Методичні рекомендації щодо

викладання англійської мови

для профільного

(біологічного)  рівня

для вчителів та учнів старшої школи

Ч.І

Даний посібник містить додаткові матеріали  уроків для учнів старших  класів. Розробка адресована широкому учительському загалу – від  студентів до  учителів – практикантів , а також усім тим , хто цікавиться англійською мовою і культурою.

 

Автор посібника: Фомюк Л.С. – Вчитель Комінтернівського НВК «ЗОШ І – ІІІ ступенів – гімназія», спеціаліст вищої категорії.

 

 

TOPIC” PERSONALITY.  History of Biology.”

WHAT MAKES A PERSONALITY?

If I am asked what makes a personality, I would say without hesitation, no one can define it exactly. Nevertheless, I’ll try to share my personal ideas with you. To begin with, I must say our world is so large. There are so many people in the world, and each human being is a personality, a unique individuality. One cannot find two similar people. I think your image, your dress, hairstyle, your figure and your face play an important role. I am sure the most possible way to show your unique personality is to have different clothes, hairstyle and make-up. This way to show that you are unlike the others and make everyone pay attention to you. But we shouldn’t forget that the inner world of the person, his manner and character are even more important to the community.

Another factor that makes a personality is education. It helps people be more cultured, have richer outlook, know the surrounding world better. It’s my personal belief that hard work is the first and the foremost thing that makes a personality. Even a man who is extremely talented should work hard to develop his abilities.

One more point that should be mentioned is that leisure is also an essential part of one’s life. I can’t but mention Reynold’s words: “The real character of man is found out by his amusements”. It is really true because some people do something both helpful and interesting while others can simply waste their time or even do some damage.

It’s not a secret that a person spends a lot of time with his friends. Usually friends share ideas, opinions; they listen to the same music and have much in common. Communicating with other people means learning something and following in some way other people’s advice and wisdom.

To sum everything up, I’d like to say that lots of various factors influence the personality. Don’t forget there are no ideal people! And if you want to keep in touch with the world you should try to change yourself in order to become a perfect personality.

DICTIONARY

ability - power, cleverness, talent

amusement – something that makes time pass pleasantly

damage – harm or injury that causes loss of value

figure - person

hesitation - state of hesitating

human – of man or mankind

leisure – spare time

personality – state of being a person

share - divide

surrounding – which is around about

wisdom – quality of being wise

 

Exercises

1. Answer the questions

1. Why do you think what you can’t find two similar people?
2. What another factors makes a personality?
3. How does person spend a lot of time?
4. How do you understand the Reynold’s words?
5. Are you a personality? What do your friends and parents think of you? What do you like to improve in your character?

2. Make up Mind – Map on the topic “Personality”.

III.Write down why people are famous and important?

PERSONALITY QUIZ

Exercises

1. Name well – known scientists and describe them as a personality.
2. Tell about yourself using tests.

 

ARE YOU A GOOD SON OR DAUGТER?

Answer the questions and find out if you are a good child of your parents.

	Yes(V)	No(X)
1) Do you know when your mother’s (father’s) birthday is?
2) Are you always polite and kind with your parents?
3) Do you lay the table?
4) Do you clean your room?
5) Do you go shopping?
6) Do you wash the dishes?
7) Do you make your bed?
8) Do you air your room?
9) Do you feed your pet?
10) Do you do washing?
11) Do you sometimes buy flowers to your mother?
12) Do you sometimes give presents to your mother?
13) Do you usually help your father to fix the furniture?

 

Add one point for each «Yes " answer. Now look at your score.

11- 13 points. You are a very good child. Your parents can be proud of you.

7- 10 points. You are a good child. You sometimes help your parents.

4- 6 points. You must try to be better. Try to think of your parents more often.

Less than 4 points. You are a very bad child. I’m sorry for your parents. You never help them.

STUDY HABITS

Try this questionnaire to find out more about how you like to study.

1) When do you like to study?

      a) In the morning.

      b) In the afternoon.

      c) In the evening.

2) How do you like to study?

      a) On your own in silence.

      b) On your own with music.

      c) With lots of people around.

3) When do you think best and write best?

      a) In the morning.

      b) In the afternoon.

      c) In the evening.

4) Do you find you can do different work at different times of the day?

      a) You can read at any time.

      b) You can write essays best before breakfast.

      c) You can think about your reading better in the evening.

5) How long do you study?

      a) Half an hour, then you have a five minutes’ break.

      b) two hours and then you stop and start again later.

      c) Fifteen minutes and then you talk to your friends, then you have   

       another fifteen minutes of study.

6) How do you feel before you begin studying?

      a) You look forward to it because you like new ideas.

      b) You do it because you have to, but you don’t mind.

      c) You feel it is something you have to do, but you don’t like it.

7) How do you feel after you have been studying?

     a) Tired but happy.

     b) Full of ideas energy.

     c) Glad it’s finished because you don’t enjoy it.

