I am fond of reading

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This book can be used at the schools and lyceums,

for pupils of the 8^th - 11^th forms

at the English lessons as an additional book.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Text №1

Our English Studies

 - What are advantages of learning English?

 - Why it is not easy to study English?

 - What another popular international languages do you know?

Today it is quite evident that everyone should know at least one foreign language.

Knowing one or more foreign languages makes it possible to get acquainted with different ways of thinking, to understand a new civilization. Learning a foreign stimulates mental abilities and gives you a chance to appreciate a new literature, a different culture and to broaden your outlook.

Besides, knowing foreign languages has a practical value. It helps to improve the quality of your work, because it reduces the time lost on obtaining the necessary information.

The knowledge of other languages is very useful, especially if you have to work abroad or of you must read foreign literature in the original. If you know the language of a foreign country, you can talk to its people and understand what they are speaking about without anybody’s help. The knowledge of foreign languages also helps young people of different countries to develop friendship.

People learn English, because in the recent years it has become not only an international language, it is now a number one language in the world. Besides, English is becoming a lingua franca. A lingua franca is a language chosen for international purposes.

At the beginning of the 21^st century English is more widely spoken and written, than any other language has ever been. It has become the language of the planet, the first truly global language. English has become the world’s important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations.  Three quarters of the world’s mail and its telexes and telegrams are in English. More than half of the world’s scientific periodicals and eighty per cent of the information in the world’s computers are also in English. English is the main language of business. It is the language of sports: the official language of the Olympics. In a number of speakers it is second only to Chinese. At the same time it is the most widespread language in the world. It is the official language of the UK, of the USA, Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It is also spoken as a second language by many people in India, Pakistan, numerous countries in Africa. The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native language speakers, if it hasn’t happened yet.

Everybody can see now the importance of English, listening to the radio and music, watching films on TV. Pupils at the schools should study English deeply. English lessons should be interesting for them. It is necessary to start learning English with the alphabet, transcription and sounds. Then learn some English words, conversation phrases and dialogues by heart, read and translate easy texts. Of course, sometimes we should work in the language laboratory listening to the recorded tapes and doing laboratory exercises, but it is not enough. From lesson to lesson we improve our knowledge, learn more and more new words, grammatical structures and put them into practice of speaking. Soon we will be able not only to read and translate texts but to discuss their contents in English, to communicate with one another. It is very helpful to listen as much as possible to different English educational programs on the radio and on TV.

English is not an easy language to learn. There is a big problem of speaking, punctuation, a large number of exceptions to any rule. This language is very idiomatic and the prepositions are terrible. English is one of those languages which may be seen easy in the beginning but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross. But if you cross this bridge it will give you great satisfaction. Even now the ability to speak to foreigners in their native tongue gives me great freedom and satisfaction. It’s important also to read foreign authors in the original, which makes our outlook wider. It is not surprising that many intellectuals know several foreign languages. Besides, learning a foreign language opens great opportunities nowadays. You certainly know that with the development of international contacts hundreds of joint ventures appear in every city, every industrial and cultural centre. They need specialists who know one or two foreign language. Also foreign businessmen, delegations and missionaries keep coming to our country, and they all need interpreters. Out tourists and businessmen go abroad. So many people study foreign languages in every possible way. Teachers of foreign languages are in great demand. Such teachers needn’t fear they may remain unemployed.

 Among the great number of languages that exist on our planet today there are some, which stand out. Scientists distinguish 13 great languages. These are the languages that are spoken by no less that 50 per cent of people on the Earth. They are Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish, Hindi and Urdi, Indonesian…

A person who knows these languages can speak to and understand almost 2 thousand million people doesn’t suffer from the language barrier. Today there are a lot of people in Europe and Asia who know several languages. A person who knows several languages is called a polyglot.

It is known that different languages can come into fashion or go out of it. It is generally considered that the most fashionable language in the world nowadays is English. Spanish also becomes very popular. It is learnt nowadays more often than earlier. Oriental languages are also widespread today. Learning a foreign language has a practical value but the choice of a foreign language sometimes depends on a fashion. If under fashion we mean the demands of life and society. Thus, the knowledge of a foreign language today is a life necessity.

The English language surrounds us like a sea, and like the waters of a deep sea it is full of mysteries. English is and has always been constantly changing. Some words die, some change their meanings and all the time new words appear in the language. 

Task: Answer the questions on the page 41  ( English-speaking countries)

    Text №2

Pre-Germanic  Britain (from the history of England)

The history of the English language begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Germanic tribes in the 5th c. of our era. Before describing these events it is essential to recall a few preceding facts of history relevant to the development of English.

Prior to the Germanic invasion the British Isles must have been in­habited for at least fifty thousand years. Archeological research has uncovered many layers of prehistoric population. The earliest inhabitants whose linguistic affiliation has been established are the Celts. The Celts came to Britain in three waves and immediately preceded the Teutons.

Economically and socially the Celts were a tribal society made up of kins, kinship groups, clans and tribes; they practiced a primitive ag­riculture, and carried on trade with Celtic Gaul.

The first millennium B.C. was the period of Celtic migrations and expansion. Traces of their civilisation are still found all over Europe. Celtic languages were spoken over extensive parts of Europe; later they were absorbed by other languages and left very few vestiges behind.

In the first century B.C. Gaul was conquered by the Romans. Having occupied Gaul Julius Caesar made two raids on Britain, in 55 and 54 B.C. The British Isles had long been known to the Romans as a source of valuable things; Caesar attacked Britain for economic reas­ons — to obtain tin, pearls and corn, — and also for strategic reasons. Traders and colonists from Rome came in large numbers to settle in the south-eastern towns. In A.D. 43 Britain was again invaded by Roman legions under Emperor Claudius, and towards the end of the century was made a province of the Roman Em­pire.

The province was carefully: about 40,000 men were stationed there. Two fortified walls ran across the country, a network of paved Roman roads connected the towns and military camps. Scores of towns with a mixed population grew along the Roman roads — inhabited by Roman legionaries and civilians and by the native Celts; among the most important trading centers of Roman Britain was London.

Evidently, the upper classes and the townspeople in the southern dis­tricts were to a considerable extent Romanised, while the Romanisation of rural districts was far less thorough. The population further north was but little affected by the Roman occupation and remained Celtic both in language and custom. On the whole, the Romanisation of distant Britain was more superficial than that of continental provinces (e.g. Gaul and Iberia, where the complete linguistic conquest resulted in the growth of new Romance language, French and Spanish).

The Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years; it came to an end in the early 5th c. In A.D. 410 the Roman troops were offi­cially withdrawn to Rome by Constantine. This temporary withdrawal turned out to be final, for the Empire was breaking up due to internal and external causes, — particularly the attacks of barbarian tribes and the growth of independent kingdoms on former Roman territories. The expansion of Franks to Gaul in the 5th c. cut off Britain from the Roman world.

After the departure of the Roman legions the richest and most civil­ised part of the island, the south-east, was laid waste. Many towns were destroyed. Constant feuds among local landlords as well as the in­creased assaults of the Celts from the North and also the first Germanic raids from beyond the North Sea proved ruinous to the civilization of Roman Britain.

Since the Romans had left the British Isles some time before the invasion of the West Germanic tribes, there could never be any direct contacts between the new arrivals and the Romans on British soil. It follows that the elements of Roman culture and language which the new invaders learnt in Britain were mainly passed on to them at second hand by the Romanised Celts. It must be recalled, however, that the West Germanic tribes had already come into contact with the Romans, and the Romanised population of continental provinces, prior to their migration to Britain: they had met Romans in combat, had gone to Rome as war prisoners and slaves, had enlisted in the Roman troops, and had certainly traded with Roman, or Romanised Celtic merchants.

Thus, in a number of various ways they had got acquainted with the Roman civilization and the Latin language.

Task: Make up 10 questions to the text.

Text №3

Tastes differ

The word “taste” has several meanings. One of them is a physical sense of perception, as, for example, in “It tastes so sweet, try it!”

Taste may also be defined as aesthetic feeling towards something or understanding, for example “she developed a taste for music” – which means that she became fond of music.

Another one is a personal attitude towards something, as taste for choosing things, such as clothes, jewelry, or even wall-paper, furniture or paintings for one’s house. In this sense we may say that it’s a synonym for “style”.

We often hear people say “this thing is tasteful or tasteless” or “this person has good taste” or “his taste is bad”. This means that all of us have some kind of a taste, which is determined by the way we were brought up, by the time when we were growing. It also depends on the culture we are living in, on our age and on the people we are surrounded by. Moreover, it depends on the social class we belong to and even on our profession.

People are so different and what we suppose is good for us, what seems beautiful and tasteful to us, may be just the contrary for other people. Therefore it is said “Tastes differ”.

When we travel to different countries we notice a great variety of styles, of the ways people dress, decorate their house, behave themselves, treat their friends and relatives. Cuisine is also very diverse from country to country. And, of course, it is all very fascinating and different from what we have back home.

For example, here in Russia we have many dishes which contain potatoes, and in Mexico the main components of most dishes are rice and beans. Foreigners are surprised that we always eat soups in Russia. In the US, for instance, soup is served only on big holidays such as Labor Day or Thanksgiving. Americans also don’t understand how we can eat meat-jelly (or kholodets) or okroshka (chopped greens, cucumbers, meat, eggs with mayonnaise and kvass). 

