Методичні рекомендації щодо

викладання англійської мови

для профільного

(біологічного)  рівня

для вчителів та учнів старшої школи

Ч.ІІ

Даний посібник містить додаткові матеріали  уроків для учнів старших  класів. Розробка адресована широкому учительському загалу – від  студентів до  учителів – практикантів , а також усім тим , хто цікавиться англійською мовою і культурою.

 

Автор посібника: Фомюк Л.С. – Вчитель Комінтернівського НВК «ЗОШ І – ІІІ ступенів – гімназія», спеціаліст вищої категорії.

 

TOPIC “FOOD and HEALTH”

No food after six p m

It is the motto of those people who ate crazy about getting slender and slimmer. They do a lot of things in order to lost weight and they deprive themselves of food and so on and so forth. They are possessed with this idea and they believe in every single piece of advice they hear and they never think over this advice. Though, were they more attentive and were they training their brains better than they train their bodies they would ask a doctor about this rule. And that is what doctors say. They say it doesn’t matter what tine it is in case you want eat. See, there is the quantity of calories people need during a day and those ate important for people and for their bodies. In case a person failed to eat the necessary quantity during a day there is nothing wrong in eating after six p m. This eating will be just common supply with calories your body really need. Time is not a big deal in case your body is in lack of calories. So, people can eat whenever they want to, they just have to care about they never fall asleep with full stomach.

Eat for living

It is food we need in order to provide our body with the whole necessary stuff and there is no way for us to survive without food. Sure, people say that mental is of greater importance but so it happened that there is no mental without our physical body. And the physical body needs the real food. That is why we need food – it provides our body with stuff it needs and there is no another value in food. There are people who are crazy about food and they spend a fortune for eating and as a result they ruin both – mental and physical. It is wrong to recognize eating as the religion for life but it is not a rare case for people. And people should also care much about things they eat

because the food makes us. We are what we eat and in case you let the poison in your body with

 food it will never bring you good and you will get more harm and less of eating. Food makes our body and so we need to care about this material we build our bodies of. It is the material we are and that is why it is important to know about the culture of eating.

Others may not even realize

What does the soul need to be nourished? Religion, nature or music can be food for the soul. In time where people are busy and overloaded with their work, bills and other responsibilities, the soul sometimes are forgotten. Others may not even realize that nourishing their soul is an important part of being healthy. What is considered food? It can be whatever lights up the mind and the heart. For some people, food for the soul implies something gooey and yummy while others see it as nutritional nourishment. Religion has been a comfort for many people for a long time. It is an absolution that people can rely on and believe in. Religion can fill up a person’s heart and soul. It could mean going to Sunday service or just taking a couple of minutes to pray and be one with their God is often great food for the soul. Getting out and enjoying nature is a wonderful way to replenish your soul. Taking a walk on the beach or in the woods, hugging a tree or watching birds or even just sitting out in your backyard could be a perfect way to reenergize your batteries. It is easy to get caught up and stay in the office all day; just a trip outside to appreciate some fresh air and sunshine could add a lift to your day. Whatever the activity or outlet you may think of, find something that you find uplifting and nourishing to your spirit.

The number of food intakes

Very often, the various recommendations of the weight loss occur this: “Eat small portions, but often.” Only one phrase among invisible flow councils, many of whom we remember them. Here we ignore it by ear, arguing as follows: “a small portion is not enough to be satisfied! Already better to eat 1-2 times a day, but more thoroughly. Daily total calories remain the same”
So, here is the mystery, which dieticians not find let us know: a break between meals should not exceed 5 hours! Until then, our stomachs should wake up and get food. And not even the essence of important fatty foods or dietary, just our bodies should know that the food is, it comes regularly, so accumulate fat “store” is not necessary.
And how do we, having received such a valuable indication of our dear nutritionists? We try to have as sparingly as possible; happy, if due to a lack of appetite or urgent cases skip lunch, or find the strength to give up the dinner because someone voiced the thesis: “after 18 hours is impossible and even dinner should give the enemy».
As in, such a situation comes our body? After 5 hours of “idle” stomach begins to beat all the bells and, in the thwarted feelings cable body: “Hunger is! Of course, in people with normal metabolism of such problems do not occur, but for people inclined to fat, the circumstances must be treated with due respect to the vagaries of the organism.

DICTIONARY

appetite – physical desire for food

brain – the mass of soft grey matter in the head

dietician – person who tell about sort of food which a man is limited

hunger – need, desire for food

mind – what a person thinks or feels

soul – non – material part of a human

stomach – part of the alimentary canal into which food passes to be digested

stuff – substance of which something is made or which may be used for some purpose

supply – give or provide

weight – force with which a body tends towards the centre of the earth.

Exercises

TEST                                                               

                   What's your outlook on life?

