience.
Using alcohol and tobacco at a young age has negative health effects. While some teens will experiment and stop, or continue to use occasionally, without significant problems

Завдання № 1

Поставте пропущений прийменник

1. Adolecence is much like a midpoint __ ones life.

1. for
2. in
3. of

2. Peer  pressue plays a major role in the behavior __ teens.

a) of

b) for

c) in

3. Directly such as conversations ___ their friends.

a) for

b) about

c) with

4.Let’s not put all the blame __ teens and their peers alone.

      a) on

      b)for

      c)about

5.This can be done _____ the use of V-chip for TV.

      a)through

      b)for

      c)in

6.Experimentation _____ alcohol and drugs during adolescence  is  common.

       a)with

       b)about

       c)for

Завдання № 2

Складіть 5 речень,які описують даний текст

Завдання № 3

Знайдіть початок речення

1. The answer is that teenagers are under …
2. Teens who want to fit in …
3. Then you would like to see how …
4. The mass media is also …
5. This apparently because the media …
6. While some teens will …

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in th 12th century as Witenagemot, the body of wise councellers whom the King needed to consult pursuing his policy. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making. It consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. MPs are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement. Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election. The minimum voting age is 18. And the voting is taken by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks, The British parliamentary system depends on politicals parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the goverment and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his party to become the cabinet of ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the goverment. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The leader of the opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. The parliament and the monarch have different roles in the goverment and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the parliament.       In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three which has true power. The House of Commons is made up of six hundred and fifty elected members, it is presided over by the speaker, a member acceptable to the whole house. MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. The first 2 rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties (called "front benches") The back benches belong to the rank-and-life MPs. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Parliament has intervals during his work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. As mention above, the House of Commons plays the major role in law making. The procedure is the following: a proposed law ("a bill") has to go through three stages in order to become an act of parliament, these are called "readings". The first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill, it is examination by parliamentary committy. And the third reading is a report stage, when the work of the committy is reported on to the house. This is usually the most important stage in the process. When the bill passes through the House of Commons, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion, when the Lords agree it, the bill is taken to the Queen for royal assent, when the Queen sings the bill, it becomes act of the Parliament and the Law of the Land. The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work in the house. Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank, the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. And he sits on a special seat, called "WoolSack" The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations. 

Congress in USA

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each of which has its own goverment ("state goverment"). In some ways the United States is like 50 small countries. Each state has its own governor, its own police and its own laws. The present constitution was proclaimed in 1787 in Philadelphia, the President is the head of the whole country and the goverment and "commandering chief" of the armed forces. He makes the most important decisions and chooses the ministers, the members of his cabinet. But the President cannot do just what he wants. The Congress must agree first. Americans choose a new president every four years. The residence of the President is the White House in Washington, the Capital city. The goverment of the whole country (the Federal goverment) works from Washington, this is where the Congress is based. The Capitol is the seat of the US Congress. Congress is the American parliament which consists of 2 chambers. The Senate and the House of Representatives. The first Congress met in 1789 in New York city. The membership then consisted of 22 senators and 59 representatives. Today the House of Representatives has 435 members. Elections to the house take place every 2 years. There are 100 senators (2 from each state), they are elected to serve for a period of six years, but every two years elections to the senate took place when one/third of its members must be changed or re-elected. Election day is always in the month of November, on the first Tuesday, after the first Monday. Americans who aren't yet 25 years old have no right to be elected to the House of Representatives. Whose, who are under 30 can't be elected in the Senate. The main political parties in the United States of America are the Democratic Party and the Republlican Party. 

 

Завдання № 1

Дайте відповідь на запитання

1. What is the mane idea of the text?
2. The British Parliament is the oldest ,isn’t it?
3. What is the minimum voting age in G.B.?
4. Have the Parliament and Monarch different roles?
5. How many states are there in the USA?
6. How many members are there in the House of Representatives?

Завдання № 2

Знайдіть граматичні помилки в реченнях

1. The House of Commons have played the major role in law –making .
2. The minimum voting age is 18.
3. The house of Commons is made up 650 members.
4. Parliament  have  intervals during his work.
5. Each session last for 160-175 days.
6. America are the Democratic Party.

Завдання № 3

Складіть план до тексту та перекажіть його

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There are 44 universities (not counting the Open University) in Britain. Although the Goverment is responsible for providing about 80 per cent of universities income it does not control their work or teaching nor does it have direct dealings with the universities.The grants are distributed by the Secreta- ry of State for Education and Science. 
       The English universities are : Aston (Birmingham), Bath, Birmingham, Bradford Bristol, Brunel (London), Cambridge, City (London), Durham, East Anglia ,Essex, Exeter, Hull, Keele, Kent at Centerbury, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Oxford, Reading, Saford, Sheffield, Southhampton, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick and York. The federated Univer- sity of Wales includes five university colleges, the Welsh National School of Medicine, and the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology.The Scottish universities are : Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Belfast, Glasgow, He- riot-Watt (Edinburgh), St. Andrews, Stirling, and Strathclyde (Glasgow).In Nor- then Ireland there is Queen"s University, Belfast, and the New University of Ul- ster in Coleraine. 
       The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries. 
       There are five other institutions where the work is of university standard : the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ; the two post- graduate business school which are supported jointly by industry and the Gover- ment - the Manchester Business School and the London Graduate School of Business Studies, associated with the London School of Economics and the Imperial College of Science and Technology ; Cranfield Inctitute of Technology for mainly post- graduate work in aeronautics and other subjects ; and the Royal College of Art. 
 