Tastes differ even within one country. Each of us perhaps remembers quarreling with one of our friends over what tastes better: fried potatoes or macaroni with meat, chocolate or ice-cream, porridge or omelet. 

Tastes differ even among people belonging to different sex. Recently American medical journal Psychology and Behaviour published the results of a very interesting research. They used the Web to survey 277 male and female participants in order to find out what kind of food they prefer. They found that women are more prone to eat comfort foods high in fat and sugar, such as cakes and ice-cream. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks.

Task: I. Give Ukrainian equivalents:

- a great variety of styles;   - attitude towards something;

- tastes differ;     - to survey male and female participants;

- meat-jelly;    - treat their friends and relatives

II. Answer the questions:

What are the meaning of the word “taste”?

How do you understand the proverb “Tastes differ.”

Text №4

A Question of Taste. Fashion

(Thoughts about the fashion)

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

What influences our choice of clothes is an interesting question. Most of the people do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk. That kind of clothes is the product of famous high-class designers’ work, it is more often very extravagant and extremely expensive. It is also not designed to be worn every day, but it is suitable some special occasions.

However, we definitely get fashion ideas from music clips, videos, books and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. For example, it is known that more sunglasses were sold in America after the movie “Man in Black”. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 50-s teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

Musicians and other cultural icons as well as political and royal figures have always influenced what we are wearing. Newspapers and magazines reported on what Hillary Clinton was wearing when she was the 1^st lady. The death of Princess Diana was a severe blow to the high fashion world, where her clothes were daily news.

Depending on their attitude towards clothes and fashion, people can be divided in three groups:

     - fashion slaves, spending all their money on the latest clothes even if they don’t look good in them;

     - fashion fans, who enjoy wearing modern clothes but not obsessed by them;

     - people, who just don’t care how they look.

Personally I place myself between fashion fans and people who don’t care how they look. Although I enjoy shopping very much and like to try things on, especially when I look good in them, I don’t spend much time choosing and buying clothes. And, of course, I do it only when I really need something new to wear, and not in order to kill time.

My style and the range of clothes that I have are defined by the activities I engage in. Work occupies most of my time and therefore most of the clothes that I have corresponds with the dress code, registered in the policy of our company. According to the dress code, an employee is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work. For example, men are supposed to wear ties and business suits, and nobody is allowed to wear jeans, except, on Fridays. Women’s clothes are not supposed to be skin-tight, too short and too open. All of the shirts are supposed to have collars. Clothes also can’t be too bright, the colors should correspond to the corporate colors – dark blue and white.

Task:

• Read and translate the text, say your opinion as for the fashion.
• Make tasks on the page 45.

Text №5

City Life

Every now and then we ask ourselves whether it’s better to live in a city our in a countryside.

It is always very difficult to decide for yourself whether to spend the whole life in a city or not. City life has its advantages and disadvantages.

First of all, it is easier to find work in the city than in the country, besides, salaries are much higher and one has a larger variety of jobs to pick from.

Moreover, cities are the centres of culture and social life. Living in a city one has all sorts of museums, music halls, theatres, exhibitions, movie theatres, pubs, restaurants and night clubs at their command. Therefore there are a lot more free time facilities than in rural areas.

Cities are also centres of education. Many young people move to cities because there are more opportunities for continuing their education there. Usually country’s largest and best universities are located in big cities, as for example Sorbonne in Paris or Moscow State University in the capital of Russia.

Another advantage is better living conditions. In the city people live in more modern houses which need less work doing to them. That saves a great part of their time and effort.

Among the disadvantages there are crime, pollution, high prices, enormous traffic jams and overcrowded streets and subway and of course the threat of the present – terrorism.

From the point of view of ecology cities are not the best place to live in. Garbage and sewage are two major problems of cities as well as air and water pollution.

Besides it’s not safe in terms of crime. For example, it is very dangerous to walk back home late in the evening alone in Moscow or other big city. One can either get robbed of their purse, jewellery or mobile phone or even get raped, for example.

One has to watch out for pickpockets even in the daylight. You have to be very careful in crowded places as markets and underground for example. Once there was a story with a young girl on the underground, it was a day time, and her cell phone was snatched right out of her hands just as the train was coming into the station and, of course, they got off straight away and she could do nothing about it. Moreover most of the thieves are carrying knives, which means if you resist you can get badly hurt.

People who get attacked by robbers more frequently are foreign tourists. They are easy targets, they stand out in the crowd. Thieves know they are probably carrying money and documents and they don’t speak the language and they are vulnerable therefore.

What people think about the city life

Thus, no matter whether one is a visitor or a citizen, they have to be sensible and keep their eyes open.

I moved from my small hometown to Moscow five years ago with the intention to enter a University and be able to get an interesting and well-paid job in the future. I have never regretted this decision. One simply has more opportunities living in such a city as Moscow. City life is very intense and interesting, there are so many events going on every day, exhibitions, premieres, competitions, shows, etc.

Personally I enjoy living in the city, mostly for the spare time facilities. I like to go out to the movies or a theatre with my friends. Together with my boyfriend I go to a nice restaurant once in a while. In the winter we love to go skating. Outdoors I get chilly very fast, therefore I prefer staking indoors. Prices are very reasonable there as well.

And if you are tired of social life, it is a great pleasure just to walk along the ancient streets of Moscow, which have so much history behind them, and admire the architecture.

However, despite my great love towards Moscow, I love to come back to the small, quiet and green town of Pushckino. I am very fond of the atmosphere of the rural life. When I get there it seems that time goes by slowly I don’t have to hurry, I’m able to enjoy myself to the fullest, and it calms me down a lot.

Tasks: I. Questions:

Which capital city would you most like to spend a weekend in?

How would you describe the general atmosphere of the city?

What precautions do you suggest we should take when walking home at night?

What do you think police could do to improve the situation?

What is your personal attitude toward cities and living there?

II. What are the meaning of the following words: mugger, robber, thieve, pickpocket.

III. What are advantages and disadvantages of living in cities? Make up a table of them.

Text №6

Kyiv, its places of interest

 - What places of interest are mentioned in this text?

 - What are they famous for?

Kyiv

    Population: 3.82 mln

    Kyiv Area: 827 km2

    Year of foundation: 482 A.D.

    Population in region: 1,806,000

    Region area: 28,900 km2

 Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine and one of the biggest cities in Europe. It has been standing on steep hills overlooking the Dnipro River for more than 1,500 years. According to the ancient legend, Kyiv was founded by the three brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and their sister Lybid, and it was named after the eldest brother Kyi. Since then, Kyiv has developed into a valuable center of East Europe attracting foreign businesses and investors to its economic and natural potential. As an important administrative center, Kyiv is a place for Ukrainian Presidential Administration, Verkhovna Rada, Parliament, and nearly all ministries and governmental departments. Its financial part consists of the National Bank of Ukraine around the world, as well as investment companies and funds, representative offices of foreign financial institutions, exchange markets, and more than 220 commercial banks. In Kyiv, more than 2,000 objects belong to historical, cultural, and architectural monuments.

Popular Places Visited by Tourists:

Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra

 The Dnipro hills are dominated by the greatest monument of Kyiv, the Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra, built almost nine centuries ago. A complex of churches, masterpieces of architecture by themselves, has been a holy place of worship for devoted Christians. Famous for its catacombs with the saints' relics, Lavra is also called the Monastery of Caves. Museum collections of miniatures and church treasures amaze visitors from all over the world

Ukraine Kyiv National Opera House (National Opera House)

 The theater is located in downtown Kyiv, near the Khreschatyk st. The beautiful exterior of the building is supported by the majestic interior design. Much of the theater's creative efforts are concentrated on productions of classical Ukrainian and Russian operas and ballets. Professional actors, creative lighting, and bright decorations leave the most memorable impression about Ukraine's dramatic art.

Volodymyr the Baptizer

 On the slope of the Volodymyr Hill stands the imposing monument to Prince Volodymyr who is also called the Baptizer of Rus. He converted Kyivan Rus to christianity in 988. The bronze statue was erected in 1853.

St. Nicolas Catholic Cathedral

 The cathedral was built in 1899-1909 by the architect Horotetskyi. The building is placed on one of the central streets (Chervonoarmiyska st.), and it can be easily recognized by its distinctive Gothic style and a pair of beautiful needle towers. It was restored in 1980 and now is used as both the concert hall for organ music and the church where Roman Catholic services are held

Ukraine Kyiv Golden Gate  Golden Gate

 This fortified wall, defining the limits of the city and serving as a protective barrier from invaders in the centuries past, dates back to 1037, the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The place was restored to its present condition in 1983, and it now serves as the Golden Gate historical museum. The structure is located in downtown Kyiv, just outside the Zoloti Vorota metro station.

St. Sophia Cathedral

 St. Sophia's thirteen gorgeous golden domes nicely blend with the city skyline. The grandiose ensemble was built by Prince Yaroslav the Wise in the XI century in commemoration of the victory over the Pecheneg tribe. The cathedral became a major cultural and political center of Kyivan Rus and a site for receiving ambassadors from many countries. St. Sophia is famous for its outstanding mosaics and frescoes dating back to the eleventh century

Mariyinsky Palace 

 The gorgeous blue-and-cream palace designed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli was built in 1750 under the supervision of Russian architect Ivan Michurin and is located on top of the hill in a beautiful park. The magnificent building was used as Kyiv residence of the Tsar family. Today the palace is used for official state receptions such as presidential meetings and international conferences. It is open to tourist groups by appointment as well.