8) What helps you relax and study better?

      a) Sports.

      b) Yoga.

      c) Painting or music.

Now compare your answers with the rest of the students. Discuss the best way to study.

WHAT DO YOU THINK OF HOMEWORK?

       Answer the questions and find out what kind of student you are.

1. How often do you do homework?

      a) Always.                                         b) Usually.

      c) Sometimes.                                   d) Never.

2. Do you do homework because…

      a) you enjoy it?                                 b) your parents want you to?

      c) your teacher wants you to?          d) it is necessary?

3. How do you usually feel when you do your homework?

      a) Nervous.                                      b) Bored.

      c) Indifferent.                                   d) Happy.

4. Where do you usually do your homework?

      a) Your bedroom.                           b) Sitting room.

      c) Kitchen.                                      d) School library.

5. When you do homework…

      a) are you concentrated on the task?   b) do you have the radio on?

      c) do you have the TV on?                 d) do you take some breaks?

6. Do you like doing your homework…

     a) alone?                                              b) with a friend?

     c) with some friends?                         d) with your parents?

7. How important is doing homework?

     a) Very important.                              b) Quite important.

     c) Not very important.                        d) I don’t know.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
a	3	3	0	2	3	3	3
b	2	1	0	1	1	1	2
c	1	1	2	0	0	0	0
d	0	2	3	3	2	1	1

5

21- 16 points. You are a very good student. You work hard. You think that school is important for your future life and profession.

15- 9 points. You do not work very hard, but you are not lazy. You go to school just because everybody does.

8- 0 points. You are very lazy. You are sure you don’t need homework and you make a serious mistake. You’d better change your thoughts about school or it’ll be late.

ARE YOU ADVENTUROUS?

	Yes	No
1. Have you ever been to a concert?
2. Have you eaten a Chinese food?
3. Have you ever been skiing?
4. Have you been to a party recently?
5. Have you read any books recently?
6. Have you ever been to the theatre?
7. Have you ever been to the cinema recently?
8. Have you made any new friends recently?
9. Have you ever been riding a bike?
10. Have you ever been horseriding?

You answered "yes" to 2 or less questions. Oh dear! You’ve got 1 or 2 hobbies but you aren’t interested in new things. Perhaps you watch too much television. Be careful… or you’ll become boring!

You answered "yes" to 3-6 questions. Not bad! You quite like new things. If you answered «no" to questions 5 or 6, your interests are a bit limited. You may be shy. Perhaps you aren’t adventurous enough!

You answered "yes" to 7 or more questions. Fantastic! You like new things. You don’t like sitting at home and watching TV. You like trying new sports and meeting different people. You’re a very adventurous person!

WHAT CHARACTER DO YOU HAVE?

Answer the questions and find out the results.

1. Do you respect friendship?

Yes. (1)   No. (0)

2. Do you like new things?

Yes. (0)   No. (1)

3. Do you like old clothes more than the new ones?

Yes. (1)   No. (0)

4. Did you change your mind about future profession more than three times?

Yes. (0)   No. (1)

5. Do you lose your confidence when you have to solve a difficult problem?

Yes. (0)   No. (1)

6. Do you collect anything?

Yes. (1)   No. (0)

7. Do you often change your plants at the last moment?

Yes. (0)   No. (1)

6 -7 points. You make troubles to your parents, teachers and friends very seldom.

3 – 5 points. Your mood and character change quickly. Don’t forget that you will be successful only if you are insistent.

0 -2 points. Attention! You should trust your parents more and try to find friends among the people near you.

ARE YOU A LONER?

Answer the questions and find out a result.

1. Where do you think is the best place to live?

    a) In the town centre.                                     b) In a suburb.

    c) In the country, but quite near a town.       d) Right out in the country.

2. it’s your birthday. Do you:

    a) Have a big party.                                       b) Meet a few friends for a drink.

    c) Go out for a meal with a close friend.      d) Go to bed with a good book.

3. Which kind of holiday would you enjoy the most?

    a) Staying at a busy seaside town with lots to do in the evening.

    b) Driving and camping with a group of friends.

    c) A quite stay in the country with your family.

    d) Going off alone on a walking holiday.

4. A friend invites you to a party. You go, and find you don’t know any of the other guests. Do you:

    a) Make lots of new friends.                       b) Ask your friend to introduce you to a few people.

   c) Stay close to your friend.                        d) Sit in a corner quite happily.

5. You’re alone on New Year’s Eve. How do you feel?

    a) Very lonely.                                           b) A bit lonely.

    c) You don’t really mind.                          d) Pleased.

 6. Would you enjoy any of these? Tick (V) the boxes.

   - eating in a restaurant alone;

   - going on a long journey alone;

   - going swimming alone;

   - going to the cinema;

  - spending a weekend alone at home.

