Методичные забезпечення для вивчення курсу Іноземна мова в галузі для студентів спеціальності «Будівництво та цивільна інженерія»

Про матеріал

Методичне забезпечення включає в себе інтерактивні вправи для вдосконалення усного і писемного спілкування учнів в межах визначеної тематики

Перегляд файлу

Міністерство освіти і науки України

Придніпровський металургійний фаховий коледж

Методичне забезпечення для вивчення курсу іноземної мови в галузі для студентів спеціальності 192: «Будівництво та цивільна інженерія»

Лапа Ольга Євгенівна

Кам’янське 2024

Укладач – Лапа Ольга Євгенівна, викладач другої категорії

Рецензент – Осада Зореслава Олександрівна, викладач-методист

Розглянуто і схвалено цикловою Розглянуто і схвалено

(предметною) комісією ЗВО методичною радою ЗВО

Протокол № 6 від 17.01.2023 Протокол № __від_____ 2022

Анотація : Методичне забезпечення включає в себе інтерактивні вправи для вдосконалення умінь усного і писемного спілкування учнів англійською мовою в межах визначеної тематики, у тому числі професійної, відповідно до потреб міжкультурного спілкування та професійної підготовки за фахом.

Рецензія

На методичне забезпечення для вивчення курсу іноземної мови в галузі для студентів спеціальності 192: «Будівництво та цивільна інженерія»

Методичне забезпечення виконано у відповідності з методичними рекомендаціями з підготовки та проведення практичних занять у закладах фахової передвищої освіти. Методичне забезпечення підготовлено відповідно до робочої і навчальної програми зі спеціального курсу «Іноземна мова в галузі».

Викладач у методичній розробці заняття передбачила постійну зайнятість і активність студентів, забезпечила максимальні умови для контролю знань, умінь і навичок. Методичне забезпечення є логічним і сприяє оволодінню іноземною мовою в галузі. Виклад матеріалу проводиться послідовно, на належному науково-методичному рівні. Роздатковий матеріал підготовлений грамотно, має оптимальну кількість питань, охоплює всі теми, дозволяє за короткий час проконтролювати знання студентів групи. Розробка містить багато різноманітних форм та методів роботи, що відповідають психофізіологічним та індивідуальним особливостям студентів і сприяють успішному досягненню мети заняття.

Методичне забезпечення відповідає освітньо-професійній програмі , має інноваційний характер, відповідає новітнім технологіям навчання, спрямована на формування комунікативної компетенції майбутніх фахівців.

Викладач-методист, Зореслава ОСАДА заступник директора з НМР

Зміст

Вступ

Тема 1. Читання

Тема 2. Усне спілкування

Тема 3. Професійно-орієнтований лексичний мінімум

Бібліографічний опис

Вступ

Питання про роль навчання іноземній мові в технічних закладах залишається одним з серйозних і той же час найбільш проблемних в сучасній методиці викладання іноземної мови. Насамперед сучасне методичне забезпечення повинно бути комунікативним і професійно спрямованим. Засвоєння мовленнєвого та граматичного матеріалу є основою успішної участі майбутніх спеціалістів ситуаціях професійного та ділового спілкування, які вимагають знання іноземної мови. Високий рівень професійної компетенції спеціаліста досягається наявністю у нього набора професійних знань та вмінь. Англомовні вміння та навички успішно реалізуються у складі комунікативної компетенції лише тоді, коли вони відповідають професійним вмінням.

Дана методичне забезпечення спрямоване для студентів ІІ курсу Складається з трьох тем, які містять тексти за професійним спрямуванням з вправами після кожного тексту, для ліпшого закріплення слів та словосполучень та словника.

1.Читання

1.1 Оскар Вайлд 1. Прочитайте та вивчіть наступні слова to preach — проповідувати narrow — обмеженість complacency — самовдоволення to distinguish — виділяти, визначати wit — дотепна людина ingenious — митецький, оригінальний corruption — розкладання intolerant — нетерпимий to ridicule — висміювати hypocrisy — лицемірство

2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст OSCAR WILDE

Oscar Wilde (1854—1900) was an author and playwright. He preached the importance of style in both life and art and attacked Victorian narrow-mindedness and complacency.

Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin, Ireland. His full name was Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde. At the age of 20, he went to Oxford University where he distinguished himself as a scholar and wit. He soon became a well-known public figure, but the period of his true achievement did not begin until he published «The Happy Prince and Other Tales» (1888). The ingenious Wilde's only novel «Picture of Dorian Gray» (1890) is an enlarged moral fable. It describes a man whose portrait ages and grows ugly as a reflection of his moral corruption while his actual appearance remains the same. The book shows the destructive side of a devotion to pleasure and beauty similar to Wilde's own.

Wilde's plays are his most important and prominent works. «Lady Windermere's Fan» (1892), «A Woman of No Importance» (1893), and «An Ideal Husband» (1895) combine fashionable drama of social intrigue with witty high comedy. In each play, Wilde brings together an intolerant young idealist and a person who has committed a social sin in the past. They meet in a society where appearances are everything.