Andriyivsky Uzviz (Andriyivsky Descent)

 The most ancient and steep street in Kyiv, Andriyivsky Uzviz, is Kyivites' favorite place for outdoor fairs, festivals, and concerts. Art galleries, shops, and studios make Andriyivsky Uzviz the best place to shop for Ukrainian crafts and artworks. Cultural museums located here reveal the history of the legendary street and of the whole Kyiv. Overlooking Andriyivsky Uzviz and Podil, the old section of Kyiv, stands the Ukrainian Baroque church of St. Andrew designed in 1754 by the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli. This five-domed church remains the major adornment of the upper city. The Castle of Richard in the modernized Gothic style built in 1902 is Andriyivsky Uzviz' another distinctive feature. The building is currently being reconstructed into a hotel.

Ukraine Kyiv Funicular  

 The funicular (cable car) was built in 1905 and until now it offers quick, exciting, and inexpensive rides from Podil (Lower City) up to Mykhailivska Ploscha (Upper City). The ride is short (about 2 minutes), but it is worth seeing a magnificent panorama of Kyiv and the Dnipro River that uncovers from the Funicular. The cost is the same as the fares in city transport. Children under 7 can have a free ride.

 Horodetskyi Building

 One of the most interesting buildings in Kyiv is located in a very quiet and peaceful part of the downtown. A well-known architect Horodetskyi built the house as a private residence in 1902-1903. The walls and the roof of the structure are decorated with intricate sculptural ornaments of mythological and hunting themes. The building is considered one of the most fascinating architectural creations in Kyiv.

 Volodymyr Cathedral

 The structure of this Russian Orthodox Church which was built in 1882 reflects features of the Neo-Byzantine style. The murals of the church interior done by famous Russian painters present considerable artistic significance. The mosaics of the authorship of Venetian masters and the choir music performed in the cathedral are not to be missed. The building is located on one of city's central streets, Taras Shevchenko blvd.

Khreschatyk

 Khreschatyk is the main street in Kyiv. It was recently renovated into one of the most scenic and beautiful places that combines the features of a busy business center with the historical architectural design of buildings. The street leads to Maidan Nezalezhnosti, the city's main square and one of the most popular places of meetings. On weekends, the traffic is blocked on Khreschatyk, and visitors can enjoy a nice walk right in the middle of the street

Task:  Answer the questions on the page 39 (Motherland, Kyiv)

Text №7

Seasons

Everybody knows that there are four seasons in a year and every season is good on its own way with its own charm. Consider autumn for example. In September and November it is still warm and the sun shines brightly in the blue cloudless sky. But November brings cool winds, nasty and gloomy days. And how nasty cold autumn rain is! Sometimes it rains for hours! Nature is falling slowly asleep. But there are people who like autumn, they say, it is the time of harvest, golden leaves, it’s the time when the nature is very attractive. Poets of all nations have sung autumn as the most beautiful time of the year. “Golden autumn,” they call it. Golden, indeed.

But for a lot of people an autumn does not appeal very much. They can like winter much better with its frost and snow.  But it should be said that winter is not very cold in some places without awful snowstorms and deep snowdrifts, it is mild due to the greenhouse effect. Although the average temperature  is -5  C, it sometimes freezes up to -20  C. We can enjoy skating, skiing or tobogganing when there is much snow, but snowless winters are also possible in some countries. Then we have the New Year Eve with a lot of presents. Snow covers the ground from December to March and it seems that winter will never end. But March brings hopes and nature wakes up after a long sleep, birds come back from warm countries and everything around promises something new and exiting.

Nobody is sorry when winter is over with its long black nights and the wind howling outside. People suddenly start feeling the new air; it can be seen the real beauty around us. Trees burst into leaves, fresh and lovely, the air smells of young grass and first flowers. Everything is filled with life pleasures. For many people spring is the most marvelous season of the year when we often go to the country in order to get in touch with nature and enjoy its beauty.

While time goes on spring turns to summer. The great Russian poet A. Pushkin wrote: “Oh, summer fine! I’d love you but for the heat, the mosquitoes and flies!” We can share his opinion, but it wouldn’t be fair not to consider the brighter side of the picture. Being on a hot day in a cool river, picking berries and mushrooms, lying in the sun on the beach… What a wonder to enjoy every minute of the weather! But summer is over and autumn comes and everything starts from the very beginning. So to cut the long story short, it is very difficult to say what our favorite season is. We like and admire them all because each of them is beautiful in its own way. Summer is for the rest, autumn is romantic and a bit sad, but it is a good time to think over our life and ourselves, winter is for work and study, spring is the time to fill in with a new life.

But sometimes we can be confused and feel ourselves like in this poem:

                  “Man is a fool

                    When it’s hot, he wants it cool,

                     When it’s cool, he wants it hot.

                     He always wants what he has not got.”

So everything is good in its season.

Tasks:

- Make a list of features of every seasons.

- Describe your favorite season.

Text №8

The human body

The human body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trunk and the limbs. There are many bones of different sizes and shapes in the skeleton. The bones are connected together by the cartilages, the ligaments and joints. The joints allow the bones to move.

The main part of tin; head is called the skull. The bones of the skull are composed of cranial and facial parts. The skull encloses the brain. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are lodged in the mouth. One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nose and hear with ears.

The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. In the spine there are many vertebrae. They are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the соссух. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cav­ity of the trunk is called thorax and the lower one is called the belly. In the middle of the thorax (the chest) there is a long bone the breastbone by name. The ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages, the lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragm in the upper cavity. In the lower cavity (abdominal cavity) we find interior organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen and intestines (bowels). There are two nipples on the chest, and, in women, the breasts with the teats. There is the navel in the middle of the abdomen. At the lowest part of the abdomen there are genitals (the external reproductive organs).

The upper limb (extremity) is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The joint between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index (fore-finger), middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.

The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone (the femur), the shin-bone (the tibia) and the fibula. We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The joint between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap (the patella). The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.

The muscles form about 40 per cent of the body weight. They are subdivided into three groups. These groups are the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities. There are about 600 skeletal muscles. As far as their form is concerned they can be long, wide and short. The long muscles compose the free extremities, the wide ones lay, on the trunk and form the walls of the body cavities. The short muscles are not numer­ous. Some of them form facial muscles. Muscles are at­tached to bones, internal organs and blood vessels. They allow us to make an internal or external movement due to their contraction and relaxation.

As for the structure of the muscles there are also three types of them: striated (skeletal) muscles, smooth (visceral) muscles and a cardiac muscle. The first ones move all the bones, face and eyes. The second ones move our internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and secre­tory ducts. We have no conscious control over visceral mus­cles and a cardiac muscle. The muscles contain many mus­cle fibers (cells) which are connected together by connective tissue. It goes, without saying that there are many nerves and blood vessels in the muscles.

Task:

I. Learn new words by heart. Prepare for the test.

limb      кінцівка

cartilage    хрящ

joint     суглоб

ligament    зв'язка  

cranial   черепний

facial     лицьовий

jaw     щелепа

to chew    жувати

to breathe    дихати

vertebra    хребець

vertebrae    хребці

cervical    шийний

thoracic    грудний  

coccyx    куприк

diaphragm    діафрагма

stomach    шлунок

urinary    сечовий

wrist     зап'ясток

thumb     великий палець

thigh-bone    стегнова кістка

tibia   великогомілкова кістка

tibiae   великогомілкові кістки

fibula   малогомілкова кістка

knee-joint    колінний суглоб

ankle     щиколотка

extremity    кінцівка

muscle    м'яз

cavity     порожнина

the trunk    тулуб

the head    голова

upper limb    верхня кінцівка

lower limb    нижня кінцівка

form     форма

structure   структура

II. Answer the questions:

1. What is the main part of the head?
2. What compose the face?
3. What are lodged in the mouth?
4. What is divided trunk into two large cavities?
5. How many nipples are on the chest?
6. How many fingers has each hand?
7. The lungs and the heart are located in the upper cavity or in the abdominal cavity?
8. The ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages or by ligaments?
9. Is there the navel in the middle of the abdomen?
10. Are there many bones of different sizes and shapes in the skeleton?
11. What joint is called the knee-joint?
12. What joint we call the elbow?
13. Where are located lungs and the heart?

Text №9

HEART

Heart is a hollow muscular organ which maintains the circulation of the blood in the human body.

There are four cavities in-our heart. The two upper cavities are atriums and the two lower ones are ventricles. At the entrance and exit of the ventricles one can see four valves.

Our heart is within a strong fibreous bag known a-s the pericardium. The heart consists of three layers: the epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium. The epicardium and the endocardium consist of connective tissue. The muscular tissue of the heart is known as the myocardium.

For the regulation of the heart's action there are important nervous connections, especially   with   the   vague   and   with   the   sympathetic nerves.

The valves of the heart make the noises known as the heart sounds. At each heart beat the two atriums contract and expel their contents into the ventricles.