•   Adolescence is often compared to springtime, when life explodes into blossom.
•  But when you're living through your teenage years, as you are, how do you look at life?
• 1. In the morning when you wake up clouds. You think:
•        a) bad weather makes me feel sad;
•        b) just like they said in the weather forecast;
•        c) when the clouds clear it'll be lovely;
•        d) every cloud has a silver lining.
• 2. What effect does the sun have on you?
•        a) it makes you feel more active;
•        b) it means good things are going to happen;
•        c) you feel full of joy;
•        d) it makes you feel fine.
•  3. What effect does the rain have on you?
•         a) it helps you think;
•         b) it means you can show off your umbrella;
•         c) you feel sad;
•         d)you think a certain amount of rain is always necessary.
• 4. At school you're faced with a problem. You immediately think
•        a)  that there must be a solution, but you predict the worst;
•        b) that it'll be difficult, but in the end it'll work out OK;
•        c)  that the outcome will be a positive one;
•        d) that just facing up to a problem is already half the battle.
• 5. Your future is still a mystery
•       a) and so you always try to avoid the subject;
•       b) which in general you look at through rose-coloured glasses;
•       c) and you're scared;
•       d) which you imagine will be fantastic and colourful.
• 6. People around you are always asking you to do things for them
•      a) but you only do what you can;
•      b) because they know they'll always get a positive response;
•      c) but you never feel you can do much to help them;
•      d) and you always lend a hand.
• 7. People could say
•      a) that you can always see the positive side of things;
•      b) that you're hardly ever angry;
•      c) that you're a loner, and a bit cold;
•      d) that you know what you want and show it.
• 8. You know that your friends are organising a get-together
•       a) and you want to be there, so you go along;
•       b) and that they can't do without you;
•       c) and you're sure they'll invite you;
•       d) and you know they won't tell you anything.
• 9. For some unexpected reason, you have to stay in bed for a month
•       a) you're sure people won't forget about you;
•       b) it'll be terrible - one month alone!
•      c) you can count on your friends' company;
•      d) when you feel lonely, you can invite someone round.
• 10. You have a ticket for a show
•      a) you are sure you’ll have a great time;
•      b) you don’t think you’ll have a very good seat;
•      c) you think you should change it;
•      d) you hope you’ll have a good view.

 

  Mark the letters which correspond to your answers in the table below. Your profile corresponds to the line where you have ticked off at least 7 letters. If you don’t have 7 on any of the lines, read the profiles for the 2 lines you answered most on and see if you recognise yourself.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

You look on the line

A

D

C

A

A

C

C

D

B

B

With difficulty

B

A

D

B

C

A

D

A

D

C

With realism

C

B

A

C

B

D

B

C

A

D

With trust

D

C

B

D

D

B

A

B

C

A

With joy

With Difficulty You're a bit too pessimistic and anxious to look at life serenely. You probably haven't accepted fully the sort of person you really are. Try to love the things you already like about yourself a bit more, and accept those things you like less. Then, other people will see you differently, and you’ll be happier and more accepted by them.

With Realism You want to live in a state of well-being and tend to avoid situations which might disturb you. You accept reality and adapt yourself easily to things that can't be changed. You don't give in to events but try to do your best to feel as good as possible. The most important thing for you is to live the present moment to the full.

With Trust You have an optimistic vision of yourself and the world around you. You believe that a solution can be found to every problem. You think it's useless to worry and that it takes up too much energy. You can keep your state of mind balanced and your company is enjoyable, probably because you’re always straight-forward and not too fussy.

With Joy You have a cheerful personality and are very well-balanced, even if other people think you're a little superficial. Don't over-estimate the riches of feelings and ideas in you, but remember that they're also present in the people around you. Other people enjoy your company because you entertain them; but it would be a good idea to learn how to encourage them, too.

British Food is Bad – Myth or Reality?

That British food is bad has long been the butt of jokes for its supposed poor food, lack of imagination, stodgy puddings and weak tea. Not anymore. By exploding some of the myths surrounding it you’ll discover – British food rules! With a history of wartime rationing, industrialization and now, the dominating giant supermarkets it is no surprise where the false impression of British food comes from. Like anywhere else in the world, there is good and bad. French ex-President Jacques Chirac’s comment “One cannot trust people whose cuisine is so bad” may have been his personal view on British food; in response, I have even found bad food in France (sacre bleu). The delusion that our food is bad comes from misconceiving what passes off for British food, not what British food is.  British food is flooded with other goods; meats, cheeses, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, breads, fresh fish and seafood. The repertoire of British food includes glorious puddings, pies, pasties, breads, soups, stews and who was it that invented the sandwich and where else will you find a delicious Afternoon Tea?

British food is also diverse. It has encompassed and absorbed the food of many other cultures.
The British only eat carrots, peas, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. In British food it’s hard to find a decent restaurant and pubs have all but disappeared.  It may have been true 30 years ago, British restaurants consisted of mainly steak houses with the ubiquitous steak, chips and onion rings but thankfully those days are long gone fro British food. And it’s not just in London.
The British eat dinner at lunch, have tea instead of dinner and eat supper at bedtime.