«The Importance of Being Earnest» (1895) is a masterpiece, where Wilde departed from his standard formula by combining high comedy with farce. He unites his own concern about style with society's concern about appearances. He ridicules social hypocrisy and the Puritan idea of earnestness and sincerity. The result is a satirical fantasy on surfaces in which trivial matters are treated with extravagant seriousness.

1895 was the peak of Wilde's career. But at that time he was accused of having homosexual relations with Lord Alfred Douglas. Wilde became involved in a hopeless legal dispute and he was sentenced to two years in prison at hard labour. From his prison experiences came his best poem «The Ballad of Reading Gaol» (1898), and a remarkable autobiographical document sometimes called «De Profundis».

When Wilde was released his health was completely ruined. He settled in France, with no finances and creative energy, where he died three years later.

3. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

1. What was the primary importance to Oscar Wilde in life and art?

2. What qualities of Victorian society did he attack?

3. Where did he study?

4. What is Wilde's only novel about?

5. What are his other works?

6. What did he ridicule in his plays?

7. Why was he imprisoned?

8. How did it effect him?

1.2 Джек Лондон Vocabulary:

to achieve success – домогтися успіху to be arrested – бути заарештованим to make an attempt – зробити спробу audience – публіка, аудиторія, глядачі to be based – бути заснованим conditions of life / living conditions – умови життя to describe – описувати, зображати

experience – (життєвий) досвід; враження, переживання to gain friends – здобувати друзів gold rush – (іст.) золота лихоманка observation – спостереження, вивчення prison – в’язниця to realize – (ясно) розуміти, усвідомлювати sailor – моряк, матрос storyteller – оповідач struggle for – боротьба за success – успіх, удача to survive – вижити, вціліти tuition – плата за навчання to turn to smth – прийматися, братися за що-небудь unemployed – безробітний, незайнятий the Wild – дика природа

2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст

Jack London

Jack London’s pseudonym of John Griffith Chaney, and he was born on January 12, 1876 in San Francisco. His mother, Flora Wellman, was an unwed mother, and his father, William Chaney, was a journalist and pioneer in the field of American astrology. John, who came to call himself Jack, did not know his father. His mother ended up marrying John London, a Civil War veteran. The family settled in Oakland, California. Jack worked hard growing up, riding trains, pirating oysters, shoveling coal, working on a sealing ship on the Pacific and in a cannery. When Jack had free time, he spent his time in libraries reading novels and travel books.

Flora’s second marriage also gave jack two half sisters, Eliza and Ida. The family moved several times before finally settling in Oakland. Jack London graduate from Oakland High School in Oakland, California with only 18 months of attendance. Initially, he dropped out of school after the eighth grade in order to work a variety of jobs and care for his family. Living in a working class family with a low income, Jack was forced to contribute to the family income by selling newspapers at the age of 10.

London soon realized he wanted a better life for himself and upon returning to California he went to Oakland high school and later entered the University of California at Berkeley. He briefly enrolled in a university and took English classes, for he loved to read and write. However, he was not happy with this formal education and he soon dropped out. He dropped out before finishing due to shortage of finances.

At the age of 17, Jack London took a job with a seal-hunting ship operating in the Pacific Northwest and the Bering Sea. The name of the ship was the Sophia Sutherland. In 1897 and 1898, London, like many other American and Canadian men, went north to Alaska and the Klondike region of Canada to search for gold. This was the Alaska Gold Rush. Although London never found any gold, his experience in the extreme environment of this cold part of the world gave him ideas for the stories he would write when he decided to return to California.

Upon his return to the San Francisco area, he began to write about his experiences. After winning a writing contest, he succeeded in selling some of his stories and in 1900, he published a collection of his short stories, The Son of the Wolf.

Like Stephen Crane, London wrote in a Naturalistic style, in which a story’s actions and events are caused mainly by man’s internal biological needs, or by the external forces of nature and the environment. Many of his stories deal with civilized man getting back in touch with his deep, animal instincts. Jack London's best-selling and most popular book is The Call of the Wild. First published in 1903, The Call of the Wild was the book that made London a household name worldwide. The book has remained in print since it was first published and is considered a classic of American literature.

The autobiographical novels

Among London’s most important books were People of the Abyss (1903), written about the poor people of London, England; The Sea Wolf (1904), a novel based on the author’s experiences as a seal hunter; and The Star Rover (1915), a collection of related stories dealing with reincarnation.

of Jack London are

Martin Eden (1909), The Road (1907), and John

Barleycorn (1913).

London wrote more than 50 books and enjoyed enormous international popularity as an author. His exciting, often violent and brutal writing style attracted readers from all over the world and his stories and novels were translated into many different languages.

Jack London was married to Bess Maddern in 1900. They had two daughters, Joan and Bess, together. Some accounts describe their relationship as less constructed around love and more with the idea they could have strong, healthy children together. For this reason, it is not surprising their marriage only lasted a few years. London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905, whom he remained with the rest of his life.