In adults the heart makes from 70 to 75 beats per minute while in children it is much higher.

There is a period of rest for the muscle between the beats. This rest period is shorter during greater activity and longer when the body is quiet.

On an average the heart is in a state of, contraction about one third of our life.

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is heart?
2. How many cavities are there in heart?
3. What can we see at the entrance and the exit of the ventricles?
4. How many layers has the heart?
5. What do the epicardium consist of?
6. What is the myocardium?
7. How is the heart’s action regulated?
8. What do the valves of the heart make?
9. How many atriums beat at each heart?
10. Do the atriums expel their contents into the ventricles?

Text №10

Sports

- What are your favorite sports?

- Do you agree with a saying that “A Healthy Mind is in a Healthy Body”?

Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been developing with the developing and growth of the man­kind. All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activi­ties. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sports help people to keep in good health.

We all need to exercise. Even if you don't plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice. Regular exercises gives you more energy. That is why many people who suffer from general tiredness should take more exercise than more rest. Exercise makes you feel and look better. The best exer­cise is one which involves in repeated movements, those are: walking, jogging or swimming. Bending and stretching will add flexibility and feeling of lightness.

Among the sports popular in our country are football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, ice hockey, tennis, gymnas­tics, figure skating. A person can choose sports and games for any season, for any taste.

Going in for sports and watching sport events are two different things. When you listen to the radio you can always hear sport news. When you open a newspaper you will always find information about sport events.

TV programs about sports are always very popular, and you can watch something very interesting every day.

Sports help people to keep fit. At the same time those who go in for sports try to achieve good results and win victories in sports competitions. Practically speaking all kinds of sports and games are popular in our country. People go in for athletics, gymnastics boxing, fencing, and tennis - sports and games for any season, for any person, for any taste.

It goes without saying that football and tennis enjoy the greatest popularity in our country.

Text №11

Healthy Living Guide and Sport

They say, "Health is above wealth." One of the first duties we owe to ourselves is to keep our bodies in perfect health. If your body suffers from any disorder, our mind suffers with it, and we are unable to make much progress in knowledge, and we are unfit to perform those duties, which are required of us in social life.

There are certain laws of health which deserve particular attention and they are so simple that even a child can learn them. A certain amount of exercise is necessary to keep the body in perfect condition. All the powers (mental and bodily) we possess are strengthened by use and weakened by disuse. Moderation in eating and drinking, reasonable hours of labour and study, enough sleeping time (not less than 7-8 hours a day), regularity in exercise, recreation and rest, cleanliness lay the foundations for health and long healthy happy life.

Thousands of people consider sports to be very helpful in gaining good health. That's why every country pays much attention to developing sports. It is sport that helps to bring up physically strong, strong-willed, courageous and energetic people. In the last ten years recreational sport has become extremely popular, and, according to doctors is absolutely essential for a long and healthy life.

The reasons of this enormous interest in sport of all kinds are varied. When you ask people why they spend so much time, effort, and sometimes money, they will talk about the physical benefits (feeling fit, increasing stamina, sleeping better, the chance of living a more active life), psychological benefits (self-discipline and respect, a sense of personal achievement, relaxation, getting rid of aggression), and the social advantages (meeting people with similar interests, the team spirit). However, the social aspect seems to be more important for men than for women. Very often, enjoying a drink with friends after the match is as important for the former as a physical activity itself. The latter generally see sport as a way of keeping fit rather than anything else. 

Of course, some people don’t consider sport to be a hobby, it is an everyday work for them. Much is spoken now about problems in professional sport. There is a lot drug taking in sport. There is too much pressure on young sports people. Mountaineering and air sports such as hang-gliding, each kill at least 16 people every year. In one Sports Council study of 28,000 people, football was found responsible for more than a quarter of 2,000 injuries seen every year. But still many people are involved in professional sport and millions of people can not live without it. They prefer watching sporting events rather than taking part in them. They are so-called sport-fans. They pack stadiums during sport matches and competitions, they sit glued to the TV, they are ready to give every moral support to their favourite sportsmen or teams.

In the meantime thousands of ordinary people devote their spare time to going in for sports. They play indoor and outdoor games: volleyball, basketball, table tennis, hockey, lawn tennis. The number of participants and spectators show that the most popular games are basketball, hockey and, of course, football. A lot of people go in for track-and-field athletics, cycling, boxing, wrestling, gymnastics and so on.

Hockey, figure skating, skiing and skating are among the most popular winter sports. In summer swimming is enjoyed by millions of people. There are also many indoor swimming pools, which makes swimming possible all the year round. Cycling is a useful exercise, too, because it takes you out into the fresh air and gives much work to all the muscles. So if you arrange your day correctly you can find an opportunity for sports.

Physical training is an essential part of young people's development. All pupils and students have regular training at PT lessons. These classes are enjoyed by everybody as they give a lot of energy, develop muscles, make pupils strong, quick and healthy. From time to time different kinds of competitions are organized at school or between schools. The most popular sports at school are basketball, football and volleyball. Besides, pupils and students attend a lot of sports clubs and sports sections after classes, where they take up their favourite kind of sport.

Indeed, sport is a part of everyday life of many generations all other the world. So if you think that physical fitness and health are important you are to go in for sports.

Tasks:

I. Discussion.

- What is the healthy way of life?

- What are good and bad habits?

- Are you for or against healthy way of life? Why?

- Does sport help us to become stronger and healthier?

II. Answer the questions on the page 40 (Sport. Healthy living guide)

Text №12

Smoking

Smoking is a big social issue in many countries nowadays widely discussed in newspapers, radio and TV-shows.

The practice of smoking tobacco originated among Native Americans in eastern North America, where tobacco is native. It was adopted by many Europeans following the colonization of the Americas.

According to the World Health Organization, it is most common in east Asia, where as many as two-thirds of all adult males smoke tobacco. Because of concern over the health effects of tobacco smoking, the practice has rapidly declined in recent years in the United States, Canada and western Europe. However, statistics show that at least a quarter of people even in these regions continue to smoke, and there is no indication smoking will go away completely.

Tobacco may be smoked in several forms, the most common being the cigarette, the cigar, and the pipe. Cigarette smoking is the most common. Pipes and cigars are less common, and some stereotype these as exclusively for men. The hookah or water pipe is used in the Middle East.

In the case of cigarette smoking, smoke is inhaled into the lungs. Tobacco smoke contains the nicotine, which forms a strong physical and psychological addiction. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, claim that nicotine is a “very addictive drug” that can be “as addictive as heroin or cocaine”.

Medical research has found that smoking is a major contributing factor towards many human health problems, especially lung cancer, heart attack, and other disorders. Research also showed that smoking is an important cause of premature death worldwide.

Passive smoking (also known as environmental tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking or secondhand smoke) occurs when the exhaled smoke from one person's cigarette is inhaled by other people. Involuntary smoking involves inhaling toxic components. Numerous studies have suggested that passive smoking can be harmful to human health. Passive smoking is one of the key issues in leading to smoking bans, particularly in workplaces.

Smoking is not supported by many people in the world, for the most part by the non-smokers.

Most arguments against smoking are grounded on public health concerns.

In many countries, including the United States, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Australia, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors.

Several Western countries have also put restrictions on cigarette advertising. In the United States, all television advertising of tobacco products has been prohibited since 1971. In Australia, the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 prohibits tobacco advertising in any form, with a very small number of exceptions.

In addition, in many countries some jurisdictions impose restrictions on where smoking is allowed. Several European countries such as the Republic of Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain and Scotland have legislated against smoking in public places, often including bars and restaurants. Similar bans will also take effect in the rest of the UK at various intervals.

In the United States, many states prohibit smoking in restaurants, and some also prohibit smoking in bars.

Still, many people continue smoking. People start smoking for different reasons. Some say they smoke in order to relax, rest and distract from their daily stress. Most of the minors smoke in order to be like everybody else, to be cool and become a grown up.

However, successful ex-smokers are often quite happy and relieved, as well as proud of their success.

Task:

I. Answer the questions:

- What does statistic say about smoking?

- Do you consider smoking as good or bad habit?

- Who are passive smokers?

- What are influence of tobacco upon people?

- What are the reasons why young people begin to smoke?

- Are they really cool, as they want to be?

- Should shop-assistants sell cigarettes for children and young people under 21?

II. Give your arguments why you are against/for smoking.

Text №13

The Olympic Games

The origin of the Olympic Games is linked with many myths referred to in ancient sources, but in the historic years their founder is said to be Oxylos whose descendant Ifitos later rejuvenated the games.

According to tradition, the Olympic Games began in 776 B.C. when Ifitos made a treaty with Lycourgos the king and famous legislator of Sparta and Cleisthenes the king of Pissa. The text of the treaty was written on a disc and kept in the Heraion.

In this treaty that was the decisive event for the development of the sanctuary as a Panhellenic centre, the "sacred truce" was agreed. That is to say the ceasing of fighting in all of the Greek world for as long as the Olympic Games were on.

As a reward for the victors, the cotinus, which was a wreath made from a branch of wild olive tree that was growing next to the opisthodomus of the temple of Zeus in the sacred Altis, was established after an order of the Delphic oracle.