Exercises

1. Answer the questions.

1. What is the main English food?
2. What do they call “simple food”?
3. What is peculiar about puddings?
4. What is peculiar about breakfast?

2.  Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below.
     to      at      down      of      for      out      in      up

1. I asked ……… the menu.
2. I like to eat ……… .
3. He took ……… my order.
4. I prefer a simple café ……… a big restaurant.
5. I like to go ……… self-service places.
6. Let’s invite the Smiths ……… dinner.
7. I looked ……… the menu.
8. I’m very fond ……… Chinese food.
9. Could you help me set ……… the plates?
10. Put the used cutlery ……… the sink.
11. I’ll wash them ……… later.
12. Peas, courgettes, aubergines and cucumbers are all the same colour.

3. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage.

Recipe menu fast food

take-away eat out waiter

dish snack bill

tip cookery books ingredients

  I’m a terrible cook. I’ve tried hard but it’s no use. I’ve got lots of (a)…………………, I choose a (b)………………… I want to cook, I read the (c)…………………, I prepare all the necessary (d)………………… and follow the instructions. But the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick (e)…………………. So I often (f)………………….
  I don’t like grand restaurants. It’s not the expense, it’s just that I don’t feel at ease in them. First the (g)………………… gives me a (h)………………… which I can’t understand because it’s complicated and has lots of foreign words. At the end of the meal when I pay the (i)………………… I never know how much to leave as a (j)…………………. I prefer (k)………………… places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once and sit down and eat straightaway. And I like (l)………………… where you buy a meal in a special container and take it home.

DICTIONARY

snack – light food

take-away – take out of a restaurant to eat at home

Too much bacon ‘bad for lungs’