London faced a number of health problems in the last decade of his life, including kidney disease, which eventually took his life. Despite his success, however, alcohol and two broken marriages added to his growing unhappiness. At the age of only 40, Jack London committed suicide. He died at his California ranch on November 22, 1916.

Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was Jack London born?

2. What was his real name?

3. How long did he attend the Oakland High school?

4. Why did he have to stop his studies

5. What job did London do on the Sofia Sutherland?

6. What river did London work looking for gold?

7. What was London’s most famous novel?

8. What was the main character in London’s most famous novel?

9. What did he describe in his books?

1.3 О Генрі

Vocabulary:

contemporary — сучасний sketch — нарис precise — точний to be ranked — складатися injustice — несправедливість suspense — чекання self-educated — самоосвічений candle — свічка bifocals — двофокусні окуляри silkworm — парашут to improve — поліпшувати to secure — зберігати contribution — внесок

O'Henry

O'Henry was born in Greensboro, a little town in North Carolina in 1862. His real name was William Sydney Porter. American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the commonplace—in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. His stories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humour, grim or ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name and cost him critical favour when its vogue had passed.

His father, Algernon Sidney Porter, was a physician. His mother, Mrs. Algernon Sidney Porter (Mary Virginia Swaim), died from tuberculosis when O. Henry was just three years old, so he was raised by his paternal grandmother and his aunt.

O. Henry attended the private elementary school of his aunt, Evelina Porter

("Miss Lina"), starting in 1867. He then went to Linsey Street High School in Greensboro, but he left school at the age of 15 to work as a bookkeeper for his uncle at W. C. Porter and Company Drug Store. As a result, O. Henry was largely selftaught. Being an avid reader helped. He started training to be a pharmacist by the age of 15 and became a licensed pharmacist at the age of 19 in 1879.

O. Henry worked a number of different jobs, including as a ranch hand in Texas, licensed pharmacist, draftsman, bank clerk, and columnist. And in 1887, O. Henry married Athol Estes, stepdaughter of Mr. P. G. Roach. He began writing sketches at about the time of his marriage, and in 1894 he started a humorous weekly paper, The Rolling Stone.

His most notorious occupation was as a bank clerk for the First National Bank of Austin. He resigned from his job in 1894 after he was accused of embezzling funds. In 1896, he was arrested on charges of embezzlement. He posted bail, skipped town, and finally returned in 1897 when he learned that his wife was dying. Athol died on July 25, 1897, leaving him one daughter, Margaret Worth Porter (born in 1889).

After O. Henry served his time in prison, he married Sarah Lindsey Coleman in Asheville, N.C. in 1907. She had been his childhood sweetheart. They separated the following year. O. Henry wrote numerous short stories while in prison. His first story, “Whistling Dick's Christmas Stocking,” was published by McClure's Magazine and became a steppingstone for the author's success.

O'Henry was an outstanding humourist. He worked out and enriched all the types of the short story: the anecdote, the adventure story, tales and sketches. The best of his works were published in books: «The Fourth Million», «Heart of the West», «The Voice of the City» and others. His first collection of short stories “Cabbages and Kings” (1904) depicted fantastic characters against exotic Honduran backgrounds. He was most famous for his stories of city life. O'Henry wrote nearly 150 stories with a New York background. His works have considerable influence on American literature. His love for humanity, for the common people, his critical attitude towards injustice attract readers to this day. O'Henry could work out a plot that would keep the reader in suspense up to the surprising end.

O. Henry wrote over 300 short stories, including his most famous, "The Gift of the Magi." He became popular for his short, witty stories written about "regular" folks, often with his signature plot twist at the end.

He was a born writer of great talent. The conversation is witty, humorous and often exact and precise. O'Henry is one of the most widely published American authors. His works have been translated into nearly every language. He has been called «The American Maupassant» and is ranked among the world's outstanding short-story writers.

O. Henry died a poor man on June 5, 1910.

Пройти тест за посиланням (Рис.1.3.1)

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1LlHGk_DCedPpAIVk9A-

FErgH_vtjSpKyhEHBfBTic5w/prefill

(Рис.1.3.1)

1.4 Агата Крісті

Виконання робочого аркушу https://www.liveworksheets.com/w/en/english second-language-esl/2291470. (Рис.1.4.1)

Рис.1.4.1

1.5

Аудіювання тексту

William Shakespeare

There have been many great writers in the history of English literature, but there is nodoubt about which writer was the greatest. Many people consider William Shakespeare to have been the best writer who ever lived.

William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford, England, in the year 1564. When he was a young man, Shakespeare moved to the city of London, where he began writing plays. His plays were soon very successful, and were enjoyed both by the common people of London and also by the rich and famous. In addition to his plays, Shakespeare wrote many short poems and a few longer poems. Like his plays, these poems are still famous today.

