Лексичні вправи "Word Formation"

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Word Formation

 

Noun Suffixes

 

-er added to a verb is used for the person who does an activity: writer, worker, singer (sometimes -or, as in actor, sailor, supervisor)

-er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job: tin-opener, projector

-er and -ee can contrast with each other, meaning “person who does something” (-er) and “person who receives or experiences the action” (-ee): employer/employee

-(t)ion is used to make nouns from verbs: communication, pollution, admission

-ist (person) and -ism (activity or ideology): terrorist/terrorism

-ist is also used for people who play musical instruments: pianist, violinist

-al is added to some verbs to make nouns: arrival, refusal

-ness is used to make abstract nouns from adjectives: happiness, goodness, weakness

-ment is used to make abstract nouns from verbs: excitement, enjoyment

-hood is used to make abstract nouns, especially family terms, from nouns: childhood, brotherhood

-ship is used to make abstract nouns, especially status, from nouns: friendship, membership, partnership,  -(i)ty is used to make abstract nouns from adjectives: honesty, loyalty

 

Adjective Suffixes

 

-able/-ible with verbs means “can be done”: readable, countable, edible, flexible

-ive is used to make adjectives from verbs: active, passive

-al is used to make adjectives from nouns: brutal, legal

-ous is used to make adjectives from nouns: dangerous, furious

-ful is used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs: hopeful, useful, forgetful

-less is used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs: useless, harmless, cloudless -ic/-ical is used to make adjectives with nouns: economic/economical

-ish can be added to most common adjectives and means “resembling or being in a similar state”: childish, boyish; or “to make them less precise”: reddish hair, she’s thirtyish, come about eightish -y is usually added to uncountable nouns meaning a material: sandy, milky, foggy.

 

 

Adjectives Prefixes

 

Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative meaning. The most common adjective prefixes are un-, in- and dis-: uncomfortable, inconvenient, dishonest in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ’m’ or ’p’ (immature, impatient), ir- before a word beginning with ’r’ (irregular) and il- before a word beginning with ‘l’ (illegal, illiterate). in- does not always have a negative meaning; it often gives the idea of inside or into: internal,...

over- and under- can be added to adjectives and Past Participles, and mean “having too much of a given feature (over-)” and “having too little of a given feature (under-)”: overcooked, underdone, ... Other common prefixes are:

a- meaning: on, in, of, not, without: anew ab- meaning: away, from: abnormal anti- meaning: opposing, against: antisocial hyper- meaning: more than normal: hyperactive mal- meaning: bad, wrongful: maladjusted non- meaning: absence, negation: non-alcoholic

pre- meaning: before in time, place, order or importance: prearranged sub- meaning: nearly, approximately: subtropical super- meaning: above, beyond, over: superhuman

 

 

 

Task 1

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Buckingham Palace has sent out (1) _____________________ for the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton. Officials have not disclosed who is invited but (2) _____________________ who follow the royal family say half of the guests are family and friends. The rest will be leading British (3) _____________________, VIPs from all over the world, and a scattering of stars and celebrities. Of those invited to the ceremony at London’s Westminster Abbey on April 29, a third will go on to attend a 

(4) _____________________ reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Queen Elizabeth, and then half of those will go on to a dinner party hosted by Prince Charles, William’s father.

               INVITE

              

             JOURNAL

             

               POLICY

              

 

           CELEBRATE

 

 

Task 2

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

For those who want a (1) _____________________ stylist affair, the Wynn Las Vegas offers its “elegant affair” package. Check that out: $23,090 buys a dedicated wedding (2) _____________________, private limousine, private check-in, all the (3) _____________________ ceremony elements, beauty salon services, multiple spa (4) _____________________, golf package for two with personal caddy for each, two nights in a 2,490 sq. ft villa, and more. But couples don’t need to shy away from the Wynn because of that package, the Wedding Salons at Wynn Las Vegas offers several other packages that range from basic through the Wynn ceremony, at much more (5) _____________________ prices.

              UNIQUE

             

            CONSULT  TRADITION

                TREAT

             

             

             

             

REASON

 

Task 3

 

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Enemy drinks packed full of caffeine may be (1) _____________________ for children. That’s the (2) _____________________ of a new report from the University of Miami. Study author Judith Schaechter said popular drinks like Red Bull and Monster Energy have no health benefits. Many of the ingredients used to make them are not regulated. Dr. Schaechter warned that children with conditions such as diabetes, mood swings and heart, kidney or liver diseases may have negative (3) _____________________ to the drinks and could even die after drinking them. Nearly a third of American children between the ages of 12 to 14 (4) _____________________ buy these beverages. Sales are (5) _____________________ rising. American teens say the drinks help them at school.