Eating large quantities of cured meats like bacon could damage lung function and increase the risk of lung disease.   A Columbia University team found people who ate cured meats at least 14 times a month were more likely to have COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, kills around 30,000 people in the UK each year.   The report, in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, said nitrites in meat may be to blame.   However, the overall risk of developing COPD remains low.   Dr Ruiz Jiang, leading the research, said high levels of nitrites are used in cured meats such as bacon as  anti-bacterial agents and colour fixatives.   He said reactive nitrogen species, molecules that can damage body tissues, might be the key.     He said: “Nitrites generate reactive nitrogen species that may cause damage to the lungs, producing structural changes resembling emphysema.” COPD risk The researchers looked at 7,352 American individuals who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994. They compared the results of lung function tests and the risks of developing COPD in participants and found those who ate the meats more often had worse lung function and were more likely to have COPD. COPD is a term used for a number of conditions, and results from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two inflammatory lung diseases.  It leads to damaged airways in the lungs making breathing more difficult, and is a major cause of disability and death. Diet ‘not to blame’ The researchers also found individuals who consumed cured meats frequently were more likely to be male and of a lower socio-economic status, and to smoke, than those who never consumed cured meats.  They also often had lower intakes of vitamin C, fish, fruits and vegetables, and higher energy intakes. Yet they concluded these factors were not to blame for the effects on lungs. Dr Jiang said: “Adjustment for these factors in our analyses did not appreciably change our findings.” He said the link between cured meats and lung function was therefore unlikely to be explained by these other dietary factors.  He called for more studies of high dietary nitrite intake to assess whether it is a risk factor in the development of COPD. COPD kills around 30,000 people in the UK every year. DICTIONARY Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cure – substance or treatment which cures disability – disqualifies a person disease - illness lung – either of the two organs in the chest of man nitrites – chemical salt tissue – mass of cells and cell-products in an animal body   Exercises   Write irregular verbs make up your sentences.   Put the sentences into chronological order according to the text. 1.  COPD is a term used for a number of conditions, and results from chronic   Bronchitis and emphysema, two inflammatory lung diseases             2. COPD kills around 30,000 people in the UK every year. 3. COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4. The overall risk of developing COPD remains low. 5. It leads to damaged airways in the lungs making breathing more difficult, and is a major cause of disability and death.   Speak about Dr. Ruiz Jiang’s research.     Way Too Fat   Can your Dentist help you lose weight?   The spin on this piece below is that the bacteria will not make your fat: that’s what calories do. But maybe these bacteria could make processing food more difficult; or allow people with the bacteria to get into the starvation reflex easier. Or, fat people are so busy eating that their mouths are fertile ground for this bacteria.     Summary of Study In order to measure the salivary bacterial populations of overweight women, samples were collected from 313 women with a body mass index between 27 and 32 (classifying them as overweight). Using DNA analysis, the researchers measured the bacterial populations of this group and compared it with historical data from 232 individuals that were not overweight. Significant differences in seven of the 40 species studied occurred in the salivary bacteria of subjects in the overweight group. In addition, more than 98 percent of the overweight women could be identified by the presence of a single bacterial species, called Selenomanas anoxia, at levels greater than 1.05 percent of the total salivary bacteria. These data are suggested that the composition of salivary bacteria changes in overweight women. It seems likely that these bacterial species could serve as indicators of a developing overweight condition and possibly be related to the underlying causation. Dr. Goodson noted that the reasons for a relationship between obesity and oral bacteria are likely complex. The observed relationship may be circumstantial as being related to diet or opportunistic due to metabolic changes. In the next phase of this research, Dr. Goodson plans to further examine this relationship by initially conducting a controlled cohort study to see if this initial observation can be reproduced. In addition, he hopes to conduct longitudinal studies in children to see if oral infection relates to weight gain. Ultimately, the development of strategies to eliminate specific oral bacteria would be required to provide definitive evidence that certain oral bacteria may be responsible for weight gain. DICTIONARY bacteria – smallest and simplest form of plant life obesity  - being obese oral – of the mouth salivary – producing saliva Exercises Put prepositions where necessary 1. Allow people ...  the bacteria to get ...  the starvation reflex easier. 2. Fat people are so busy eating that their mouths are fertile ground  ...  this bacteria.                               3. Samples were collected … 313 women with a body mass index                                …  27 and 32.                     4. The researchers measured the bacterial populations … this group and                     compared it … historical data … 232 individuals that were not overweight. 5. More than 98 percent …  the overweight women could be identified …  the presence …  a single bacterial species. 6. Dr. Goodson plans to further examine this relationship … initially conducting a controlled cohort study to see. WHY IS DIETING SO POPULAR? The market is flooded with images of perfectly sculpted bodies, airbrushed figures, and flawless features. From magazine ads to cosmetics packaging, Americans are constantly told by the media that perfection is obtainable. In addition, increasing health threats aided by obesity puts more pressure on Americans to lose weight and avoid these health threats. A combination of these pressures forces people to spend hundreds of dollars on quick-fix diets to lose weight and improve their health as quickly as possible with minimal effort. DIET PILLS Every diet pill claims to be the best and claims that you can effortlessly shed the pounds once and for all. Every diet pill works differently, but there are four main types of diet pills on the market: those that suppress appetite with an amphetamine-like effect, a second type of appetite suppressant which triggers your brain to desire to eat less, a third which prevents the absorption of fats into your body, and fourth are pills which aid in digestion and food processing. Many diet pills can be extremely unsafe and hazardous to your health, and always require research before purchasing. So how do you know which diet pill to choose?  Always look at a full list of ingredients and research any unfamiliar products in the pill. Also, don’t be fooled by ‘all natural’ diet pills – just because the pill is made from all natural products does not necessarily mean it’s completely safe. Always consult a physician before purchasing a new diet pill, and always ask for him or her for recommendations. If the product sounds too good to be true, it most likely is. FAD DIETS Much like diet pills, fad diets are everywhere. From Atkins to the Grapefruit Diet, fad diets have covered an entire spectrum of weight management. Everyone wants a diet that is easy and doesn’t interfere with their daily lives, but also they want one that works. Too often do people start a fad diet and end up gaining back the weight that they lost, if not more, after stopping the diet plan. So how do you choose the right diet for you? Sometimes, simply watching your calorie intake and increasing your activity can prove effective. If that doesn’t work, look for diets that allow you to eat foods that are nutrient-rich and lean. Diets that make you starve yourself are never a good idea, and most of those diets are the ones that will cause you to gain excess weight back after you stop the diet. Jim Mackey is a renowned dietitian. He has been advising people on how to maintain a proper diet and how to lose those extra calories. DICTIONARY   absorption - absorbing calorie – unit of energy supplied by food digestion – person’s ability to digest food nutrient – serving as or providing nourishment pill – small tablet of medicine pressure – force on or against something starve – die from hunger

Exercises

 

1. True  or false

 

1. Americans are constantly told by the media that perfection is obtainable.
2. There are five main types of diet pills on the market.
3. Many diet pills can be extremely unsafe and hazardous to your health/

      4.   From Atkins to the Grapefruit Diet, fad diets haven’t  covered an entire 

spectrum of weight management.

      5.Diets that make you starve yourself are never a good idea.

      6. Jim Mackey  hasn’t  been advising people on how to maintain a proper diet and how to lose those extra calories.

Scientists discover healthier pizza

Food scientists and dieticians have found new ways to make pizza that is good for you. This is very welcome news for overweight pizza lovers and those who worry about their weight. Researchers in the USA looked at different ways of baking the pizza base. The team from Maryland University discovered that leaving pizza dough in the oven for a longer time made it healthier to eat. They said that doubling the amount of baking time increased the levels of antioxidants in the mix by up to 100 percent. Antioxidants help fight cancer and heart disease and are found in most healthy food. Furthermore, the team experimented with different cooking temperatures. Their results showed a higher heat also made the dough healthier to eat.

This new research may help pizza sales around the world. However, some diet experts warned that even though this research looks good, it is still better to eat fruit and vegetables. In addition, pizza that is baked longer may not be so healthy if people choose unhealthy toppings. Jacqui Lowdon, a British diet expert, warned that although the pizza base might be good for you, people might be “more likely to choose extra cheese”. She added: "This isn't teaching people about healthy eating." Nevertheless, the study’s author, Jeffrey Moore, said his findings were good for people who like deep-pan pizzas. Meanwhile, outside London’s Pizza Hut today, pizza fan Jo Lambert said: "This new pizza sounds healthy, although not if we have too much or have cola and fries with it.”