Shakespeare’s most famous plays include Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Julius Caesar. Usually, Shakespeare did not invent the stories that he told in his plays. Instead, he wrote his plays using stories that already existed. However, Shakespeare’s plays told these stories in a more interesting way than ever before. Some of the stories were tragedies, some were comedies, and some described historical events.

In his plays, Shakespeare revealed a very wide knowledge of many areas of life. The characters in his plays discuss many different topics, often with the knowledge of experts. But what is even more impressive about these plays is Shakespeare’s use of the English language. His vocabulary was very large, and Shakespeare seems to have introduced many words to the language! Also, many of the phrases that are said by Shakespeare’s characters are now used in everyday conversation. Today, writers often use quotations from Shakespeare’s plays in their own works.

But perhaps even the most impressive features of Shakespeare’s plays are the characters within them. The many characters in his plays seem very different from each other, but they seem very realistic. The emotions they feel, the words they say, and the actions they perform are all easily understood. Many people who watch one of Shakespeare’s plays will find that they know people who remind them somewhat of the characters in those plays.

Shakespeare died in the year 1619, but his writings are still popular today, 400 years after they were written. The poems and plays are greatly admired by experts in literature, but also by people in general. Each year, hundreds of thousands of people enjoy attending performances of Shakespeare’s plays. No other writer in the English language has remained so popular for such a long time.

Answer the following questions. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання.

1. When where was W. Shakespeare born?

2. How was called the period between 1585 and 1592 of Shakespeare’s life?

3. How many children had W. Shakespeare ?

4. What was Shakespeare’s theatre called?

5. Where did W. Shakespeare move when he was a young man?

6. What are the Shakespeare’s most famous plays ?

7. What do the characters discuss in his plays?

8. What was the Shakespeare’s vоcabulary?

9. What were the characters in Shakespeare’s plays?

10.Name W. Shakespeare comedies.

11.Name W. Shakespeare's tragedies

2. Усне спілкування

2.1 Із історії нашої Батьківщини

Vocabulary

To mention- згадувати ancient- стародавній merchant- купець cathedral- собор to disintegrate- розпадати separate-окремий

principality- князівство rule- правління to exist- існувати

a prolonged struggle- тривала боротьба anniversary- річниця

formation- заснування military- військовий glorious- славетний

truthfulness and devotion- щира відданність to hoist- підняти

fierce fighting- збройна боротьба

allies- союзники tragic battles- трагічні баталії oppression- гноблення

ceased- припиняти

Прочитайте i перекладіть текст:

FROM THE HISTORY OF OUR MOTHERLAND

The name "Ukraine" was first mentioned in ancient chronicles as far as 8th century. At that time Kyiv was already a big cultural and trading centre where merchants from many countries of Europe and Asia came on business. From old chronicles we know the names of outstanding Kyiv princes Oleg and Igor, Grand Duchess Olga, Volodimir the Great ( who introduced Christianity into Kyiv Rus).

It was Yaroslav the Wise who built St.Sophia's Cathedral and founded the Pecherska Lavra Monastery. At the end of the 12th century Kyiv Rus disintegrated into several separate principalities. In 1199 Halician-Volin principality was formed. It existed for 100 years. Among its princes are Roman Mstyslavovitch, Danilo Halitsky and his son Leo, and Yuri Lvovitch. During their rule, the Halician-Volyn principality had a highly developed economy and culture, literature and architecture, and icon painting. " Slovo о Polku Ihorevim" and Halician

Volyn Chronicals are literature monuments of those times. The principality was an important political centre.

In the 14th century Poland, Hungary, Lithuania and Moldova , after a prolonged struggle seized the territory of the Halician-Volyn principality and divided it among themselves. The Halician-Volyn principality ceased to exist after that.

The 1-st of November is the Day of State System of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. On the First of November we celebrate a great holiday. It is the anniversary of the formation of the Western Ukrainian's People's Republic (WUPR) with its capital Lviv. On this day in 1918 the National Rada addressed the people. It declared that the Ukrainian people were now free from oppression. They became masters of their own land.

E.Petrushevich was the first president of the WUPR. Dmitro Vitovsky became the secretary of State for defense. He was one of the brightest military commanders of Ukrainian " Sichovy Striltsy" ( USS). The USS was really the Ukrainian people's army.

It's fighters were glorious because of their truthfulness and devotion of the idea of sovereignty of their native land. On the first of November " strilets" Stepan Pankivsky hoisted the blue and yellow banner over the town hall. This great day was followed by many months of fierce fighting against the Polish army and its western allies. Then there were battles both with and against Bolshevik Army.

These heroic and tragic battles were glorified in the songs of the USS. These songs have become a legend of glory, devotion and tragedy.

1. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1) Where was the name "Ukraine" first mentioned?

2) Name outstanding Kyiv princes?

3) Who built St.Sophia's Cathedral and founded the Pecherska Lavra monastery?

4) When was the Halician-Volyn principality formed?

5) What date is the Day of State System of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic?

6) When were Ukrainian people free from oppression?

7) Who was the first president of the WUPR?

8) The USS was really the Ukrainian people's army, wasn't it?