1-5: a=1 b=3 c=5 d=7       6: 1 point for each V

5-13 points. You like being with other people very much. Do you spend any time alone? Other people are a lot of fun – but remember that being alone can be fun too. Try it some time!

14- 23 points. You don’t like a busy life. You like other people, but you also like to keep a little time for yourself.

24-33 points. You are quiet. You like being alone, but you’re happiest with a close friend. Bid parties are not for you. Your motto is "Two’s company – three’s a crowd".

34-41 points. You are a real loner – you would be quite happy living on an island. But don’t forget that there are a lot of other people in the world – and some of them are very interesting.

DICTIONARY

insistent – urgent

to solve – find the answer to

well-balanced – sensible

Keirsey Temperament Sorter

Four temperaments

 David Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato: Artisan

(iconic), Guardian, Idealist, and Rational. Keirsey divided the four temperaments into two categories, each with two types. The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.

• Artisans are observant and pragmatic. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity. Their greatest strength is tactics. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment.  The two roles are as follows:

• Operators are the directive Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is expediting. The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants.
• Entertainers are the informative Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is improvising. The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants.

• Guardians are observant and cooperative. Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistics. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. There are  two  roles  as follows:

• Administrators are the directive Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is regulating. The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants.
• Conservators are the informative Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is supporting. The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants.

• Idealists are introspective and cooperative. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomacy. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring.  Two  roles are as follows:

• Mentors are the directive Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is developing. The attentive Counsellors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants.
• Advocates are the informative Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is mediating. The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants.

• Rationales are introspective and pragmatic. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategy. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. Two roles are as follows:

• Coordinators are the directive Rationales. Their most developed intelligence operation is arranging. The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Field marshals are the two role variants.
• Engineers are the informative Rationales. Their most developed intelligence operation is constructing. The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants.

Understanding the sorter descriptions

Although the descriptions of the individual temperaments and role variants were written as a whole, temperament itself can be understood by comparing it to the rings of a tree.

• The inner ring: abstract versus concrete

According to Keirsey, everyone can engage in both observation and introspection. When people touch objects, watch a basketball game, taste food, or otherwise perceive the world through their five senses, they are observant. When people reflect and focus on their internal world, they are introspective. However, individuals cannot engage in observation and introspection at the same time. The extent to which people are more observant or introspective directly affects their behaviour.

People who are generally observant are more 'down to earth.' They are more concrete in their worldview and tend to focus on practical matters such as food, shelter, and their immediate relationships. People who are generally introspective are more 'head in the clouds.' They are more abstract in their world view and tend to focus on global or theoretical issues such as equality or engineering.

 

• The second ring: cooperative versus pragmatic (utilitarian)

 

Keirsey uses the words cooperative and pragmatic when comparing the differing temperaments. People who are cooperative pay more attention to other people's opinions and are more concerned with doing the right thing. People who are pragmatic pay more attention to their own thoughts or feelings and are more concerned with doing what works. There is no comparable idea of Myers or Jung that corresponds to this dichotomy, so this is a significant difference between Keirsey's work and that of Myers and Jung. This ring, in combination with the inner ring, determines a person's temperament. The pragmatic temperaments are Rationales (pragmatic and abstract) and Artisans (pragmatic and concrete). The cooperative temperaments are Idealists (cooperative and abstract), and Guardians (cooperative and concrete). Neither Myers nor Jung included the concept of temperament in their work.

• The third ring: directive (proactive) versus informative (reactive)

The third ring distinguishes between people who generally communicate by informing others versus people who generally communicate by directing others. Each of the four temperaments is subdivided by this distinction for a result of eight roles. The directive roles are Operators (directive Artisans), Administrators (directive Guardians), Mentors (directive Idealists), and Coordinators (directive Rationales). The informative roles are Entertainers (informative Artisans), Conservators (informative Guardians), Advocates (informative Idealists), and Engineers (informative Rationales).

• The fourth ring: expressive versus attentive

The fourth ring describes how people interact with their environment. Individuals who tend to act before observing are described as expressive, whereas people who tend to observe before acting are described as attentive. Each of the eight categories can be subdivided by this distinction, for a total of 16 role variants.

These 16 role variants correlate to the 16 Myers-Briggs types.

The expressive role variants are Promoters (expressive Operators), Performers

            (expressive Entertainers), Supervisors (expressive Administrators), Providers (expressive  

            Conservators), Teachers (expressive Mentors), Champions (expressive Advocates), Field 

            marshals (expressive Coordinators), and Inventors (expressive Engineers).

          The attentive role variants are Crafters (attentive Operators), Composers (attentive  

      Entertainers), Inspectors (attentive Administrators), Protectors (attentive Conservators), 

      Counsellors (attentive Mentors), Healers (attentive Advocates), Masterminds (attentive

      Coordinators), and Architects (attentive Engineers).