The Olympics were held, after the completion of four years during the month of July or August. The time in between two Olympic Games was called an Olympiad. In the beginning the games lasted only one day and comprised of only one event, the running of one Stadion, but gradually more events were added resulting, towards the 5th century B.C., in the games lasting for 5 days.

In total the Olympic Games consisted of 10 events: running, the pentathlon, jumping, discus, "ekebolon" javelin, wrestling, boxing, the pancration, chariot racing, and horse racing.

All Greeks who were free citizens and had not committed murder or heresy, had the right to take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not entitled to take part, except as owners in the horse races, while being strictly prohibited from watching the games.

The athletes presented themselves one month before the games began at Elis, the organising town, but the organisation and supervision for the upholding of the rules was carried out by the Hellanodikes, who were chosen by lot from the citizens of Elis.

Two days after the beginning of the games, the procession of the athletes and the judges started from Elis to arrive in Olympia where it was received by the crowds who had come to watch the games.

The ceremonies began with the official oath that was taken by the athletes at the altar of Horkios Zeus, in the Bouleuterion, swearing that they would compete with honour and respect the rules.

The victors enjoyed great honours and on returning to their cities their compatriots pulled down part of the walls for them to enter. They were also given special privileges and high office.

The great historical events that took place in the passing of centuries within the Hellenic lands, took their toll even on the athletic ideals of the Olympic Games, resulting in the gradual fall of the moral values, that was especially felt from 146 A.D. when most of Greece fell under the Romans and the Eleans lost their independence.

The institution of the Olympic Games lasted for twelve continuous centuries and was abolished in 393 A.D. (the 293rd Olympiad) by order of Theodosios I when the functioning of all idol worshiping sanctuaries was forbidden, and in 426 A.D., during the reign of Theodosios II, the destruction of the Altian monuments followed.

The national, racial and spiritual unity of the Greeks was forged thanks to the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games combined the deep religious spirit along with the heroic past of the Greeks thus unifying to the highest degree body, mind and soul according to universal and philosophical values, and so projecting the individual as well as the cities, through the highest ideal of freedom.

Task:

Discussion:

- Whom from the Olympic Champions do you know?

- What is the origin of the Olympic Games?

Text №14

Revival Of The Olympic Games

Efforts for the revival of the Olympic Games in modern times reached a peak at the end of the 19th century with the instrumental contribution of the French Baron Pierre De Coubertin and the Greek Dimitrios Vikelas. The first contemporary Olympic Games took place with great glamour in 1896 in Athens, in the Panathenaic Stadium. The head quarters of the International Olympic Academy are in Olympia now.

Also in Olympia is the altar of the Olympic flame, which is transferred every four years to the city that hosts the Olympic Games. The lighting of the flame takes place at the altar of the Temple of Hera and it is done with the convergence of sunlight onto a metal reflector. This process is part of a ritual combination that includes the prayer and the hymn to Apollo. The high priestess enters the stadium holding the lit torch which she then hands over to the first runner in order for it to start its long journey to the ends of the earth

The Events

The foot-race

It is the oldest contest that took place in Olympia. Until the 13th Olympiad (728 B.C.) when the games lasted for only one day, it was the only event at the sanctuary. The athletes were running nude, in an area whose length was determined at 600 feet (192.27m), that is one Stade . It was this distance that gave its name to the area used for the performance of the event. These areas, the stadiums, were situated on hillsides or in small valleys, thus enabling the spectators to follow the events. Later and as the crowd of spectators grew, artificial slopes were built and the spectators sat on the ground.

The stadium at Olympia had a capacity of 45,000 spectators. Only men were allowed to watch the games with the exception of the high priestess of Demeter Chamyne. The start and duration of the stadium race were specified by clear rules and there were set penalties for athletes who broke them. The rules were clear for all the events and for the duration of the games there were specific bodies, the Alytai, who kept the order in all the areas of performance. The judges and those in charge of the games were the Hellondikai, who at first were life members but then appointed by lot from the Elean citizens.

There are no records of the achievements of the athletes during Archaic times as there were no means of the keeping of time. What was important was to be the first amongst the other athletes of the event, and receive the honour and the glory that followed such a distinction.

Also taking place in Olympia were the Heraia, athletic games for women in which young girls from Elis partook. These games were held every four years independently of the Olympic games. The women ran wearing their hair loose, dressed in short tunics.

Pentathlon

The pentathlon was a combination of heavy and light events. It included jumping, running, javelin, discus and wrestling. The pentathlon was considered to be a very important event because the athlete had to combine many qualities and skills of the body. In the Olympic Games running and wrestling were conducted separately, while the other three events were independent. Jason was, according to mythology, the inventor of the pentathlon.

Jumping

It is similar to the long jump. The athlete jumped into a pit holding halters in his hands. It was accompanied by flute music.

Discus

An event known from Homeric poems and one that the Greeks loved most. It was part of the pentathlon. A fleeting moment of discus throwing is captured in the famous statue of the Discus-thrower by Myron, a copy of which can be seen in Athens, opposite the Panathinaic Stadium.

Javelin

One of the favorite events of many mythical heroes. Separated into "ekebolon" javelin throwing which was judged by the distance the javelin was thrown, and the "stochastikon" javelin throwing where the javelin was thrown at a specific target.

Wrestling

It is refered to for the first time in Homer's Labours for Patroclos. It was one of the pentathlon events but also independent in the Panhellenic games.

Boxing

One of the oldest events, as shown by the representation of two children boxing on the mural from Acrotiri in Thera, and the early reference to the event by Homer.

Pancration

A combination of wrestling and boxing, it is praised by Philostratos as the best and the most worthy event for men in the Olympic games.

The horse races

The hippodrome, a space used for the horse races differed in size from place to place. An aristocratic event, the horse races comprised of various events and were conducted with horses, chariots and quadriga.

The most spectacular event was the quadriga race, an event in which the most prominent historic personalities had competed. The hippodrome was the main place for exhibiting wealth and political strength during antiquity.

Task: I. Answer the questions on the page 40 (Sport. Healthy living guide)

Text №15

Food and Drink

Task:

I. Do you like tea or coffee?

 What do you have for lunch?

 Do you like to eat out?

II. Read the text and tell what  English people eat. Compare it with our Ukrainian food.

Many typical English dishes center on roast meat - beef, pork, lamb, poultry and game. Roast beef is accompanied by roast potatoes and Yorkshire pudding. Mint sauce is usually served with lamb, and currant jelly with poultry. Pork is normally complimented by apple sauce.

A treat is salmon, also smoked, as are haddock and mackerel. Regional sea specialties in­clude oysters. Stews and pies are particular favourites, with Lancashire hot pot, a celebrated stew.

Melton Mobray in Leicestershire produces pork pies, and Cornwall Cornish pasties. Cheeses include Cheddar. Cheshire, Stilton, Double Gloucester, Red Leicester, Derbyshire, Lan­cashire and Wensleydale.

The most famous British takeaway is still the fish and chip shop. Wimpy is a trade mark for a fast food chain in Britain. Wimpy was a friend of cartoon character Popeye who loved ham­burgers.

Tea is the national drink. Children have tea about 5 or 6 p.m. "Five o'clock tea" is the meal and not a drink. It is often meet or fish with vegetables and then a dessert. Cream teas are very popular. You may have scones /cake/ with cream and jam. Coffee enjoys almost equal popu­larity. Beer might be one of brews: mild, bitter, stout or lager. Pubs serve a wide range of non­alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, including gin, vodka, sherry and whisky. Permitted drinking hours are generally 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Monday to Saturday; noon to 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 10:30 pm on Sunday, Good Fri­day and December 25.

For breakfast most people have cereal or toast and tea or coffee. People have tea with cold milk. Some people prefer instant coffee, made just with hot water. Many visitors to Britain find this coffee disgusting.

Lunch is a quick meal. It is very light, usually a sandwich and some fruit. There are a lot of sandwich bars with a wide choice of bread, salad, fish and meat which go for sandwiches. Pubs serve good, cheap food, both hot and cold. School children can have a hot meal at school but many take a lunch bag from home - a sandwich, a drink, apples or bananas. On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch: roast meat with potatoes, vegetables and gravy- a sauce made from the meat juices.

People have dinner at 7 or 8 p.m. The evening meal is the main meal of the day. Usually the whole family eats together.

Supper must be very light - a sandwich or toast, or just some biscuits. Those who haven't eaten dinner may eat supper at 9 p.m.

At the restaurant you will have a starter, a main course and a dessert. The starter includes a vege­table, tomato or chicken soup, prawn cocktail, melon and ham or fruit juice. Main courses give a choice of chicken casserole, roast beef, fish pie served with new potatoes and fresh vegetables. Desserts may include Black Forest Gateau [ga:'tou] / a chocolate cake/, an apple pie with cream or ice cream, cheese and bis­cuits.

The British like food from other countries. From the time immemorial foreign trade was a major influence on British cooking. English cooks used ingredients from all over the world though good English weather, plenty of rains help them produce fine fruit, vegetables and meat.

Probably, a famous quotation of the writer and humorist George Mikes “On the Continent people have good food; in England people have good table manners” will soon be forgotten. Nowadays British pubs are becoming the places where you can eat well and cheaply. British steak and mush­room pie, Lancashire hotpot are the gastronomic wonders of the world.