Before reading

1. TRUE / FALSE: Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

a.	Scientists have discovered a pizza that helps you lose weight.	T / F
b.	The secret to the new pizza is in how to bake the base.	T / F
c.	Antioxidants in food help fight some life-threatening diseases.	T / F
d.	Cooking the pizza at a low temperature means it is healthier.	T / F
e.	Diet experts said the new pizza is healthier than eating fruit.	T / F
f.	Another expert said people should choose their toppings carefully.	T / F
g.	The expert said this research teaches us about healthy eating.	T / F
h.	This study is good news for deep-pan pizza lovers.	T / F

While reading

GAP FILL: Put the words into the gaps in the text.

Food scientists and dieticians have ________ new ways to make pizza that is good for you. This is very ________ news for overweight pizza lovers and those who worry about their ________. Researchers in the USA looked at different ways of baking the pizza base. The team from Maryland University discovered that ________ pizza dough in the oven for a longer time made it healthier to eat. They said that doubling the ________ of baking time increased the levels of antioxidants in the mix by up to 100 percent. Antioxidants help fight cancer and heart ________ and are found in most healthy food. Furthermore, the team experimented with ________ cooking temperatures. Their results showed a higher ________ also made the dough healthier to eat.		disease leaving welcome heat found amount different weight
This new research may help pizza ________ around the world. However, some diet experts warned that even though this research looks good, it is still ________ to eat fruit and vegetables. In addition, pizza that is baked longer may not be so healthy if people ________ unhealthy toppings. Jacqui Lowdon, a British diet ________, warned that although the pizza base might be good for you, people might be “more ________ to choose extra cheese”. She added: "This isn't teaching people about healthy eating." Nevertheless, the study’s ________, Jeffrey Moore, said his findings were good for people who like deep-pan pizzas. Meanwhile, ________ London’s Pizza Hut today, pizza fan Jo Lambert said: "This new pizza sounds healthy, ________ not if we have too much or have cola and fries with it.”		author expert better although likely sales outside choose

After reading

1. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article:

a.	dietician	fat
b.	welcome	enthusiast
c.	overweight	pastry
d.	dough	food
e.	furthermore	writer
f.	diet	nutritionist
g.	choose	conclusions
h.	author	also
i.	findings	good
j.	fan	select

2. PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):

a.	dieticians have found new ways	amount of baking time
b.	welcome	the pizza base
c.	different ways of baking	people who like deep-pan pizzas
d.	doubling the	may not be so healthy
e.	Antioxidants help fight	to make pizza that is good for you
f.	This new research may help pizza	with it
g.	pizza that is baked longer	sales around the world
h.	people might be more	news for overweight pizza lovers
i.	his findings were good for	cancer and heart disease
j.	have cola and fries	likely to choose extra cheese

DICTIONARY

antioxidant – chemical substance

dietician – person who studies sort of food

food scientist – person who studies everything about food

Weather and health.

Weather has much impact on people’s health and moods. We know that weather has an effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and heart disorders. Weather is also associated with emotional problems and disturbed behavior. It is not itself a direct cause of mental illness, but it can create an added stress on people on top of marital, job and other problems.

Temperature is the most important factor. Heat is clearly linked to mood disturbances. We find that heat is an important factor in the increase of emotional problems. Humidity also has much effect on individuals. Rainy weather leads to gloominess and depression. And sunshine, especially in the North, is associated with positive mood states, especially during winter months. What` s more interesting is the finding that people are more likely to help others and behave in a prosaically way.

When people move from a cool climate to a warm, subtropical one, they are very uncomfortable at first. But adaptation ours rather quickly- about two weeks. Some people are particularly sensitive to weather. Elderly people tend to be more sensitive to weather than younger people because their cardiovascular system is less efficient. Body weight also makes a difference. Heavier people have more difficulty coping with hot weather, while thin people have harder time in extreme cold.

The ideal weather for physical and emotional well- being is when temperature in the low 70s, with some variation. Some enjoy a slight change in temperature- but not a drastic change where the temperature rises or falls more than 15 degrees. A little bit of breeze, but not a strong wind, is also ideal. Obviously, sunshine makes people feel good- as long as there is not too much of it.

Weather and Mood

Contradicting conventional wisdom, researchers found that daily temperature, wind, sunlight, precipitation, air pressure, and how long the days were had no significant effect on positive mood.

• Temperature, wind, and sunlight were found to have an effect on negative mood. Sunlight seemed to play a role on how tired people said they were.
• Wind had more of a negative effect on mood in spring and summer than in fall and winter.
• Sunlight had a mitigating effect on whether people reported they were tired on days when it rained.
• People were so varied in how they responded that researchers write that a mood-weather link may still exist for individuals.
• When days become shorter, some people’s moods mirrored that, while others actually felt more positive feelings.