9) Where did Stepan Pankivsky hoist the blue and yellow banner?

10) Where were heroic and tragic battles glorified in?

2. Перекласти на англійську мову:

Перший президент, трагічні баталії, звернення до громадян, власні землі, іконопис, тривала боротьба, існування, вільний від гніту, міністр оборони, славетні вояки, західні союзники, легенда слави та відданості.

2.2 Засоби масової інформації

Усне обговорення теми з використанням робочого аркуша.

Mass Media

I can find a lot of useful information

there. As for me I am fond of ... I can read interesting articles about the

arts and sports /cultural news.

As for me I prefer ... best of all

I can travel around the world without

because wasting money.

As for me I am interested in... I can learn more about famous people/

It helps me countries /wildlife.

I can take part in different shows and contests. they are/it is / not expensive.

relax spend free time

Work in pairs. Find out what your partner thinks of magazines. Ask and answer the following questions:expand my outlook

Does your family subscribe to any newspapers or magazines? What are they?solve a lot of problems

Do your parents subscribe to newspapers and magazines or buy themfind new friends in the newsstands? improve my English

What is your favourite magazine about? – It is aboutget the latest news sport/ cookery/ fashion/

music/computers/ cinema/ pop stars/ knitting / embroydering / crocheting |ˈkrəʊʃeɪɪŋ|

/cars / gardening / health... Is it a weekly or a monthly magazine?

What articles does it contain? – It contains love stories / the latest gossip on my favourite pop, film and soap stars/ competitions /advice on varies areas of life/...

Does it report on serious news? Does it have articles about sports and the arts?

Do you like to read gossip in the celebrity column? Does it have articles about the private lives of famous people?

Do you think that it is intrusion into privacy?

2.3. Захист навколишнього середовища в Великобританії

Vocabulary

1. rapid – швидкий

2. accompany – супроводжувати

3. consumption – споживання

4. reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions – скорочення викидів діоксиду сірки

5. combustion [kəm'bʌsʧ(ə)n] – сгорання

6. petrol stations – бензоколонки

7. carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide – монооксид вуглецю,вуглеводні та оксид азоту

8. work out – розробляти

9. the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons – знищення, усуненняхлорфторуклеводню

10. ozone layer – озоновий шар

11. conservation area – охоронна зона

1. Read the text. Прочитайте текст

Environmental protection in Great Britain

We are living in the time of rapid (1) scientific and technological progress, which is accompanied (2) by an increasing consumption (3) of the world’s natural resources. Such vital sources of life as air, water, minerals as well as fauna and flora are being wasted and destroyed.

The protection of nature has become of international importance. Great

Britain stresses the need for improvement of environmental protection too.

Integrated pollution control restricts emissions to air, land and water from the most harmful process. Responsibility for pollution control rests with local and central government. Great Britain has adopted a phased programme of reductions in sulphurdioxide emissions (4) from existing large combustion (5) plants of up to 60 per cent by 2003. Over 95 per cent of petrol stations (6) in Britain stock unleaded petrol. Strict controls have reduced carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide (7) emissions.

The Government worked out (8) the rules for the use of the Earth’s atmosphere. Total emissions of smoke in the atmosphere have fallen by over 85 per cent since 1960. Sulphur dioxide emissions have fallen by about 40 per cent since 1970.

The Government is committed to the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons(9) which damage the ozone layer (10). They also contribute to the green-house effect, which leads to global warming and a rise in sea levels.

There are nearly 500,000 protected buildings and 7,000 conservation

areas (11) of architectural or historical interest in Great Britain.

The Government attaches great importance to the protection of national parks (they cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales). Great care is taken of three regional parks and forty national scenic areas, which cover 13 per cent of Scotland. The territorial waters of most nations are already being spoiled, but the National Rivers Authority of Great Britain protects its inland waters in England and Wales. In Scotland the river purification authorities are responsible for water pollution control.

Under such strict regime the mineral and other resources of the oceans and seas would become reserves not only for use by this generation but the following generations as well.

2. Answer the questions. Дайте віповіді на запитання

1. What programme has Great Britain adopted?

2. What did the Government work out for the use of the Earth’s atmosphere?

3. Which factors lead to global warming and a rise in sea levels?

4. How many protected buildings and conservation areas are there in Great Britain?5. Why does the Government of Great Britain attach great importance to the protection of national parks and purification of the territorial waters?

3. Match the words with the definitions. Зіставте слова з їх значенням

1) smoke	a) is something that’s been released or emitted into the world
2) ozone layer	b) is plant life
3)emissions	c) is the process that’s making the Earth gradually warmer due to the release of gasses such as carbon dioxide
4)poluttion	d) is collection of tiny solid, liquid and gas particles
5)fauna	e) is animals life
6) flora	f) is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation.
7) green-house effect	g) is an unwanted, harmful stuff contaminating an enviroment

2.4 США. Загальний огляд. Vocabulary situated - розташований federal republic- федеративна республіка state - штат total area – загальна площа population - населення principal - головний democracy - демократія a highly-developed - високорозвинений

1 Read the text. Прочитайте текст

The USA general review

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada, China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country is situated. The population of the country is more than 270 million.