Eating out in Britain is very easy. There are many establishments which are worth visiting. The choice is excellent especially in London, one of the gourmet^’s paradises. Concentrated in the West End alone are several hundred restaurants catering for the most tastes and pockets, with full meals ranging from 1.50 to 30 pounds.

Most nationalities with a reputation for cuisine are represented in the British capital. You can choose any restaurant to your liking - classical French, classical international, Italian, Japa­nese, Greek, Hungarian, British, Cantonese. Some restaurants provide special kind of treat - like afternoon tea for children of all ages, eat-as-much-as-you-can set tea at Harrods Restaurant, ex­pensive; but the children's tea costs less than Mum's and Dad's. The establishments, like Simpson's, Tate Gallery, Waltons, English Garden and others are the best London can offer. E.g. Simpson's is a tradi­tional English restaurant with several rooms on two floors. It was established in 1828. The dishes to sample are huge roasts, boiled chicken, tripe and onions, Lancashire hotpot,-etc. If you want to try something out-of-the-ordinary you may go to Tate Gallery at Millbank Embankment. This is a very fine restaurant where food is modelled on early traditional English dishes, some from the recipes of Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell. The choice is endless.

Text №16

Leisure time of British teenagers

The majority of teenagers in Great Britain spend their free time as everywhere in the world. The average young person spends about 19 hours in front of the television. According to the government report nearly three-quarter of young people have TV sets in their rooms. Besides watching TV, other activities like cinema going and sport remain popular. In Wales, the report says that some 50 percent of boys play football throughout the winter while a great number of girls also play football, although they are in general prefer swimming and tennis.

Listening to music is also a part of time spending. Tape-recorders, CD-players and the concerts of pop music are the subject of every day talk of teenagers.

As children grow older they turn from playgardens or homes to streets where they meet and talk and start develop their confidence. Street life includes groups of friends who meet together in the streets, squares and parks, or visit town centers to do window-shopping and "see what's going on".

Task:

• Compare leisure time of British teenagers and Ukrainian ones.  What are differences between them?
• Answer the questions about hobbies and past time on the page 41.

Text №17

Teenagers’ problems

  Everybody was a teenager, that’s why everybody can say that it’s very difficult to be a teenager. Everyone has different problems, but teenage problems are special.

  One of the worst teenage problems is schooling. Sometimes you feel bad because of teachers’ or classmates’ attitude to you. You are tired of studying, that’s why you don’t have energy and time for doing other things. Also I’d like to say that a lot of teens like to look older, that’s why they obtain bad habits like smoking, drinking, taking drugs, etc. But a teen can have bad habit because of problems in private life. Absence of the second half, loneliness, lack of pocket money or parents’ misunderstanding can inspire teen, that his best friend is a bottle or a cigarette. None should be angry because of teen’s feelings, because the boy or the girl often doesn’t control his or her feelings. Streets and street bands can make a teen ruder and crueler, that’s why parents shouldn’t allow their children to have such interests. I know a lot of boys and girls, who think that cleaning their room is the most important problem of humanity. They think it’s boring and useless, because the room will become dirty 5 minutes later. Teens who have mania to comps are very boring and uninteresting. You can’t speak with them about something beside of «Sims» or «GTA». It’s a real problem. Every teenager has a favorite singer, writer or sportsman. But no one should become a fan, because we can kill our individuality and become clones. Sometimes a quarrel between teens can lead to serious law’s violations. It’s very dangerous! Also bad relationships between members of the family make the teen very emotional. The teen doesn’t get along with parents and relatives. Parents press on their child, they think he is iron and he doesn’t feel soul ache. Parents want them to study very well; they don’t understand that they do everything as good as they can. They don’t respect their interests thinking that they become strange because of music or sporty.

  When a person grows and stops being a teen, he or she stops understanding them. Only teen can understand people, who are the same age as he is. It’s really difficult to be a teenager!

Task: Answer the questions on the page40 ( Youth problems)

Text № 18

Mass Media

Mass media are one of the most characteristic features of modern civilizations. People are united into one global community with the help of mass media/ People can learn about what is happening in the world very fast using mass media.

The mass media include newspapers, magazines, radio, TV.

The earliest kind of mass media was newspaper. The first newspaper was Roman called «Acta Diurna»  started in 59 B.C. 

Magazines appeared in 18 century.

The most exciting and entertaining kind of mass media is television. It brings moving pictures and sounds directly to people’s homes. So one can see events in faraway places.

Radio is widespread for its portability. It can be easily carried around. People like to listen to the Radio in the park, on the beach, at the seaside, in the car, while driving a car, on the picnic. The main kind of radio entertainment is music, news, musical quiz.

Newspapers can present all comment on the news in much detail in compares on to radio and TV.

Magazines are designed to be kept for a long time. So it has cover and binding. They are printed on better paper then newspapers.

The youngest kind of mass media is global computer net called Internet.  I think that Internet is kind of mass media of the future. People can find on word wide web whole information about all things from sport to travel, from music to shopping. Internet is the most advanced and fast-growing kind of digital media. It gives people the freedom of speech and self-expression unavailable before, at the same time allowing many new and unforeseen combinations of different media types. Internet is also the foundation of new technologies that will impact the society in numerous ways, such as e-commerce and virtual multi-user communities.

Task:   - What does the term “ Mass Media” include in itself?

- What is the youngest kind of mass media?

TV

  The name «Television» comes from Greek word meaning «far» and Latin word meaning «to see» so it means «to see far».

  There are commercial stations, they sell advertising time to pay for their operating costs and to make profit. The public stations are nonprofits organizations.

  Commercial TV stations broadcast mostly entertainment programs to attract lager number of viewers.

  These programs include light dramas called situation comedies, action-packed dramas about life of detectives, police officers, lawyers and doctors, show dancers and singers, movies, quiz shows, soap operas, cartoons, talk shows. On talk shows a host interviews politicians, TV, movie stars athletes. There are also sport programs, brief summaries of local, national and international news.

 Advertising is an important part of commercial TV. Commercials appear between and during most programs. They urge viewers to buy different kinds of products – from dog food to hair spray, from cars to insurance polices.

 Public TV focuses mainly on education and culture. Public TV also broadcasts plays, ballets, symphonies as well as programs about art and history. It attract less viewers then commercial TV.

TV. Past and Future.

 In just half a century, television has covered the planet. TV affects our daily life is a way that no other media can. It was simply an idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision.

 First TV-sets were in black and white.

 Since 1980 there have been four major developments of TV. The first is video, which has given viewers the power to control what they watch and when they watch it.  These days, fifty percent of homes have a video-cassette-recorder (VCR) and millions more are being sold every year.

 The second is satellite TV. Thanks to direct broadcast satellites (DBS) dozens of new channels are now available to everyone who buys a receiving «dish». Many of these new channels specialize in one kind of program – only news, sport, cartoons, music and movies.

 The third development is cable – a system of hi-tech wires, which provides even more channels.

 So, TV has come a very long way in a very short time.

Task:  I. Answer the questions:

1. Where does the name “Television” come from?
2. What can we see on the TV?
3. What is your favourite TV programme? Why?

II. Answer the questions on the page 41 (Mass media)

Text №18

TV: is it a good thing?

Mass Media are one of the most characteristic features of modern civilization. People are united into one global community with the help of mass media. People can learn about what is happening in the world very fast using mass media.

The mass media include: newspapers, magazines, radio & TV. The most exciting and entertaining kind of  M.M. is television .It brings moving pictures and sound directly to people’s homes. So we can see events in faraway places.

The name  “TELEVISION” comes from Greek word meaning “FAR” and Latin word meaning “ to see “, so it means “to see far “.

TV has good and bad sides. First of all it keeps people informed, we can learn a lot of information watching TV. We can choose programs that appeal to us more, because TV provides programs for all interest. Sometimes we can relax, entertain ourselves when we are tired. Moreover it’s stops people feeling lonely, t is educational and cheap. Advertisement on TV gives us information about different products and it makes easier to choose things to buy. When we watch TV we learn about the world, famous people and global or recent news.

But  TV has a lot of disadvantages. It takes a lot of time and it makes us lazy.

Therefore it’s harmful for our health and bad for eyes. Some violent programs and films makes people violent. So VIOLENCE  become a vital problem. Watching TV takes all free time from almost all people. We just watch it, not concentrate, and waste time.

In my opinion we need TV inspire of  it’s disadvantages. People need something like information center. As for me I like that there is great choice of programs and wide range of topics and  problems for discussion on TV.I think it’s important to keep people informed about almost everything. People must know important information because they can use it in useful and right way.

    So, all this shows that science can take good forms and evil forms. What forms does it take depends on the way people work with science. It is impossible to stop progress, to stop people to investigate and explore the world. But people should care  it wouldn’t be led in wrong direction.

Task:

1. Write an essay about influence of the TV upon teenagers.
2. Make up 10 questions to the text.
3. Divide this text into 4 parts ( Introductions, Advantages, Disadvantages and Conclusion).

Text №19

Ecological problems

The Earth is the only planet in the solar system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, high snow-capped mountains, green forests and fields. For centuries man lived in harmony with nature until industrialization brought human society into conflict with the natural environment. Today, the contradictions between man and nature have acquired a dramatic character. With the development of civilization man’s interference in nature has increased. Every year the world’s industry pollutes the atmosphere with millions of tons of dust and other harmful substances. The seas and rivers are poisoned with industrial waste, chemical and sewage discharge. People who live in big cities are badly affected by harmful discharge from plants and city transport and by the increasing noise level which is as bad for human health as lack of fresh air and clean water.