 

DICTIONARY

administrator - person with ability to organize  

advocate - person who speaks in favour of a person or thing  

artisan    - skilled workman in industry or trade, mechanic

composer - person who composes music

conservator - person who loves dramatic art

coordinator - person who coordinates

counsellor - adviser

crafter – those engaged in such an occupation, organized in a guild or union

entertainer – person who entertains

field marshal – army officer of highest rank

guardian  - person who guards

healer - person or thing that heals

idealist - person who pursues ideals

inspector – official who inspects

inventor - person who invents things

mastermind - person with superior intelligence

mentor – wise and trusted adviser and helper

operator  - person who operates or works something

performer - person who performs

promoter – person who supports with money

protector - person who protects

provider - person who provides

rationale – fundamental reason

supervisor - person who supervises

 

 

TOPIC “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION”

Environment and its Changing.

The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of living organism and also on the kind of the environment it lives in.

Physical and biological factors act to make a wide variety of environments in different parts of the world. Conditions are rather constant in some tropical lands and seas, but over much of the Earth the temperature and moisture relations sunlight change markedly with the season.

The life of each plant or animal species is closely connected with the life of plants or animals of other species. No animal lives entirely to itself. On the contrary, each is part of an integrated living community that includes representatives of its kind, many different types of animals and plants of few or many kinds.

Animals and plants are affected by various physical and chemical factors, the most important being sunlight, temperature, water, physical substrate, gases and some others. All the factors mentioned are interrelated and none acts independently.

Sunlight provides energy used by plants in photosynthesis, but it also warm animal environment and animals themselves. Sunlight raises the temperature of water leading to evaporation which in turn results in precipitation of rain and snow.

Water is the solvent for soil nutrients used by plants as food. It is necessity for maintaining animal life and is the medium in which many animals live.

It is interesting to note that attempts to change the weather processes over wide areas have not had much success. However, it is possible to make some changes in the microclimate, that is, in the environment near the organism. Most of the methods used are aimed at changing either the water balance or the heat balance of an area. As these two things are interrelated, a change in one results in a change in the other. For example, the use of greenhouses or different materials to cover the soil changes the heat balance of an area and leads to different requirements for water.

In addition to changing the local climate, one can discover and develop those useful plants and animals that grow best in the given environment, and restrict or destroy those that are harmful. Considerable progress has been made in breeding suitable plants and animals and in this way it is possible to extend the production into areas they have not grown before.

DICTIONARY

destroy – break to pieces

evaporation – disappear, die

heat - hotness

interrelated – come together in mutual relationship

kind – nature, character, class, variety

moisture – liquid in the form of vapour

nutrient  - serving as or providing nourishment

precipitation – fall of rain, sleet, snow or hail

sunlight – light of the sun

 

Exercises

I. Find the pair of words – combinations:

1. Physical and biological factors act to make a wide variety of environments …

2. The Earth the temperature and moisture relations …

3. Animals and plants are affected…

4. Sunlight provides energy used …

5. Water is the solvent for soil nutrients used...

6. . . . Considerable progress has been made….

a) by various physical and chemical factors.

b) by plants in photosynthesis.

c) by plants as food

d) in different parts of the world.

e) in breeding suitable plants and animals

f) sunlight change markedly with the season.

II. Put the missing words into the sentences:

1. The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of …

2. Sunlight provides energy used by plants in photosynthesis, but it also warm animal … and animals themselves.

3. The life of each plant or animal species is closely connected with …of other species.

4. Sunlight raises the temperature of water leading …which in turn results in precipitation of rain and snow.

Plants, Climate and Weather.

Weather is the effect of four forces. They are temperature or heat, moisture or water in the air, wind or air movement and pressure of air. These four factors act together and make weather, although all weather is the result of the action of the Sun, because heat comes from the Sun.

Climate is unchanging weather. Year after year the climate in this or that area is more or less the same. For example, the climate of much of northern and central Africa is hot and dry. Much of Southeast Asia is hot and wet. Northern Europe has clear seasons with long winters. The North and South Poles have cold climates. We think of the climate of these regions as never changing. But there is proof that the climate changes in the long run.

Annual tree rings prove it. Every year a tree grows at least a little. If the is much rain and a long summer, the tree produces a new light line. In cold and dry years, the tree does not grow much and its ring is a thin dark line. There are some very old trees that show that there have been some climatic changes.

The pine trees that grow in the White Mountains of California are some of the oldest living things on Earth. The scientists who study the age of trees from their annual rings have found one 4800 years old tree. This tree is still living and is quite good. Comparing the rings of an older dead tree, the scientists have found out what the climate has been for the last 9000 years.

Furthermore, there are places where dead trees have become stones. The rings of these trees can be studied too. So, scientists know now that the climate really changes but it takes a very long time.

Why is the possible change in climate important to us? What does it mean to us? Scientists tell us we should plan our life for it:

Farmers must develop seeds that can grow in wetter or colder climates; we should plan to build farms in various areas too; we must also be able to move both to other places of the planet and to other planets; we must be able to change ourselves.

