Стаття " Система вправ для навчання старшокласників аргументованого писемного висловлювання"

Система   вправ   для   навчання   старшокласників   аргументованого писемного висловлювання

Проблема навчання творчого писемного мовлення іноземною мовою учнів старших класів середньої загальноосвітньої школи є дуже актуальною і водночас дуже складною в теоретичному плані. Актуальність цієї проблеми зумовлена тим, що «Навчальними програмами з іноземних мов для загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів і спеціалізованих шкіл із поглибленим вивченням іноземних мов 10-11 класи» за 2017 р. передбачено  розвиток в учнів 10-11 класів умінь написання нарису (есе) з метою обґрунтування або спростування

певної думки (аргументований твір). Теоретично ця проблема пов'язана з дуже складними питаннями формування комплексу навичок та вмінь писемного мовлення, з питанням різновидів аргументованого писемного мовлення, а саме творів, в яких лише коментуються позитивні аспекти й недоліки певної ситуації, ідеї тощо, творів, в яких автор, висловлюючи свою думку, пропонує власне вирішення запропонованої проблеми; переконує читача, пропонуючи аргументи "за" і "проти" певної проблеми. Ми вирішили зупинитися на навчанні написання учнями старшої загальноосвітньої школи останнього виду твору. На нашу думку, саме цей вид твору передбачає найбільший ступінь взаємодії між автором і читачем, тому що, переконуючи читача "за" чи "проти" певної проблеми, автор твору не тільки аналізує позитивні чи негативні аспекти запропонованої ситуації і тим самим висловлює свою думку щодо певної проблеми, але й "підштовхує" читача до прийняття його точки зору. Отже, навчання писемного мовлення з елементами аргументації включає як уміння проаналізувати і прокоментувати певну проблему, так і вміння переконати читача у правильності своїх поглядів.

Розглянемо вправи для навчання написання аргументованого твору   в межах теми "Шкільне життя", яка пропонується для засвоєння в 10-му класі середньої загальноосвітньої школи.

Вправи для ознайомлення                                                                                                зі структурними компонентами аргументованого твору

Мета: ознайомити учнів з основними структурними компонентами аргументованого твору (вступна, основна, заключна частина) та із складниками кожного з них (речення-гачок, стрижневе речення, аргумент і контраргумент)  на основі тексту-зразка.

1. Read and study the following argumentative essay.                                                                 In this essay, the writer argues about the use of school uniforms.                            Pay attention to the linking devices used by the author.

Before reading work with a partner to answer the following questions

1)  Have you ever worn a uniform? Would you like to wear it now?

2)  Dо you support the idea that today's youth is extremely materialistic?

The School Uniform Question

(1) Individualism is a basic value in the United States. All Americans believe in the right to express their own opinion without fear of punishment. This value, however, is coming under fire in an unlikely place - the public school classroom. The problem is school uniforms. Should public school pupils be allowed to make individual decisions about clothing, or should all students wear a uniform? School uniforms are the better choice for three reasons.

(2) First, wearing school uniforms would help make pupils' lives simpler. They would no longer have to decide what to wear every morning, sometimes trying on one thing after another in an effort to choose. Uniforms would not only save time but also would save pupils from the stress, which often accompanies the process of choosing.

(3) Second, school uniforms influence pupils to act responsibly in groups and as individuals. Uniforms give pupils the idea that school is a special place for learning. In addition, uniforms create a feeling of unity among pupils. For example, when pupils do something as a group, such as attend meetings in the auditorium or eat lunch in the canteen, the fact that they all wear the same uniform would create a sense of community. Even more important, statistics show the positive effects that school uniforms have on violence and truancy. According to a recent survey in Hillsborough Country, Florida, incidents of school violence dropped by 50 per cent, attendance    and test scores improved after school uniforms were introduced.

(4) Finally, school uniforms would help make all the pupils feel equal. People's standards of living differ greatly, and some people are well-off while others are not. People sometimes forget that school is a place to get an education, not to promote a "fashion show". Obligatory uniforms would make all the students look the same regardless of their financial status.

(5) Opponents of obligatory uniforms cannot express their individuality. This point has some sense on the surface. However, as stated previously, school is a place to learn, not to show wealth and fashion. Society must decide if individual expression through clothing is more valuable than improved educational performance.              It's important to remember that school uniforms would be   worn   only during  school  hours. Pupils   can   express their individuality in the way they dress outside of the classroom.