DICTIONARY

arthritis- inflammation of a joint or joints

behavior - manners

depression – being depressed

disorder - confusion

disturbance – disturbing

 gloominess - depressed

 humidity - moisture

 mood – state of mind or spirits

Exercises

1. Use  an article where necessary
   1.  We know that … weather has … effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and

heart disorders.

2.   Temperature is … most important factor.
3. We find that heat is … important factor in … increase of … emotional problems
4.  What` s more interesting is … finding that people are more likely to help others and behave in    … prosaically way.
5.   … ideal weather for physical and emotional well- being is when temperature in …  low 70s, with some variation.
6.  Temperature, wind, and sunlight were found to have ... effect on ... negative mood.
7.  Sunlight seemed to play ...  role on how tired people said they were.

 

2. Put the missing words.

 

1. … has much impact on people’s health and moods.
2. …  is also associated with emotional problems and disturbed behavior.
3. We know that …  has an effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and … disorders.
4. …  is clearly linked to mood disturbances.
5. Rainy …  leads to gloominess and depression.
6. Some people are particularly sensitive to … .

AT THE DOCTOR’S

A short test

Put in:

female, pregnancy, disease, knowing, bus, next to, healthy, poor, infected, died, virus, the truth, kiss, sick, intercourse, problem, cold, drinking, insect.

 

You may have heard about ____1__ called AIDS. A lot of people have been talking about it lately. Many people have got AIDS in the past few years. A lot of them__2_.

AIDS is a condition that weakens the body’s power to fight off sickness. It’s a very serious medical_____3___. That’s why people are talking about it. But sometimes people talk without ___4____ the facts.  AIDS is caused by a tiny germ; doctors call a germ like this a ___5___. The virus that caused AIDS is called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

The key thing for you to understand about AIDS is that it is not easy to get through the thing you do every day. You cannot “catch” AIDS like you can a___6__ or the chickenpox. You cannot get AIDS from doing thing like going to school, using a bathroom, or riding in a school____7_____.

It is important to know the fact about AIDS. ALL the following statements about AIDS are true. Read them. Remember them. When you hear something about AIDS that isn’t true, speak up. Say that you know the facts. Tell people___8___.

You cannot get AIDS from the things you do every day, such as going to school, using a toilet, or ____9_____ from a glass.

You cannot get AIDS from sitting ___10____ someone in school who has AIDS.

You cannot get AIDS from a __11______ on the cheek, or from touching or hugging someone who is infected.

You cannot get AIDS from a mosquito or any other kind of ____12______. The virus that causes AIDS dies inside the bugs, so there is no way they can give it to you.

You can become infected with HIV either, by having unprotected sexual intercourse with an ____13________ person or by sharing drug needles or syringes with an infected person. Also, women infected with HIV can pass the virus to their babies during ____14_____, during birth, or through breast-feeding.

A person who is infected can infect others during sexual____15____, even if no symptoms are present. You cannot tell by looking at someone whether he or she is infected with HIV. An infected person can appear completely ___16_________.

You can play with someone who has HIV or AIDS just as you can with any of your friends. This will not make you ____17________.

Many different types of people have AIDS – male and ___18__, rich and ___19___,

white, Black, Hispanic, Asian and Native Americans.

 

TOPIC “HARMFUL HABBIT”

 

Ukraine and Anti – Smoking Propaganda

Ukrainian authority and community are doing weighty steps to stop smoking epidemic in this country. The first step was made in 1995 and the Law of Ukraine “About state control on production and spirit circulation, strong drinks and tobacco output” appeared.

In the autumn of 2002 the Verkhovna Rada inserted many constructive amendments to the Law. The Law determines limitation concerning tobacco use. It is banned to use tobacco products in:

1. health establishments;
2. educational institutions;
3. transport;
4. cultural establishments;
5. closed sport buildings;
6. lift and taxophones;
7. on playgrounds.

It is banned smoking in the President’s administration. It is banned by the Law selling tobacco products:

1. to teenagers;
2. on the territory of preschool, educational institutes and health establishments;
3. by the piece;
4. by teenagers.

It is banned to sell children goods that look like a cigarette.

The law says that all the tobacco production must have warning “Smoking damages health”.

 

What is Need to reduce Smoking?

1. Increase awareness of the devastating impact of smoking on health. Smoking is the leading known cause of preventable death and disease.
2. Recognize that nonsmoking is by far the norm among people.
3. Develop a research and evaluation agenda related smoking.
4. Support efforts, at both individual and social levels, to reduce smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children, men and women.
5. Enact comprehensive statewide tobacco control programs proven to be effective in reducing and preventing tobacco use.
6. Increase efforts to stop the emerging epidemic of smoking in developing countries.
7. Support the Word Health Organization’s Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.

Exercises

1. Answer the questions
   1. Where is tobacco products banned to use?
   2. What is banned by the Law?
   3. What is need to reduce smoking?

Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking tools include pipes, cigars, hookahs and bongs. It has been suggested that smoking related disease kills one half of all long term smokers but these diseases may also be contracted by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as a result of smoking. Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are often not commercially available.

DICTIONARY

absorption - absorbing

inhale – draw into the lungs

Exercises

1. Put an article where necessity
   1. Smoking is … practice in which …  substance, … most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and …  smoke tasted or inhaled.
   2. It can also be done as … part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment.
   3. …  most common method of … smoking today is through cigarettes.
   4. About 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as … result of … smoking.
   5. Smoking is one of …  most common forms of … recreational drug use.
   6. Less common drugs for … smoking include cannabis and opium.
2. Answer the questions
   1. What is smoking?
   2. What is the most common method of smoking?
   3. How many people die each year?
   4. What is smoking today?

Health effects of tobacco

Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking. The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.

Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker. The non-linear dose response relationship is explained by soaking’s effect on platelet aggregation. Among the diseases and afflictions that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenos is, lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking. Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of smoking bans. This is a law enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. A common concern among legislators is to discourage smoking among minors and many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. Many developing countries have not adopted anti-smoking policies, leading some to call for anti-smoking campaigns and further education to explain the negative effects of ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) in developing countries.

Despite the many bans, European countries still hold 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to the ERC, a market research company, the heaviest smokers are from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as intense or noticeable as other drugs such as, cocaine, amphetamines or any of the opiates (including heroin and morphine). As tobacco is also not an illegal drug, there is no black market with high risks and high prices for consumers. Smoking is a risk factor in Alzheimer's Disease.

DICTIONARY

cancer – diseased growth in the body

platelet – substance of blood

vascular – ducts through which bllod

Exercises

I.                   Find the pairs:

1.      Tobacco-related diseases are … .

2.      At least half of all lifelong smokers … .

3.      Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease …

4.      The idea behind this is to discourage smoking … .

5.      Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined … .

6.      Smoking is a risk factor … .

a)      that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker.

b)     in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries.

c)      by making it more inconvenient.

d)     in Alzheimer's Disease.

e)      some of the biggest killers in the world today.

f)       die earlier as a result of smoking.

Drug

Coffee is the most widely used psychotropic beverage in the world. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee was 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.

Wine is a common alcoholic beverage.

A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.  There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage. In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being”. Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.

Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior.

Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation. Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemical’s by being introduced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.  Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body. 

A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.

In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist.

Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways:

• Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
• Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
• Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder.
• Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous.
• Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
• Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.
• Bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly.
• Insufflations, or snorted into the nose.
•  Usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.

The cigarette is the common pharmaceutical form of tobacco – one of the worlds’s best selling drugs.

 

Cannabis is another commonly used recreational drug.

 

 Recreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products.

 

Some governments define the term drug by law. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals."

 

Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes tobacco, caffeine and alcoholic beverages.

DICTIONARY

addiction – being addicted

beverage – any sort of drink except water, milk, tea, beer

colon – lower and greater part of the large intestine

consciousness – all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, wishes, recollections of a person

intestines – lower part of the food canal from below the stomach to the anus

intramuscular – within a muscular

intravenous – within a vein or veins

pancreas – gland near the stomach

perception – process by which we become aware of changes

pharmacist – person who dispensing of medicines and drugs

prevention – act of preventing

preventive – serving or designed to prevent

Exercises

1. Use different forms of verb To be opening the brackets.
   1. Coffee (to be)  the most widely used psychotropic beverage in the world.
   2. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee (to be) 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.
   3. A  drug (to be)  a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.
   4. Recreational drugs (to be) chemical substances that affect the central nervous system.
   5. Drugs   can (to be)  administered in a number of ways.
   6. Cannabis (to be)  another commonly used recreational drug.
   7. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand (to be)  legal, widely culturally accepted.
2. Make up Mind – map of a number of ways of drugs.

TOPIC “Biotechnology”

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and other useful applications. Modern use similar term includes genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. The concept encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes - going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. By comparison to biotechnology, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field with its emphasis more on higher systems approaches for interfacing with and utilizing living things. 

Biotechnology draws on the pure biological sciences (genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology) and in many instances is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology).

Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.

Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil), and environmental uses. For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching.

Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:

• Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale." Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.
• Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
• Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micro propagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be BT corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
• Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
• White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies is termed as bioeconomy.

Cloning

Cloning involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. There are two types of cloning:

1. Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into fetes that are genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.
2. Therapeutic cloning. The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating several ailments.

In February 1997, cloning became the focus of media attention when Ian Wilmot and his colleagues at the Roslyn Institute announced the successful cloning of a sheep, named Dolly, from the mammary glands of an adult female. The cloning of Dolly made it apparent to many that the techniques used to produce her could someday be used to clone human beings. This stirred a lot of controversy because of its ethical implications.