DICTIONARY

movement – activity (contrasted with quiet and rest)

pressure – force or influence

proof – testing of whether something is true, is fact

ring - circle

Exercises

1. Answer the questions
   1. How many factors make weather?
   2. What is the weather?
   3. Is climate unchanging weather?
   4. What kind of climate is in Africa, Asia, the North and South Poles?
   5. What produces tree?
   6. What do scientists study?
   7. For what should we plan our life?

 

2. True or false.
   1. Weather is the effect of five forces.
   2. The four factors act together and make weather.
   3. Weather is the result of the action of the Moon.
   4. Climate is changing weather.
   5. Every year a tree grows at least a little.
   6. In cold and dry years tree ring is a think light line.
   7. The climate changes a very long time.

Energy

1. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy comes in many forms. Heat, light, electricity, magnetism, motion are various forms of energy.

2. The most common form of energy is the Sun’s heat and light. We know the Sun’s heat and light is a form of energy because it can do work. It can heat the ocean and evaporate it and lift astronomical quantities of water vapour high into the air.

3. Water vapour falls as rain to the Earth. Rain that falls on high ground flows back to the sea in the form of rives. We know the moving water contains energy. Long ago, people began to use the energy of flowing water that comes from the energy of the sunlight.

4. The sunlight also heats the air. The air nearer the equator gets more heat than the air nearer the poles. The warm bodies of air rise and the cold bodies of air fall, which causes winds all over the world. The winds contain energy. Long ago people started to use the energy of the wind that comes from the energy of the Sun.

5. There are some forms of energy that do not come from the Sun. There is heat inside the Earth. In some places, the hot regions appear quite near the surface of the earth in the form of volcanoes, geysers and hot springs.

6. The most important forms of energy for man, however, are various kinds of chemical energy. Green plants grow in sunlight (provided they also have water and certain chemicals from the air and the soil). The green plants make use of the energy of sunlight and store it in their leaves in the form of certain substances. When these substances are slowly combined with oxygen from the air, a chemical reaction takes that releases energy. It is on this «chemical energy" that the plant lives and grows.

7. Plants are capable to store more energy than they are using. Animals can eat the plants and change the plant chemicals into their own, which they then store in their own body. The energy of animals’ muscles comes from the energy of sunlight. In the process about 80 to 90 per cent of the energy stored in the plants is lost, 10 to 20 per cent being stored in the animal. It takes about seven kilogrammes of plant life to support one kilogramme of animal life.

8. There is always a balance or equilibrium" "equilibrium" between plant and animal life in nature. If animals eat more plants than can be replaced by plant growth, the amount of food for animals grows less. Some animals die and the plants grow better than usual, there being fewer animals to eat them.

9. The total amount of energy is constant. When energy is spent there is as much energy as before, though its form can be changed. All the transformations that are always taking place are only changes of energy from one form into another without affecting the whole. This is the Law of Conservation of Energy discovered by     M. V. Lomonosov, one of the greatest Russian Scientists.

DICTIONARY

equilibrium  - state of being balanced

flowing - rise

vapour – steam, mist

Exercises

1. Open the brackets.

1.Energy (to come) in many forms.

2. Water vapour (to fall) as rain to the Earth.

3. We know the moving water (to contain) energy.

4. The sunlight (to heat) the air.

5. The winds (to contain) energy.

6. Green plants (grow) in sunlight.

7. If animals (to eat) more plants than can (to be to replace) by plant growth.

OUR THREATENED PLANET.CAN IT BE SAVED?

1. Air pollution

About 150 years ago the air was pure and clean. Then people started building factories and many of the things they make, like cars, put a lot of harmful gases into the air. Today the air is so polluted in some places that it’s not always safe to breathe. Many cities around the world have air filled with a pollution called “smog”. This is so strong in some places that the air, which should be a beautiful blue, looks brown. Polluted air is not only bad for people and animals, but for trees and plants, as well. And in some places it’s even damaging farmers’ crops – the food we eat. So it’s very important for us to “clean up our act”, and clean up the air we all breathe.

2. Water pollution

The planet Earth is mostly water. Oceans cover the biggest part of it – and there are lakes, rivers, streams, and even water underground. All life on the Earth – from the littlest bug to the biggest whale – depends on this water. It’s precious. But we are not doing a very good job of keeping water clean. In many places, the water has become polluted. Rivers and lakes are polluted by garbage, or by poisonous chemicals which are dumped right into them. Underground water can be polluted by gasoline or the harmful liquids that seep into the ground. Some fertilizers and pesticides used on farms or lawns leak down through the dirt, too. The ocean, which is a home to so many life forms, has been used as a place to dump garbage and poisonous chemicals for a long time. It’s getting polluted, too. We need to save our water, to keep it clean and healthy so people, plants and animals will always have something to drink. And fish and other creatures will have a place to live.