There are lowlands and mountains in the USA. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.

America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes (Michigan, Ontario, Huron, Superior and Erie) on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It’s the world’s leading producer of copper and oil and the world’s second producer of iron ore and coal. Aircrafts, cars, textiles, radio, television sets, furniture, paper are the most important industries.

Americans are mainly European and African, but they have all races and nations in the country, including Chinese and native Americans.

The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.

The capital of the USA is Washington. The United States has own government in each state.

According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties: the Republican and the Democratic.

The American flag is often called « The Stars and Stripes », it is also called « Old Glory ». It represents the growth of the nation. It has 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red and 6 white which stand for the original 13 states. In the top left hand corner there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star for each state.

The national anthem of the United States is «The Star Spangled Banner». The words written during the Anglo-American war of 1812-1814 and set to the music of an old song. Every state has its own flag, its own emblem and its own anthem too.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength). You can see the eagle on the back of a dollar bill.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York. It is one of the first things people see when they arrive in New York by sea. This National Monument was a present from France to the USA. France gave the statue to America in 1886 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom — in her right hand. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription «July 4, 1776» — American Independence Day.

2. Виконайте робочий аркуш

Worksheet

USA

Name_________________________________Class________ Date ___________

1. Decide whether the statement True (T) or False (F)

1. The USA is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and Australia

2. Population is about 250 million people

3. The USA consists of 49 states

4. America is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico

5. The USA borders on Canada to the north and Mexico to the south

2. Fill in the table about the USA

Total area
Major rivers
Major lakes
The highest mountain
Major cities

3. Answer the questions

1. What’s the name of the USA flag? Describe it and the symbolic meaning of its parts

2. What’s the name of the national anthem of the USA?

3. What is the symbol of American democracy?

4. What are the colours of the American flag?

5. How many stripes has the flag got?

6. What is the national emblem?

7. Where is the statue of Liberty placed?

8. What country presented the statue to the USA?

2.5. Політична система Америки. Vocabulary to sign — підписати, підписувати original — тут: перший amendments — поправка (до резолюції, законопроекту) according to — відповідно до, згідно з officials — посадові особи, чиновники to violate — порушувати, зневажати, переступати to proclaim — проголошувати; повідомляти ederal power — федеральна влада branch — підрозділ; гілка (влади) legislative — законодавчий executive — виконавчий judiciary — судовий Congress — конгрес house — тут: палата the Senate — сенат the House of Representatives — палата представників to assist — допомагати, сприяти the Vice President — віце-президент elections — вибори the armed forces — збройні сили bill — законопроект overrule — відхиляти, відмовляти; скасовувати (чиєсь рішення); відкидати chairman — голова

the Cabinet — кабінет (міністрів) Department Secretaries — міністри the Secretary of State — державний секретар, глава зовнішньополітичного відомства США

Federal District Court — федеральний окружний суд

the Supreme Court — Верховний суд to appoint — призначити to amend — вносити зміни, вносити виправлення (у законопроект і т. ін.) to abolish — анулювати, скасовувати, оголошувати недійсним slavery — рабство

1. Read the text. Прочитайте текст

Political system of USA

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own government («state government»). In some ways the United States is like 50 small countries.

The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 178 7. The document was written in 178 7 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be violated.

The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps both the states and the federal power from getting too much power. It means that the federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.

The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative, executive and juridical branches of power.

The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for the Senate.

The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President. The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.

The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states.

Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to vote at the age of 18.

2. Fill the table. Заповніть таблицю

3. Answer the questions. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What is the main document of the USA?

2. When was the Constitution of the USA signed?

3. How many Amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1787?

4. What does the Constitution proclaim?

5. What powers is the federal government given?

6. Where is the federal government located?

7. Where is the legislative power vested?

8. How many members are there in the House of Representatives?

9. Who is the head of the executive power in the USA?

10. How often do the President’s elections take place?

11. Who deals with foreign affairs in the USA?

12. What does the Bill of Rights guarantee?

Тема 3. Професійно-орієнтований лексичний мінімум 3.1. Із історії будівництва.

1. Прочитайте та вивчіть наступні слова та словосполучення dwell (dwelt) - жити, жити, перебувати, перебувати wood — дерево stone — камінь brick — цегла erect - споруджувати, будувати (про будівлю) pillar - стовп, колона; опора, стійка bridge — міст

kiln — піч для випалювання та сушіння

FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING

Many thousands of yean ago there were DO houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from ruin or sun. In- colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began, to build houses of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.

Later people found out than bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned the use of these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

The ancient Egyptian discovered how to cut Stone for building, purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone pyramid of Khufu King of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge buildings without thinking of their usefulness.

The ancient Greeks also understood the an of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.

During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel- as a building material.