(6) In conclusion, there are many arguments to implementing obligatory school uniforms for pupils. Studies show that pupils learn better and act more responsibly when they wear uniforms. Public schools should require uniforms in order to benefit both the pupils and society as a whole.

After reading, work with your partner and answer the following questions:

1. What is the topic of this essay?

2. What is the author's point of view?

3. Did the author manage to convince you in his viewpoint if he did, with what arguments did he achieve this result?

4. If you need to persuade anybody, are you usually successful in it? What do you do                           to achieve your aim?

2. Answer the following questions,                                                                                  which are based on the text ``The School Uniform Question``.                                                                                                                      These questions will help you understand the organization of the essay.

1.   The topic of this essay is school uniforms. Does the opening statement capture your attention?

2.   Copy out from the first paragraph in which the author tells the reader what to expect in the essay.

3.   Reason for the requiring school uniforms are given in paragraphs 2,3 and 4. These reasons can be found in the topic sentence of each paragraph. Copy out the reason.

Paragraph 2:___________________________________________________________

Paragraph 3:___________________________________________________________

Paragraph 4:___________________________________________________________

4.   What supporting information does the writer give in paragraph 4 to show that uniforms make pupils equal? Copy out the  information._______________________ _____________________________________________________________________

5.   Which paragraph presents a counterargument (an argument that is contrary to the writer's opinion)? What is the counterargument? Copy it out. ___________________________________________________________

6.   How does the writer show that the counterargument is wrong? Copy out the arguments. _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

7.   Copy out from the concluded paragraph of "The School Uniform Question" the sentence which repeats the idea from the introductory part "School Uniforms are the better choice for three reasons".  _____________________________________________________________________

8.   Repeat the concluding paragraph. What is the writer's opinion about this problem? Write it down. ______________________________________________________________

3. Вправа для розвитку вмінь написання вступу

Мета: ознайомити учнів з можливими шляхами створення речення-гачка, сформувати навички його написання, розвинути вміння викладення думки на рівні абзацу.

a. Match the example with the correspondent way of writing a hook :                      HINT.The hook is the opening statement or statements. Just as a fisherman uses a hook to catch a fish, so a writer uses a hook to catch readers' attention. If a hook does its job well, readers will want to read the rest of the essay after they have read the hook. Writing a good hook is not easy. It requires a great deal of thought and practice                       

A.  Using a famous quote.

B.  Beginning with a unique scenario.

C.  Asking a question.

D.  Beginning with an interesting observation. Examples.

1.   Have you ever imagined what would happen if children were allowed to choose whether to go to school or not?

2. It's the end of spring, the beginning of summer. Hurray! Holidays are ahead! But the pupils of senior grades are not sleeping well these days. Do you really think they are afraid of parting with the beloved school of theirs?

3. It is the middle of the twenty-first century. An ordinary working day. It's eight o'clock in the morning. It may seem to be rather strange but mother is still in bed. Father is not at work just as well.  You are mistaken if you think they both are on a sick leave. And it's not as if the whole family was the greatest lazy-bones. No, quite  on the contrary. The point is that this is the common way of living of all the families. Nowadays children do not go to school. So why aren't they at school? The answer is as simple as the ABC: just every family possesses the whole school in the framework of a computer.

4. "To write a crib or not; that is the question".

b. Think of some possible ways of writing a hook sentence for the essay ``School Uniform: For or Against?``

4. Вправа для розвитку вмінь складання плану

Write a general and a specific outline for the essay                                                          ``The School Uniform Question``.                                               

(Складіть простий (розгорнутий) план ece)

I. Introduction

Paragraph 1 - The author's point of view.

II. Body

Paragraph 2 - Topic sentence:

Paragraph 3 - Topic sentence:

Paragraph 4 - Topic sentence:

Paragraph 5 - Counterargument and providing that it's wrong:

III. Conclusion (paragraph 6)

Отже, запропоновані нами  вправи для навчання написання аргументованого твору старшокласниками у межах теми "Schooling" (Шкільне життя») можуть бути використані і при навчанні написання цього виду творчого писемного мовлення з інших тем, рекомендованих для засвоєння у старших класах середньої загальноосвітньої школи Програмою 2017 р.

Source: the book ``Great Essays`` by Keith S., Folse A.