 

Cambridge

My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge tradi- tions - and they go back so far ! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the Past, the Present and even the Future. It"s easy to see and the old grey stone buildings how the past has moulded the pre- sent and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this University town looks like and how it came to be here at all. The story of the University begins, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after ha- ving walked 60 miles from Oxford. As was the custom then, they had joined them- selves into a "Universitas" of Society - the word "University", like the word "College", meant originally a society of people with a common employment ; it was only later it came to be associated with scholarship. 
       These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at that ci- ty"s well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was constant trouble between the townsfolk and the students. Then one day a student acciden- tally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students, who were innocent, and by order of King John (who was quarrelling with the Church and knew that the death of three clergymen would annoy it) they were put to death by hanging. In protest, all the students moved elsewhere, some coming to Cambridge ; and so the new University began. 
       Before long there were new quarrel with the townsfolk, for the University was anxious to be independent of the Town, and the Town was equally anxious for authority over the new student population. "Town" and "Gown" battles were fre- quent. 
       The boarding-houses and shopkeepers cheated the students, who very soon orga- nized themselves under an elected leader called a Chancellor, and he fixed pri- ces that should be paid. Gradually the University gained control. 
       Side by side with the fight for freedom from Town rule was another for liberty from Church rule, until by 1500 the University was its own master at last. Of course there were no Colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from every - where. Those from the same part of the country tended to group together and these groups called "Nations" still exist, by the way, at some European Univer- sities. 
       The students were armed ; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually, the idea of the College developed and in 1284 Peterhouse the oldest College in Cambridge, was founded. Life in College was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.

Завдання № 1

Знайдіть правильний прийменник

1. There are 44 Universities __ Britain.

a)at

b)in

c)of

2. There are five other institutions where the work is __ University.

a)of

b)at

c)about

3. ____ whatever country one comes as a student.

a)for

b)in

c)from

4. Before long were new quarrel __ the townsfolk.

a)of

b)with

c)about

5. Side __ side with the fight for freedom.

a)by

b)with

c)through

6. Life __ College was strict.

a)in

b)on

c)at

Завдання № 2

Поставте 5 запитань до тексту.Використовуючи всі види запитань.

Завдання № 3

Скласти твір на тему : « Мої плани на майбутнє»

 

 

 

 

 

 

Curiously enough, wherever you go you see that most employees are young folk.

 There are very fewmiddle-aged and no elderly folk at all among them, even although the retirement age is 65.
Without analyzing this phenomenon in depth let me note that after a certain age is reached people craveto start their own business.

 They either set up their own firms, or join operating firms as partners.
Many future entrepreneurs deliberately start a career, working for somebody else.

 By learning the insand outs of another man's business and noting his pluses and minuses, they accumulate know-how, putaside enough money, and establish a modicum of business connections.

 After that they are ready tostart their own enterprises.
Another motivation is the fear of becoming unemployed.

 At any enterprise it is always the case for lessemployees with seniority, that is executives, to be needed than ordinary energetic, young, fit performers.

What I mean is that if an employee has been working some ten years or so and has not developed into aknowledgeable executive, he will not be able to compete with younger employees, and will get the bootsooner or later.
Of course, there are exceptions, such as the so-called “irreplaceable” employees, whose situation doesnot depend on the pecking order.

 However, not infrequently one who has been working for years and,who has not been able to start his own business begins to lose his self-respect, which means his bossalso loses respect for him, which is enough for him to be given the golden handshake.
Yet, no status, however exceptional, can ensure steady employment.

 A firm or company may gobankrupt, cease operating or be sold and have its functions change.

In short, the loss of job is the mosttangible possibility for many Americans.
A proportion of the jobless is a definite capitalist statistic, a fact of life, which does not arouse anyparticular sentiment.

 But to be the part of that statistic provokes a totally different feeling.

 Mostunpleasant here is the absolute uncertainty as regards an unspent vacation or the future of one's family.

Every employee is always haunted by the likelihood of losing his job and girds himself appropriately.

Thus he pays dues to cover loss of work, which are complemented halfway by his employer.

  He also putsmoney aside for “a rainy day” either as an investment nest egg or a bank deposit.

 He tries to acquiresome sideline, even should it not meet all his needs, in short be prepared for any eventuality.

The viewcurrent in the former USSR that Westerners can get by an unemployment benefit alone is erroneous.
Thus when my wife found herself out of work for the first time we got along more or less decently on mypay and her benefit.

 But when that benefit was stopped six months later we had to make do with my payalone.

 And when I lost my job, my unemployment benefit was definitely inadequate for my family offour.

 I do not know what the future would have held in store, had not one of us secured a job again.
           I started job hunting the moment I found myself out of work.

 The ordinary Soviet person is conditionedto hire employment in his mind as starting one's own business is for somebody else.

 In the States jobplacement is also an industry.

 Firstly you have federal and state employment agencies, who do notcharge you for their services, but whose results are minimal.

 Secondly, you have similar private agencies,for whose services you must pay. 

 During recessions these agencies prosper.

 Some really get youemployment.

 Charges differ.

Завдання № 1

Виписати з тексту всі незнайомі слова та перекласти їх.

Завдання № 2

Закінчіть речення.

1.Without  analyzing …

2.What I mean is that …

3.Of course …

4.Every employee is always …

5.But when that benefit …

Завдання № 3

Складіть діалог на тему : «Влаштування на роботу»

 

Література

1. 1. Давиденко Ю.Є. Використання інформаційно – комунікативних технологій для мовної освіти // Іноземні мови. – 2005. - № 3. – с. – 40-41.
2. Коваленко О. Європейський форум з питань мовної політики // Іноземні мови в навчальних закладах. – 2004. - № 3. – с. 4.

3.: http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=25524

4.http://www.homeenglish.ru/Referats.htm.Реферати англійською мовою.

5.http://www.alleng.ru/