Nowadays When it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of art is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are.

I.Choose the correct variant and complete the sentences:

1.People first lived in... (a) houses, b) palaces с) trees or caws). 2. Egyptian pyramids are made of... (a) Stone, b) wood, c) bricks). 3. The cheapest building material is ... (a) wood, b) bricks, c) concrete. 4. The ancient Greeks knew the art of building with (a) Steel, (b) stone, c) concrete. 5. Nowadays very tall and huge buildings are made of... (a) steel and concrete, b) bricks, c) Stone).

II.Complete the following sentences:

1. The ancient Greeks used pillars for partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. 2. We usually make houses of ... 3. Bricks are made of.... 4. The ancient Egyptians made their homes of....

III. Answer the following questions:

I. Where did people live many thousands of years ago? 2. Did ancient people use wood or bricks to build their houses? 3. What kinds of buildings did the ancient Egyptians erect? 4. What did the ancient Greeks use pillars for? 5. Is steel used as a building material? 6. What kinds of building materials do you know?

3.2. Будівельно-інженерні конструкції.

3.3. Архітектура: її форми та функції.

Vocabulary entail - викликати evolve - розвиватися incoherent - непослідовний, незв'язних inherent - властивий, невід'ємний heritage - спадок requite - винагорода triple - потрійний, потроювати

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст

Architecture: its forms and functions

Architecture is the art or science of planning, building and structures. Without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements a building cannot take form. But without aesthetical quality inherent in its form a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture as well.

From the very beginning of construction in human history lots of architectural skills, systems and theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings, which have housed nations and generations of people in any kind of their activity. Writings on architecture are almost as old as writing itself. Books on the theory of architecture, on the art of buildings, and on the aesthetical view of buildings exist in great number. The oldest book, which sets forth the principles, upon which buildings should be designed and which aim is to guide the architect, is the work of Markus Vitruvius Pollio written in the first century B. C.

Architecture is an art. Its nowadays expression should be creative and consequently new. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored, but it must be expressed in modern terms. There exists an evident paradox in the coexistence of change and survival in every period of human civilization. This paradox of change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style.

Architecture is also the style or manner of building in a particular country or period of history. There are widely known examples of Gothic architecture all round the globe. During many centuries mankind admires the architecture of ancient Greece or Roman Empire as well.

Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius listed three basic factors in architecture. They are convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors have been present and are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 21st century. No true architect could think of any of them without almost automatically considering the other two as well. Thus, architectural design entails not only the necessity to study various solutions for convenience, structure and appearance as three separate processes. Architectural design also includes the necessity to keep in mind the constant interaction of these factors. It's impossible for an architect first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, and then make the design of a strong construction around his plan to shelter it. Then, as a final touch, try to adjust and decorate the whole to make it pretty. Any design evolving from such kind of work will produce only a confused, incoherent, and unsatisfactory building. When speaking about any truly great building we cannot but say that every element in it has a triple implication or significance.

This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a difficult art. It needs some unique type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to make a designer capable of getting requite in the light of these three factors—use, construction and aesthetic effect — simultaneously. The designer must have a good knowledge as of engineering so of building materials. This knowledge will enable him to create economically strong and practical construction. The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction into the harmonious whole. The architect's feeling of satisfaction in achieving such integration is one of his/her (their) greatest rewards.

2. Зіставте речення із поданих нижче слів

1) Science, of, building, architecture, the planning, is, structure, or, and, art.

2) Architecture, old, itself, writings, as, on, are, writing, as, almost.

3) Which, architect, the, to guide, oldest, aim, book, Markus Pollio, is, the, is, work,the, of.

4) Ignored, it, terms, the, cannot, be, modern, in the, be, past, expressed, in, heritage,of, but, must.

5) Mankind, of, Roman, during, the, ancient, of, as, many, admires, well, centuries,Greece, Empire, architecture, or.

6) Have. in, till, convenience, been, the, century, beauty, the, present, strength,constructions, 21st, and, best.

7) Three, design, the, constant, architectural, factors, design, the, also, interaction,also, in, necessity, to keep, includes, mind, of.

8) Building, the, must, materials, have, as, engineering, of, knowledge, designer, a,so, a, of, good.

3. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

1. What is architecture?

2. What is the oldest book to set forth the principles of construction?

3. How should mankind deal with the heritage of the past?

4. What three basic factors in architecture were listed nearly two thousand years ago?

5. Why architecture is a difficult art?

6. What can we say about any truly great building?

7. What integration must an architect achieve?

3.4. Деякі професії будівництва.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. Випишіть будівничі професії, які ви знайдете в тексті, перекладіть їх та запишіть у зошит.

SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.

He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paperhanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialised bricklayer. In some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles, and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialise in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente which means a wood or metal framework.

Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of wood which has beencut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather. In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.

Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer-mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, wether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Who is called a tradesman or a craftsman? 2. Whose trades were originally the same? 3. Whose work is finer; the carpenter's or the joiner's? 4. What kind of work does a plasterer perform?