3. Land pollution

When you throw something away, it goes in a garbage can. Once a week the garbage truck comes and the can is emptied, and that’s the last you see of it. But what do you think happens to the garbage then? Does it just disappear? No away!

Almost all garbage is taken a garbage dump, or landfill, where the garbage truck

empties it onto the ground. After the truck leaves, a big tractor comes along and

pushes dirt on top the garbage. So, most of our garbage is just burled.

Now we are  making so much garbage that in many places, there is not enough room to bury it

all. We have to act fast and cut down the amount of garbage we make. Can we do  it?  You bet!

If we can recycle and recycle we will produce a lot less garbage, and help keep our planet green!

4. Acid Rains

When we look up, we see the clouds and the blue sky. But there are other things in

the sky that we don’t see. Some of these are harmful to the Earth.

When power plants burn coil to make electricity, and when cars burn gasoline,

invisible gases are released into the air.

Some of these gases can mix with water and make it acidic, like lemon juice or

vinegar. Sometimes the gases get into rain clouds, where they get mixed in with

rain or snow. Then the acid falls back to the Earth with the rain or snow. This is

called acid rain.

Acid rain is extremely harmful to plants, rivers and lakes, and the creature that live

in them. In some places it is killing forests. And it pollutes the water that animals

and people need to drink. It’s very important for us to stop making acid rains. One

good way to do that is to drive our cars less. Another good way is to save energy.

The less energy we use, the less coal those power plants will have to burn.

 

5. Disappearing animals

Every day there are more and more people living on the Earth. All these people

need room to live. So they move into places that are already homes for plants and

animals. Forests are cut down, and wild areas are filled with houses and stores.

When people move into a new land, the plants and animals that live there can

become endangered – which means that because there’s no place for them to live,

they begin to disappear. Some even become extinct – which means that they all die

out, and are gone from the Earth forever. We enjoy pictures and stories about the

dinosaurs who lived on the earth many millions of years ago. They’re all extinct

now. That could happen to elephant, zebras, butterflies, robins, or goldfish… or

other animals, if we’re not careful.

6. The Greenhouse Effect

A greenhouse is a building made of glass, where you can grow flowers and other

plants that need a lot of warmth. The sun shines in through the glass and warms the

greenhouse, and the roof and walls keep the heat from getting out.

The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of invisible gases that act just like a

greenhouse. The sun shines in and the blanket of gases traps the heat like a roof,

keeping it close to the planet. That’s good – we can’t live without warmth.

factories, electric power plants and cars are making a lot of new gases. These new

gases are trapping more and more of the sun’s heat. This is called the greenhouse

effect, or global warming.

If the earth’s temperature gets hotter by just a few degrees, it could change the

weather all over the planet in big ways. Places that are warm would become too

hot to live in, and places that grow most of our food could get too hot to grow

crops anymore.

7. The Ozone Hole

Up in the sky, above the air we breathe, there’s a layer of gas called ozone. It helps us by blocking out rays from the sun that can harm our skin, and by letting the rays that are good for us come through. We are lucky to have the ozone to protect us.

Now the ozone layer is being damaged by gases that people have made. The gases are called CFCs and halons. They are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, plastic foam, and some other things.

The CFCs float up to the top of the atmosphere, were the layer of ozone is, and “eat up” the ozone. Scientists are very concerned about the ozone layer, because a lot of it has gone away in just a few years. So it’s very important that we learn to do something about it.

8. E – numbers

E- numbers is a general name for a group of chemical which are added to food sometimes. Usually these kinds of food are made abroad, not in Ukraine. They are much cheaper.

The chemicals of E – number group give the food better color, long time of preservation and better look. They may be dangerous for our health because diseases start if there is a certain quantity of E – numbers in your body. How can you learn if there are E – numbers in the nice western product which you want to buy? Look at the bar code. If you see numbers with E before figures, it means that dangerous chemicals were used to produce the food. Do you need E – numbers in your body? Then buy the foreign products with them.

 

ECO - BABBLE

Acid rain – when harmful gases from cars and power plants are released into the air and fall back to the Earth with rain or snow.

CFCs – short for chloro-fluro-carbons (gases used in refrigerators).

Carbon dioxide – a gas produced when animals breathe out or any material containing carbon is burned.

Gethermal – using the energy from natural steam to produce electricity.

Global warming – an increase in the Earth’s temperature, caused by a build – up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Landfill – a place where garbage is buried underground.

Organic – made up of plant or animal materials. Oxygen.

Poachers – people who catch fish or kill game illegally.

Recycle – to use over and over again.

Solar energy – energy that comes from the sun.

Smog – brown air pollution that comes from cars and factories; it makes the air unsafe for people, animals and plants to breathe.

Toxic – another word for poison.

Greenhouse effect – when gases from factories, electric power plants and cars trap the sun’s heat and warm up the Earth.

Rainforests – tropical evergreen woodlands that receive at least 100 inches of rain a year.

Fertilizer – anything from compost to cow manure that helps plants grow.