Among the most urgent problems are the ozone layer, acid rains, global warming, toxic pollution of atmosphere, disappearance of forests, contamination of underground waters by chemical elements, destruction of soil in some areas, threat to some flora and fauna representatives, etc.

One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Many fish are dying in the sea, others are getting contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which may be sold in markets, and people may get sick from eating them. Lakes and rivers are becoming polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.

Another important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Aerosols create large “holes” in the ozone layer round the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming which may bring about a change in the world’s climate.

The other problem is that our forests are dying from acid rains. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world.

A person can do some damage to the environment but the greater part of pollution certainly comes from industry. Modern industry production is the main threat to nature.

There are a lot of places on our planet that need immediate help. Our country is not exception. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl, which took place on April 26, 1986., has seriously aggravated the ecological situation in Belarus. That catastrophe can be considered as the largest disaster of the 20^th century. As the result of that accident 18% of territories of our republic were contaminated by radioactive elements. The agriculture of our country suffered great losses. More than 20% of the population has also suffered. A death rate among children has increased considerably. The wide researches are carried out, but health state of the people living in polluted areas, is worsened. The level of thyroid gland cancer has increased, the immunity of children and women is weakened, many diseases appear out only a few years later. Everyone understands that this catastrophe is a threat to health of our nation, and though years have already passed, the results will be shown on the future generations.

I’d like to say a few words about animals in danger of extinction. The blue whale is the largest animal which has ever lived. Once there were over 200000 of these creatures living in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Since the seventeenth century they have been hunted for their oil and meat. In fact, so many of them were killed that by 1963 their population had been reduced to just 1000. Today it is even less that that. The African elephant is the world’s largest land animal. Today there are fewer than one million of these animals left. Even though they are now protected, they are still being hunted because of their tusks, which are used to make ornaments and jewellery. There is only one way to save wild animals and wild habitats –conservation. That means protecting animals in danger by law, opening more national parks, building fewer new roads, planting more new forests, cutting pollution. It this doesn’t happen, many wild animals will soon have just one habitat- the Zoo.

Ecological problems have no borders. European states solve these problems together: the necessary measures are taken, congresses and conferences on these questions are organized, and these questions have already the reflection in the legislation of many countries.

The activity of many public organizations is directed to protect environment. One of the most known organizations is “Greenpeace”, whose purpose is prevention of environment degradation. This organization was founded in 1971 by the activists from the USA and Canada and it has representations in 25 countries of the world. “Greenpeace” acts against nuclear tests, radiating threat, pollution of the environment by waste industrial products, to protect the animal world, etc. This organization influences public opinion through mass media, under its aegis manifestations and protest actions are carried solutions for concrete ecological problems.

 For example, the “Greenpeace” sent its boats to protect whales, and today commercial whaling is banned. In the North Sea Greenpeace swimmers turned back dump ships carrying chemical waste, and a new laws to protect the North Sea have been considered.

When I look around I realize that not all people understand the importance of nature protection. On fine summer days a lot of people go out of town. They have picnics on the shores of lakes and the banks of rivers or on beautiful forest glades and they often leave behind a lot of rubbish- plastic bags and bottles, tins and paper. It makes me feel sad when I see people returning to town with huge bunches of forest or meadow flowers. Many of these plants are included into the Red Book which contains the names of rare plants and animals. Some of them have become extinct and others are on the verge of disappearing. If we don’t realize that we are all responsible for what’s happening around us we will never feel secure about the future of the world we live in.

What can be done to protect nature? I believe that environment disasters can be avoided if people broaden ecological education and every person understands that the beauty of nature is extremely fragile and people must obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governments must be prepared to take action against pollution. Air pollution could be reduced if plants and factories were made to fit effective filters on chimneys and car exhausts. Green zones around big cities must be protected and extended. Natural resources should be used economically because their stocks are not unlimited.

The ecology is a science studying interaction of organisms among themselves and an environment.

Task:

- What environmental problems are described in the text?

- How can we protect our nature?

Text №20

Environmental Protection.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment. But with the development of civilization man's interference with nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. They pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we live in. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire.

As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever.

Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries-members of UNO- have set up environmental protection agencies. The accident at Chernobyl nuclear power station in April 1986 caused radioactive pollution of a vast area.

The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

The Earth is our home. We must take care of it for next generations and ourselves.

-Task: Answer the questions on the page 41(Environment. Ecological problems).

Text №21

Global warming

• What is “Global warming”?
• With what is it connected?

          “Global warming” has been introduced by the scientific community and the media as the term that encompasses all potential changes in climate that result from higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of scientists from many different countries are working to understand global warming and have come to a consensus on several important aspects. In general, Global warming will produce far more profound climatic changes than simply a rise in global temperature.

           An analysis of temperature records shows that the Earth has warmed an average of 0.5°C over the past 100 years. This is consistent with predictions of global warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increased aerosols. Part of the current global warmth is associated with the tropical El Nino, without which a record global temperature would probably not have occurred.

          The Earth's climate is the result of extremely complex interactions among the atmosphere, the oceans, the land masses, and living organisms, which are all warmed daily by the sun's energy. This heat would radiate back into space if not for the atmosphere, which relies on a delicate balance of heat-trapping gases - including water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane - to act as a natural "greenhouse," keeping in just the right amount of the sun's energy to support life.

          For the past 150 years, though, the atmospheric concentrations of these gases, particularly carbon dioxide, have been rising. As a result, more heat is being trapped than previously, which in turn is causing the global temperature to rise. Climate scientists have linked the increased levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere to human activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and electricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation, cattle ranching, and rice farming.

          As the Earth's climate is the result of extremely complex interactions, scientists still cannot predict the exact impact on the earth's climate of these rising levels of heat-trapping gases over the next century. The current best estimate is that if carbon dioxide concentrations double over preindustrial levels, according to the scientific possible scenarios, an atmospheric doubling of carbon dioxide could occur as early as 2050.

         In 1995, scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - the authoritative international body charged with studying this issue-reached a conclusion in the Second Assessment Report, which summarizes the current state of scientific knowledge on global warming, also called climate change.

For the first time ever, the Panel concluded that the observed increase in global average temperature over the last century "is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin" and that "the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate."

Text №22

Holidays in Ukraine

The Ukrainians are just fond of celebrating holidays. They strictly observe the traditions of Orthodox and Soviet holidays and readily accept Western holidays like St. Valentine Day, Halloween, St. Patrick's Day and so on. A great number of holidays can be divided into several groups - public, religious and just holidays. Public holidays are marked with red in the calendar for you not to forget to have a good rest. When a holiday falls on a non-work day, Saturday or Sunday, the nearest Friday or Monday is a day-off.

Jan 1 New Year's Day

...is no doubt the main holiday of the year. According to the most recent polls about 90% of the Ukrainians have called it their favorite holiday, everybody impatiently waits for round the year. People decorate the New Year Tree, cook festive dinners, buy presents, go to numerous New Year's parties that are generously held not only at the end of December but also in the first two weeks of January. There is a saying that a person will spend the year the way he has welcomed it, so many do their best to have fun on the New Year's Day. One usually spends this day or, to be more precise, evening and night with his family or friends. The local channels show loved-by-all Soviet films and a few minutes before midnight, the annual festive address of the President to his nation is broadcasted. This bright holiday is loved by people of different ages, but it is especially dear to children. They believe that Ded Moroz, or Santa Claus, comes this night and puts gifts under the tree, of course if they haven't been naughty in the old year.
Jan 7 Orthodox Christmas

...Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar, which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar, used in Europe and North America. Therefore the Ukrainians celebrate Christmas on January 7, 13 days later than the Catholic world. A very important religious holiday, Christmas wasn't celebrated under the Soviets almost during the whole 20th century and only at the end of 1990s it was resurrected. On January 6th, Christmas Eve, many families gather for Sviata Vecheria (Holy Supper). The twelve-course meal is dedicated to Christ's twelve apostles. The traditional meals included are kutia (home-made bread with honey and red poppies), borsch (beet soup), vushka (dumplings filled with onions and mushrooms), a variety of fish, vareniki (dumplings filled with cabbage, potatoes, or prunes), andholubtsi (stuffed cabbage). In the last few years many forgotten traditions like Kolyadki (masked children going door-to-door to receive candy in exchange for traditional songs and jokes) have being reviving.
Jan 13 Old New Year's Day

...The strangest holiday of the Slavonic calendar. In fact, it is also connected with the conservatism of Slavonic people. After the 1917 Revolution, Russia and Ukraine switched to the western calendar. Before that time they have been 13 days behind the rest of the world. However, even though the official calendar was switched, many people did not want to change and others refused to celebrate New Year before Christmas. The celebrations are not of such an enormous scale as the ones of the New Year's Day and it is not a day off.