II. Read and translate the following word combinations:

wood or metal formwork; exposed to weather; successive coats of plaster;

wall pattern.

III. Translate the following sentences:

1.A bricklayer renders brickwork. 2. A bricklayer can fix wall and flooring tiles. 3. A carpenter erects wooden frames. 4. Joiner's work is done in a joinery shop.

5. A plasterer lays successive coats of plaster.

3.5 Цивільне будівництво

1. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given below for each paragraph.

1) The Civil Engineer

2) From the History of Engineering

3) What is Civil Engineering?

The term “civil engineering” describes engineering work performed by civilians. In general it includes the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. Civil engineering covers different areas of engineering, including the design and construction of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, railway lines, airports, water-supply and irrigation systems, harbors, docks and aqueducts. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.

First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer for non-military purposes. And up about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. It is a wellknown fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers got interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”. With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of engineering – electrical engineering. It is divided now into main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. Today civil engineering includes the production and distribution of energy, the development of aircraft and airports, the construction of chemical process plants and nuclear power stations, and water desalination. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

While the definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. The civil engineer needs a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, of the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected. In doing so, civil engineers quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we can creatively envision the progress of our tomorrow. One of the largest benefits of a civil engineering job is that the demand for new facilities and the maintenance of existing ones makes civil engineers always in demand.

2. Share your vision about civil engineering using the following phrases: to my mind, in my opinion, if I am not mistaken, as far as I remember, it seems to me, etc.

1) What does the term “civil engineering” describe?

2) What does civil engineering cover?

3) How many branches of engineering were up about in the middle of the 18^th century?

4) How was the civil engineering being developed with the Industrial Revolution?

5) When did civil engineers get interested in the practical application of science?

6) How were mechanical engineers separated from civil engineering?

7) When did electrical engineering appear? What branches is it divided intonowadays?

8) What does civil engineering include today?

9) Did subdivisions of engineering branch off from civil engineering?

10) How old is the profession of civil engineer?

11) What kind of thorough knowledge does he need?

12) What does the civil engineer practise?

13) Who shapes the history of nations around the world?

14) How can we envision the progress of our tomorrow?

15) What is the largest benefit of a civil engineering job?

3.6. Основні будівельні матеріали.

Бібліографічний опис

1. Мегазбірка найкращих розмовних тем.-Харків: Видавництво«Школа», 2008.-608с.

2. Усі англійські теми з паралельним перекладом. 5-12 класи/ Автор-укладач В.В. Синельникова.-К.: Видавництво «Майстер-клас», 2007-2008.-880 с.

3. Коваленко В.English.-Львів: Видавництво «Вища школа», 2005.-367с.

4. Богацький І.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бізнес-курс англійсбкої мови мови/ Підзагальною ред. Богацького І. С. - Київ: ТОВ «ВП Логос-М», 2007.- 352 с.

5. Карпусь І. А. Business English: Навч. посібник.-5-е вид.-К.: МАУП, 2002.224с.

6. Шостак О. Г., Конопляник Л. М. Professional english of the constructionindustry. Навчальний посібник, Вид-во НАУ, 2017-308 с.

7. English Topics: Найкращі 1000 усних тем з паралельним перекладом дляшколярів та абітурієнтів.–Х.: Веста: Вид-во «Ранок»,2008.- 640с.

8. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. – Київ: «Освіта», 2000.-320 с.

9. Англо-український словник з бізнесу/ За редакцією канд. філол. наук Н. М. Семко.-Львів: Оріяна-Нова, 2006.-318с.

10. Ukraine a culture reader-Х.: Видавнича група «Академія», 2000.-164с.

11. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader.-Харків: Видавнича група «Академія», 2000.-208 с.

12. English Learner’s Digest, 2007-2008.

13. Усі розмовні теми. English. – Х.: Торсінг плюс, 2016. – 608 с.

14. Сareer Path. Architecture.- Express Publishing, 2013

15.Simona Franzoni. Flash on English for Construction. Italy. 2012

Mass Media

Work in pairs. Find out what your partner thinks of magazines. Ask and answer the following questions:

Does your family subscribe to any newspapers or magazines? What are they?I can find a lot of useful information

Do your parents subscribe to newspapers and magazines or buy them in the there.

Anewsstands? s for me I am fond of ... I can read interesting articles about the

What is your favourite magazine about? – It is aboutarts and sports /cultural news. sport/ cookery/ fashion/

^Amusic/computers/ cinema/ pop stars/ knitting ^{s for me I prefer}^{... best of all} / embroydering / crochetingI can travel around the world without |ˈkrəʊʃeɪɪŋ|

^b/cars / gardening / health...^ecause wasting money. Is it a weekly or a monthly

Amagazine?s for me I am interested in... I can learn more about famous people/

What articles does it contain? – It helps me It contains love storiescountries /wildlife. / the latest gossip on my favourite pop, film and soap stars/ competitions /advice on varies areas of life/...I can take part in different shows and