                HARM

            CONCLUDE

              

             

              

             

                REACT

              

             REGULAR

              STEADY

 

 Task 4

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Austria is a (1) _____________________ destination for outdoor enthusiasts. Go (2) _____________________ in the Alps, enjoy the hiking trails, cycle along the paths or go (3) _____________________ in its lakes. Yes, lakes. Even though Austria is surrounded by land, the

                 WONDER

            SKI  SWIM

             

Bodensee is a great water destination. Whatever your 

(4) _____________________ may be, the fresh air is balm for your soul. Although Vienna is its capital, other cities such as Salzburg, Innsbruck and Linz draw many (5) _____________________. Austria is also known for its influence on the opera and classical music. No trip could be considered complete without watching at least one

(6)               _____________________. You will come across 

(7)               _____________________ sites, statues, quaint cafes and restaurants. It truly is a (8) _____________________ city. One of the highlights is indulging on the sweets. The Sachertorte is 

(9) _____________________ delicious but there are hundreds of other options for you to try. You are on vacation, right? Enjoy it!

 

                  CHOOSE

             

                 TOURISM

             

 

PERFORM

HISTORY

                ROMANCE

 

                ABSOLUTE

 

 Task 5

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Some of the best Florida beach destinations for (1) _____________________ aren’t (2) _____________________ those that earn national

(3)               _____________________ as the best beaches. They may not have the bestsand or the biggest waves, but what they do is cater to 

(4)               _____________________ crowds that love them just the way they are. There are other (5) _____________________ opportunities including water sports and family-friendly (6) _____________________ and water parks.

           VACATION

NECESSARY

          RECOGNIZE

 

SPECIFY

            RECREATION AMUSE

 

 Task 6

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Madeira is located in the (1) _____________________ Atlantic Ocean southwest of Portugal and off the coast of Africa. The island is 

(2) _____________________ beautiful with spectacular views and something for everyone. About the only things lacking on Madeira are flat land and (3) _____________________ beaches. The Madeirans use terraces and bridges to (4) _____________________ for the flat land and take the short trio to the (5) _____________________ island of Porto Santo to sit on sandy beaches. Madeiran vacation is recommended to anyone who loves 

(6) _____________________ islands, perfect weather, and beautiful flora.

                 EAST

 

       BREATHTAKING

             

                 SAND

       COMPENSATING

            NEIGHBOR

 

MOUNTAIN

 

 Task 7

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each Sine to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

The letter of (1) _____________________ shows a prospective  (2) _____________________ that you know how to write a letter. While this may be of decreasing (3) _____________________ in an electronic age, many employers still value it 

(4) _____________________, both as a skill in its own right and as a test of your ability to communicate (5) _____________________ and (6) _____________________.

APPLY

                    EMPLOY

                 IMPORTANT

 

                       HIGH

                      CLEAR

EFFECTIVE

 

 Task 8

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Rio de Janeiro is a city of (1) _____________________ beaches, 

SAND

(2)               _____________________ football, sensual samba and pulsating

Carnival. It is the place where you go to forget all the 

(3)               _____________________ of (4) _____________________ life andenjoy some time alone with your partner. Right in Rio de Janeiro, on the Copacabana beach, is one of the finest hotels of Brazil — Copacabana

Palace. Catering to the rich and (5) ____________________ since 1923, Copacabana Palace is one of the first hotels in Rio to be built on the seashore. Forming a part of Brazil’s (6) _____________________ heritage, the hotel prides itself on its consummate services, delectable cuisine,  (7) _____________________opulence and elegant

(8) _____________________.

              ENERGY

 

         TENSE        DAY

              

             

                 FAME

              

              HISTORY

 

LUXURY

RESIDE

 

 Task 9

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

Cocoa trees grew wild in the jungle, and the ancient Maya and Aztec civilizations of Central America used them to make a 

(1)               _____________ rather bitter drink for special occasions. Centuries laterthe Aztec Empire fell, and the Conquistador Hernan Cortes brought cocoa beans back across the ocean to Spain.

(2)               _____________________ chocolate spread across Europe — it was the

(3)               _____________________ (4) _____________________ of Kings andQueens, the (5) _____________________ and the rich, just like caviar or champagne today. At the end of the 19th Century milk was added, and at last someone devised a way of making chocolate to eat as well as to drink. But it wasn’t until the 20th century that chocolate became  (6) _____________________ for everyone.

So, chocolate has been on an epic journey, but its 

(7) _____________________ is enduring: prized once by Aztec warriors and today by millions of people around the world.