Agriculture.         Crop yield

Using the techniques of modern biotechnology, one or two genes (Smarts tax from Monsanto in collaboration with Dow Agro Sciences will use eight, starting in 2010) may be transferred to a highly developed crop variety to impart a new character that would increase its yield. However, while increases in crop yield are the most obvious applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture, it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single gene.  

Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e.g., enhanced growth) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield. There is, therefore, much scientific work to be done in this area.

Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and a biotic stresses may be developed. For example, drought and excessively salty soil are two important limiting factors in crop productivity.

Biotechnologists are studying plants that can cope with these extreme conditions in the hope of finding the genes that enable them to do so and eventually transferring these genes to the more desirable crops.

One of the latest developments is the identification of a plant gene, At-DBF2, from Arabidopsis thaliana, a tiny weed that is often used for plant research because it is very easy to grow and its genetic code is well mapped out. When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells (see RNA interference), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells. If these preliminary results prove successful in larger trials, then At-DBF2 genes can help in engineering crops that can better withstand harsh environments. Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV).

In Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more susceptible to fungal infections.

  Biological engineering

Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science. It includes different disciplines such as biochemical engineering, biomedical engineering, bio-process engineering, biosystem engineering and so on. Because of the novelty of the field, the definition of a bioengineer is still undefined. However, in general it is an integrated approach of fundamental biological sciences and traditional engineering principles.

Biotechnologists are often employed to scale up bioprocesses from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale. Moreover, as with most engineers, they often deal with management, economic and legal issues. Since patents and regulation (e.g., U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulation in the U.S.) are very important issues for biotech enterprises, bioengineers are often required to have knowledge related to these issues. The increasing number of biotech enterprises is likely to create a need for bioengineers in the years to come. 

Many universities throughout the world are now providing programs in bioengineering and biotechnology (as independent programs or specialty programs within more established engineering fields).

DICTIONARY

ailments – illness 

antibiotics – substance produced by mould and bacteria

aquatic – growing or living in or near water

artificial selection – not natural or real choosing

biochemistry – chemistry of living organisms

bioengineer  -member of the branch of biology

bioinformatics – news of science

bioremediation  - cleaning

biotechnology – systematic application of knowledge of biology

breeding  - knowledge of how to behave resulting from upbringing

cell – microscopic unit of living matter

cloning – to make alike

code  - system of rules

crop  -yearly produce of grain

cultivation  - to produce

domestication – tame animals

donor – person who gives something

 ecology – branch of biology that deals with the habits of living things

egg cell – embryo enclosed in a shell

 embryology – branch of science which studies very early srage of development

embryonic stem cells – part of a plant coming up from the roofs

enzyme - ferment

fungal infection  - communication of disease

gene – one of the biological factors controlling heredity

genetic -of genes

genetics  - science dealing with heredity

mammary gland – organ that separates from the blood substances that aer to be used by or expelled from the body

micro propagation   - propagating

molecular - a group of atom

nucleus – central part of atom

surviving  - state of continuing to live

unfertilized – make not fertile

virus – any of various poisonous elements

Exercises

1. Answer the questions.
   1. What is a biotechnology?
   2. What kind of biotechnology do you know? Tell about them.
   3. What is cloning? How many types of cloning are there?
   4. What do you know about a crop yield? Give examples.
   5. What is a biotechnological engineering?

ІІ.        Put missing words into the sentences.

1. Biotechnology is a field of applied …  that involves the use of living things in engineering, … , medicine, and other useful applications.
2. Modern use similar term includes …  engineering as well as … and … culture … .
3. …  draws on the pure …  sciences.
4. One application of … is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of … products.
5. … is an interdisciplinary field which addresses ...  problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of.... data possible.
6. ... … is a term that has been used to describe the ...  and.... applications of biotechnology.
7. ...  …   is biotechnology applied to… processes.
8. … …   also known as industrial ..., is biotechnology applied to industrial processes.
9. The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied ...  is termed as... .
10. …    involves the removal of the … from one cell and its placement in an … … … whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed.
11. Current … … techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single ….
12. …   engineering or biological engineering is a branch of …   that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science.
13. …    are often employed to scale up bioprocesses from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale.

2. Make up Mind – Map “What is biotechnology?”
3. Find the pair
   1. single                                    a) selection
   2. crop                                      b) cell
   3. aquatic                                      c)  stem cells
   4. artificial                                d)  infection  
   5. produce                                 e)  gland
   6. biochemical                           f)  engineering
   7. breeding                                 g)  of animals
   8. cell                                         h)  program
   9. reproductive                           i)  culture
   10.  transgenic                              j) biology
   11. crop                                            k)  production
   12. biological                               l)  application
   13. domestication                        m)  engineering
   14. information                            n)  plant
   15. egg                                         o) from one cell
   16. embryonic                              p) cloning
   17. engineering crops                  q)  egg cell
   18. fungal                                     r)  yield
   19. biotech                                   s)  crop
   20. genetic                                    t) enterprises
   21. mammary                               u) gene
   22. molecular                               v) technology
   23. nucleus                                   w) weapon
   24. unfertilized                             x) antibiotics