Gerund and Infinitive

*-ing form* to-infinitive*infinitive without to

infinitive without to -ing form to-infinitive Forms

The -ing form is used: 1. After the verbs: love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate +Ving eg: Liza prefers dancing alone. 2. After the verbs: spend, waste, lose (time, money,etc) +Ving eg: He spends all time playing computer games.

3. After the verbs: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel +Ving (to describe an incomplete action.) eg: I saw John waiting for the taxi. 4. After the verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, imagine, mind, miss, practise, prevent, quit, save, suggest, start, stop, finish, continue +Ving eg:You should continue studying English.

5.After expression such as: be busy, it’s no use, it’s no good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, can’t bear, there’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, can’t face, feel like, insist on + Ving eg.:It’s no use complaining all the time. think of, apologise for +Ving eg.: I apologised for being later.

6. After the preposition to with verbs: object to, look forward to, be used to. in addition to +Ving eg.:I look forward to seeing you next week. 7. After prepositions : After, on, by, before, without, instead of, besides of +Ving eg.: He went to school without eating any breakfast.

The to-infinitive form is used: 1.After : would like, would love, would prefer +toV eg.: I would love to come to your party. 2.After certain verbs that refer to the future agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, want, advise, ask, explain, manage, offer, seem, fail, happen, pretend + toV eg: I want you to come.

3. After too / enough +toV eg: It’s too late to visit her. 4. After be + adj ( happy,sorry) +toV eg: It’s nice to see you here. 5. To express purpose +toV eg: I stopped to drink some water.

The infinitive without to is used: 1. After modal verbs: can, must, should+V eg: Sally can speak English. 2. After the verbs: *let, make+V (Active Voice) *see, hear, feel, watch, notice +V (to describe a complete action.) eg: My brother made me apologise. I saw her cross the street. 3. After had better and would rather +V eg: You had better put a jacket on.

Differences in meaning between the to- infinitive and – ing form Forget Not remember to-infinitive + = Forget + -ing form Not recall = Remember Not forget to-infinitive Recall -ing form Remember + + = =

Differences in meaning between the to- infinitive and – ing form to-infinitive Do something as an experiment Attempt, do one’s best Try Try -ing form + + = = Finish doing something Stop temporarily in order to do something else to-infinitive Stop Stop = = + + -ing form

When we put two verbs together, the second verb is usually in the Infinitive or the –ing form ***************** eg.: I want to buy this dress. Tom suggested playing golf. Ukrainian teenagers like to play football/playing football.

Verb + to V Verb+ Ving Verb + to V/ Ving Agree Offer Avoid Finish Begin Decide Prepare Can’t help Imagine Continue Expect Pretend Can’t stand Practise Hate Fail Promise Spend time Don’t mind Like Hope Refuse Enjoy Suggest Love Manage Seem Fancy Prefer Mean Want Feel like Start

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