Ozone layer – a layer of gas high in the sky which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun that cause skin cancer and crop damage.

Atmosphere – the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

Ecology – the study of organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem – a community of plants and animals living together.

Wastewater – water carrying dissolved or floating solids from homes, farms, business or industries.

DICTIONARY

acid  - sour, sharp to the taste

blanket – thick, woolen covering as used on beds

bug – small, flat, blood-sucking insect that infests dirty houses and beds.

crop – agricultural plants in the fields

dump – poorly cared for, dirty or ugly place

endanger – put in danger

fertilizer – chemical plant food

poisonous – causing death or injury, hurting the feelings

whale – kinds of very large sea-animal some of which are hunted for their oil and  flesh

Exercises

1. Speak about problems of our threatened planet?

 

2. Work in the pair. Make the dialogues.
3. It's always good to be aware of certain environmental concerns. We all live on this planet and have to take care of it. Here's an exercise to help you practice talking/writing about the environment and some of the problems that many of us face every day. 

1. One of the basic human requirements is clean ________ water.
    a) drinking
    b) to drink

2. The gradual increase in the Earth's temperature (warmer weather) and the temperature of the oceans is known as "global ________." 
    a) warmth
    b) warming

3. Global warming is seen by many as a ________ to humanity. 
    a) threat
    b) treat

4. What are the giant masses of ice located near the North Pole and in Antarctica called? 
   a) ice picks
   b) icebergs

5. Many people are concerned about how many forests are destroyed or ________ every year.
    a) cut down
    b) cut-off

6. Forests, farmland, and oceans are known as "natural ________".
    a) research
    b) resources

7. Human beings create a lot of ________. ( = waste) This ________ is often stored in places called "landfills".
    a) recycling
    b) garbage

8. One way to reduce the amount of garbage is by ________. This way, a plastic bottle can be melted to create other plastic bottles, a glass bottle can be used to make other glass bottles, etc. 
    a) resizing
    b) recycling

9. When you recycle, you have to ___  paper, plastic, and other types of garbage.
    a) separate
    b) sever
10. To use something again = To ________ something 
    a) refuse
    b) reuse

TOPIC”SPORT”

Heat stress and sport - reducing the risks

Summary

Heat and sport or physical activity (exercise) can be a dangerous combination. Heat stress occurs when sweat can't evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool. Symptoms include muscle cramps and headache. You can prevent heat stress during sport by drinking plenty of fluids, taking frequent rest breaks and avoiding exercise during the hottest part of the day. The human body generates about 100 watts from internal metabolic processes, but this can escalate to 1,000 watts during heavy exercise. A watt is the unit of power or energy expenditure per second. Keeping a constant temperature of around 37°C is vital. To lose heat and maintain core temperature, blood vessels in the skin expand and bring body heat to the skin surface. Perspiration floods out of sweat glands and evaporates from the skin to cool the body.

Heat stress occurs when sweat can’t evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool. Many of the symptoms occur as a result of excessive loss of body salts and water.
At rest and in comfortable temperatures, a person sweats about two liters of fluid every 24 hours. During hot weather (35°C), this fluid loss can leap to around 10 liters over the same time period. Exercising in hot weather accelerates fluid loss even more.

Symptoms
The symptoms of heat stress include:

• Deterioration in sporting performance
• Muscle cramps
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Vomiting.

If the symptoms are ignored and left untreated, it can lead to a life-threatening complication known as heat stroke. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to dehydration and heat stress.

Safety suggestions
Suggestions to prevent heat stress during exercise include:

• Fitness - a physically fit body is better able to manage the stresses of sport.
• Acclimatisation - keep up an exercise program during the cooler months, so that your body is prepared for sport during summer.
• Avoid the hottest part of the day - start sporting activities before 9am or after 6pm during summer, and try to avoid sport or exercise between 11am and 3pm.
• Clothing - wear loose, light-coloured and comfortable clothes made from natural fibres. Wear a visor or hat.
• Fluids - drink at least half a litre of fluids in the two hours before exercising. During your sport, aim to drink about 200ml every 20 minutes or so. Choose a specially formulated sports drink if your sporting event goes for more than an hour. After the game, drink around half a litre of water.
• Alcohol - alcohol dehydrates the body, so avoid drinking any alcohol for at least one day before playing sport.
• Rest breaks - frequent breaks in the shade allow the body to cool down.
• Check for symptoms - be alert for the symptoms of heat stress or dehydration.

Calculating your fluid requirement.
To work out how much water on average you need to drink, weigh yourself before and after your game. A loss of one kilogram equals a loss of one litre of fluids. If you find you have lost weight after your game, try to increase your fluid intake next time.
Managing heat stress
Suggestions to treat heat stress include:

• Rest in a cool, shaded place.
• Remove excess clothing.
• Drink plenty of liquids, either cool water or diluted sports drink.
• Sponge the body with tepid water and fan to promote evaporation.
• Don’t douse the body with cold water or ice, as this will encourage the blood vessels in the skin to constrict and retain body heat.
• Seek medical assistance.
• If the person is confused, unconscious or has trouble breathing, call an ambulance immediately.