 

 

                 SPICE

              

 

            GRADUAL

    FASHION    CHOOSE

                NOBLE

              

             

 

AFFORD

 

             POPULAR

 

 Task 10

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

It starts with that telltale little tingle, and within a day or two, you have nasty little red sores around your mouth. No one likes to have a cold sore outbreak, but (1) _____________________, there are new  (2) _____________________ available to help you  (3) _____________________ the pain and speed the 

(4) _____________________.

If you’re (5) _____________________ getting cold sores, your doctor may decide to (6) _____________________ an antiviral medication — either a cream or ointment or an oral medication.

  

 

FORTUNATE

TREAT

MINIMUM

HEAL

            CONSTANT

         PRESCRIPTION

 

 Task 11

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

 

Our skin is (1) _____________________ affected by

(2) _____________________ factors, including sunlight, cold weather, too dry air and so on. As a result, the process of aging speeds up and makes our skin look much less (3) _____________________ and youthful than we want it to. However, with the (4) _____________________ of modern cosmetic which gives us great natural revitalizing, rejuvenating and anti-

CONSTANT

NUMBER

              

             ATTRACT

             DEVELOP

 

aging skin care products, silky smooth skin is not just a dream for many of modern ladies over 30. Besides, they can always try various 

(5) _____________________ approaches that have been used for centuries and have proven their (6) _____________________.

              

 

              NATURE

EFFECTIVE

 

 

Task 12

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

The Algarve is the most (1) _____________________ region of Portugal

and it’s one of Europe’s favourite holiday destinations well known for (2) _____________________ year round sunshine and excellent sandy beaches. These (3) _____________________ from secluded coves with amazing cliffs to vast stretches of (4) ____________________ sand all sea washed by the fresh and clear Atlantic ocean. Inland you will find quaint villages barely touched by (5) _____________________. Traces of the Moorish (6) _____________________ are still evident in the local 

(7) _____________________. The orange groves and blossoming almond trees add colour to this (8) _____________________ region in contrast with the whitewashed (9) _____________________ houses. Due to the mild nature of the weather the Algarve is ideal for many outdoor sporting activities such as water sports, golf in one of the 

(10) _____________________ world-class golf courses, tennis, horse riding, and many more.

 

               SOUTH

 

            GLORY  VARIOUS

                GOLD

             

              TOURIST

PRESENT

           ARCHITECT

             FERTILIZE

           TRADITION

              

 

              NUMBER

 

 Task 13

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

A sore throat is a common (1) _____________________ condition also known as “pharyngitis”. Sore throats can be caused by viruses, bacteria or substances such as alcohol, tobacco or (2) _____________________ Sore throats that do not (3) _____________________ antibiotics or other (4) _____________________ medications can usually be selftreated by some simple (5) _____________________. The common “mild” sore throat is (6) _____________________ one which is slightly (7) _____________________ when swallowing, has a red/irritated (8) _____________________ and may include a lowgrade fever.

                 MEDICINE

             

                 POLLUTE

            REQUIREMENT    

PRESCRIPTION

               INTERVENE

                  TYPICAL

                  PAINFUL

APPEARANCE

 

 Task 14

 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 

 

The first floppy disk was invented by a team of (1) _____________________  at IBM in the year 1971. The team was headed by Alan Shugart and the main  (2) _____________________ in the team was David Noble.

The (3) _____________________ at IBM wanted to create a device which could store (4) _____________________ for the users as backup for their software programmes and other files. These floppy disks were known as memory disks in the beginning. The first floppy disk was 8 inches in diameter and was made of plastic material and had (5) _____________________ iron oxide. These floppy disks were a great success. Later the disk faced some (6) ____________________ due to its big size and (7) _____________________ over a longer period. Many

RESEARCH

 

DESIGN

             PROFESSION  INFORM

              

              

            MAGNET  LIMITATE

    NON-RELIABLE

companies started on improving the (8) _____________________ floppy.

ORIGIN

 

Task 15

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

 

The first telephone was made by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

(1)               _____________________ believe that another 

(2)               _____________________ Elisha Gray also invented the telephone at thesame time (3) ________________ and both the inventors rushed to the patent office to get their (4) _____________________ patented but Graham Bell got the patent first on March 7, 1876. Graham bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was a teacher of “visible speech” and helped teachers teach the deaf. Graham’s mother, a portrait 5) _____________________ and a (6) _____________________ lost her power of 

(7) _____________________ when Graham was just twelve. Graham used to help his father in (8) _____________ and acquired expertise in “visible speech”.

 

HISTORY       

           INVENT

    INDEPENDENCE

           INVENT

              

              

             PAINT

MUSIC

             HEAR

DEMONSTRATE