Things to remember :

• Heat stress occurs when sweat can’t evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool.
• Symptoms include muscle cramps, deterioration in sporting performance, headache and dizziness.
• Suggestions to prevent dehydration and heat stress during sporting activities include drinking plenty of fluids before, during and after the game, avoiding the hottest parts of the day, and taking frequent rest breaks.

DICTIONARY

deterioration – make or become of less value

dilute – make (a liquid or colour) weaker or thinner

dizziness – causing such a feeling

evaporate – change into vapour, disappear

fluid – able to flow (as gases and liquids do)

muscle cramp – elastic substance in an animal body that can be tightened or loosened to produce movement

nausea – feeling of sickness or disgust

perspiration - sweat

shade – darker part of a picture

tepid - lukewarm

vomit – bring back from the stomach through the mouth.

 

Exercises

1. Write in play, go, or do.

_____ tennis         ______  athletics      ______football

_____ exercises    ______ volleyball    ______fishing

_____ jogging      ______ aerobics       ______skiing

 

2. Arrange these words to make sentences.

1.  go    never   I    almost    fishing.
2.  always   they  tennis  the   at  play  weekends.   
3.  go  do  often  jogging  how  you ?
4.  every do  we day  exercises  morning.
5. do on  you  what usually Saturdays  do?

3. Complete this conversation.

       Write the prepositions in the correct places.

– What time do you go in for sport?  (around/in/on)

– I always go seven o’clock.   (at/for/on)

How about you?

– I usually go noon.   (around/in/with). I play games about an hour.   (at/for/until)

– And do you also play sports your free time?   (at/in/until)

– Not very often. I usually go out my classmates in my free time.   (around/for/with)

What about you?

– I go to the gym Mondays and Wednesdays.   (at/on/until)

And sometimes I go bicycling weekends.   (for/in/at)

– Wow! You really like to keep fit.

Questions about Fitness Article

Quick Exercises for the Heart

The heart is considered one of the most important organs in the body. Without the heart, you have no life. For people who have very little time in their lives to pursue a physical fitness program, there are many options they have to get the necessary exercise to keep their heart strong and healthy. In this article, you will find many quick exercise suggestions for a strong and healthy heart. Remember, before starting any new exercise regime, you should contact your doctor and express your goals. They will be able to work with you closely to ensure that you are performing healthy exercises that will benefit you.

One of the first quick exercises that you can perform in order to strengthen and maintain your heart is to take a walk. The walk should not be one done at leisure. You should ensure that the walk is fast paced. If you are just starting out, it is important that you start out slowly and work yourself up to a more brisk walk. Walking at a fast pace will ensure that you get your blood pumping and that the heart is receiving a good workout.

The next thing that you can do to increase the strength of your heart is to perform step aerobics. A safe alternative to this type of exercise is walking up and down stairs, or steps. It is important that you do this exercise safely. The results of this exercise will not only strengthen your heart, but it will also tone muscles and make you feel great!

Swimming is a wonderful exercise for the heart. You can swim in a pool, a lake, a pond, a river, or an ocean. The workout from a good swim is extremely beneficial and you are sure to feel the benefits of swimming almost instantly. It is important to maintain safe practices when swimming. Do not swim immediately after you have consumed a meal. Do not perform swimming exercises unless you are completely comfortable in the water. Do not swim where there are no lifeguards if you are alone. If possible, do not swim alone at all. Accidents can happen even with the best swimmer. Be sure to take the proper precautions in order to ensure your safety.

Dancing is an exercise that many people perform that is wonderful for the heart and many other things in the body. Dancing can help you tone your muscles, burn fat, increase metabolism and feel great. Many people enjoy this particular exercise because it is entertaining.  There are many exercises that a person can perform that are quick and easy to improve the health of their heart. Before starting any exercise program, it is important to let a medical professional know the goals that you wish to accomplish so that they may work closely with you to ensure that these goals are met.

DICTIONARY

blood pumping – red liquid flowing throughout the body

fast pace – not easily moved single step in walking or running

heart – that part of body which pumps blood

increase metabolism -  make greater process by which living matter is broken down into simple substances.

physical fitness – of thing that are known through the senses

tone muscles – normal condition of elastic substance in a body that can be loosened to produce movement.

Exercises

1.  Match the sports and the places and use them in the sentences.

 

     Swimming                                         Court

      Ice hockey                                        Stadium

     Athletics                                            Pool

     Roller skating                                    Gym

     Tennis                                               Skating-rink

     Water skiing                                      Street

      Football                                            River/Sea

     Basketball                                         Pitch

    Gymnastics                                        Field

     Golf

 

2. Make up the dialogue.