Jan 25 Tatiana's Day

...or Students' Day. The holiday originates to the 18th century. In 1775, on the day of Maiden Tatiana the Martyr Empress Elizabeth Petrovna signed the regulation about the foundation of Moscow University, which went down into history as the first Russian University. In the 18th and 19th centuries this day was celebrated as the Day of Foundation of Moscow University, but already in the second half of the 19th century it became a holiday of all the Universities and students. Today, Tatiana's Day is a kind and cheerful holiday, when students enjoy the freedom, youth and coming vacations. Those who have been students decades ago remember their old good days at universities.
Feb 14 St. Valentine's Day

... When the so-called Iron Curtain fell down, people of the Former Soviet Union saw that there are a lot of nice European and American holidays and have eagerly adopted some of them. There is no point in describing Ukrainian St. Valentine's Day as there is practically no difference from the Western holiday of the same name.
Feb 23 Former Red Army Day

...Men's Day In Soviet times it was the holiday of all those who had ever served in the military. While the Soviet Union was rather a military state, about 90% of men were at some point connected to the Red Army, so later it became a holiday for men. It is not a public holiday in Ukraine, but most women make some presents to their male relatives and friends and do their best to please their husbands and boyfriends.

March 8 Women's Day

...Originally introduced by the Communists, this holiday has lost its political content and has become a cultural tradition. On this extremely popular holiday men are expected to do everything around the house and give their women the possibility to have at least the only day off from all that cleaning and cooking. Men present chocolate, flowers and small gifts to their wives, mothers, daughters, sisters, female friends and colleagues.
Apr 1 Fool's Day

...or Humour Day People play tricks on their friends and if they have a sense of humour then everybody have fun. The best tricks are considered the ones made before midday.

Orthodox Easter

...The major holiday of the Orthodox religious calendar. It is usually about two weeks after Catholic Easter. For many people this holiday starts with church attendance on Saturday evening, where the festive church service is held and the father, or Orthodox priest blesses kulichi (traditional Easter cake) and pisanki (painted Easter eggs). The father greets the congregation repeating many times over: "Christ is risen!" and the congregation replies in chorus "Indeed He is risen!" During the day people visit relatives and closest friends and present them with Easter basket, filled with kulichi and pisanki, which are believed to posses a spiritual power. Everybody greets each other with "Christ is risen", then follows the answer "Indeed He is risen!" and exchange with triple kiss, the so-called Khrystosuvanni.
May 1 Labour Day

...or May Day. Under the Soviets, it was one of the greatest holidays of the year - with colourful demonstrations and celebration of the workers and kolkhozniks, or collective farmers. Today, practically nobody bothers with parades, transparency and that entire Soviet staff (surely except for some energetic old people, who try to revive those "good old days"). People just stay at home and rest. Nevertheless, this remnant of Communism is unlike to die in the near future.

May 9 Victory Day

...Owning to the closeness of this holiday to May Day, often the first week of May is weeklong holiday for the whole country. It is a very important holiday for all the Ukrainians, while you hardly find a family, which would not suffer from Nazis in the World War II. Large military parades are held, wreathes and flowers are put on graves of soldiers and those who died in war. Family and friends congratulate veterans who wear their uniforms and medals on this day.

Kiev Day

...Each Ukrainian city has its City Day, the day when the city was founded. Kiev Day is usually celebrated at the last weekend of May. During two days various performances of popular actors and musicians are held. Many people from suburbs and even other towns come to Kiev to see performances, walk along nicely decorated streets and have a great time. The celebration is usually accomplished with fireworks at about 10 p.m.

Holy Trinity Day

...It comes fifty days after Easter and celebrates the Descent of the Holy Spirit who poured himself out on the apostles. On this day people decorate their houses and apartments with greenery, which is a reminder of the new life that comes through baptism. The wildflowers blessed on the festive church service are dried up and kept behind the icons, as they are believed to possess special spiritual powers. For example, if the mistress of the house puts dried flowers in the garret, they will protect the house from fire. On Holy Trinity Day young girls make garlands and throw them in the river or lakes to foresee the future. If the garland sinks, the girl who made it will die in the following year, if not, she will get married. This tradition originates from the pagan holiday celebrating the beginning of summer, which was forbidden after the Christening of Kievan Rus.

Jun 28 Constitution Day

...It is quite obvious that this holiday commemorates the signing of the Ukrainian Constitution that took place in 1996. As this holiday is rather new there are no particular traditions of celebrating it. For example, in Kiev on the Constitution Day on Maidan Nezalezhnosty Square concerts of popular Ukrainian singers are held. Besides, on this day you are sure to hear the hymn of Ukraine, broadcasted on radio or TV or sung by people in the street.

Aug 24 Independence Day

...In 1991 Ukraine became independent from the USSR and was proclaimed a Sovereign State. The Independence Day is usually celebrated with festivals and military parades. If you have a possibility, visit the performance of military orchestras that is quite interesting.

Sep 1 Day of Knowledge

...The first day of the new school year. Children go to schools; students go to universities and institutions, where on this day different celebrations are held. The most spectacular events are at elementary school. Well-dressed first-year children, bringing flowers for their first teacher, gather in the schoolyard or in the school to listen to the first bell ringing. A first-year child, usually a girl, is carried by a graduating student, usually a boy, and she rings a bell, thus, opening a new school year.

Task: I. What is your favourite holiday? Why?

 II. Speak about the point on the page 42 (Holidays in Ukraine and English-speaking countries).

III. Choose one holiday and make comparative table of the English and Ukrainian traditions of celebration of the holiday.

Text №22

Pleasure of Reading. My favorite writers

Reading is to mind what exercise is to body. The rise of television sometimes has been coupled with the dearth of books. But I don’t think books need to be rescued. A book is one of the greatest wonders of the world. It gives us a unique chance to link up with authors who lived hundreds and thousands years ago. Thanks to books we can talk to people who lived in different ages and countries. Through reading books we hear their voices, thoughts and feelings. The book is the surest way to bring nations together. It gives us an insight not only into the past, but also into the future. The book is a faithful and undemanding friend: it can be put aside and be taken again at any moment.

 As for me, I’m fond of reading. I became very keen on literature early in life. Books stirred my imagination, expanded the boundaries of the familiar world and filled my life with great expectations of joy and happiness. Since childhood I have been enchanted by Pushkin and Gogol, Chekhov and Turgenev, by poetry of Yesenin and Pasternak. Later on I got acquainted with Dante’s “Divine Comedy” and Ancient Greek mythology and legends.

I think we can’t live without books. I consider, that books are with us during all our life.  To my mind the house looks glum and joyless without books. I like to read books about the history of our country, about famous people and the life of my contemporaries abroad. Literature means much in my life. It helps to form the character and the world outlook, to understand life better. Books give information and knowledge, educate, give pleasure and sometimes they help people to forget about problems.

It’s common knowledge that reading foreign literature helps you to learn more about the life of people in other countries, their traditions and customs. A I study English, I try to read as many books by English writers as possible. The names of English writers and poets such as William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Bernard Show, Conan Doyle, Agatha Cristie, Oscar Wilde and many others are well-known to educated people from any country. My favourite English writer is Charles Dickens. This English classic is well-known all over the world. His books are translated into many languages and a lot of films have been made after his novels.

Dickens was born in 1812 in Portsmouth. He was the second of the eight children in the family. Although not poor by the standards of the time, the Dickens family lived through a series of financial crises. In 1823 facing a financial ruin, the family moved to London, where Charles began to work in a warehouse for six shillings a week. At that time his father was arrested for debt. Only at the age of twelve Charles was sent to school, where he did well, and at the age of fifteen he got a job in a legal firm. After learning shorthand, he became a reporter for the “Morning Chronicle” and soon wrote “Pickwick Papers”. In 1836, when “Pickwick Papers” were published, he became the most popular living novelist in England and held this position until he died. Then he published novel after novel- “Oliver Twist”, “Nickolas Nickleby”, “The Old Curiosity Shop”, “David Copperfield”, “Little Dorit” and many others. Besides constantly writing novels he was editing newspapers and magazines, giving readings from his books to huge crowds of people.

There was no other novelist in England who had such a hold on all classes of people already during his lifetime. His books were read by all- by learned and simple people, by the rich and the poor alike.

The popularity of his books hasn’t diminished with time. The great-heartedness of the author appeals to the contemporary reader as much as it did a century ago. His kindly, understanding eye looks with tolerance on good and bad alike. Dickens believes in kindness and generosity of people. It’s not just a happy end that his books have, it’s a philosophy which gives optimism and faith to the reader.

Also, I have an interest in American literature. I’ve read several books by American writers. The first American writer who came my way was Jack London whose stories struck me by unusual situations and the courage of his heroes. A also admire the humour of Mark Twain. I’ve read some of his stories and ,of course, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn”. But my favourite American writer is Ernest Hemingway. When I read his biography I was impressed by his personality. He was born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His life was full of adventures and events that required courage, strong will and determination. He began his career as a brave war correspondent during World War I. The scope of his interests was incredibly wide.

His war experience and adventurous life provided the background for many of his short stories and novels. He achieved success with “ A Farewell to Arms”, the story of a love affair between an American lieutenant and an English nurse during World War I.

Hemingway actively supported the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. In his articles he denounced the fascist regime of Franco. “The Fifth Column” is a play about the Civil War in Spain.

In 1940 Hemingway completed the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls”. It’s a story about a young American teacher of Spanish who joins the Spanish partisans and gives his life for the cause of freedom.

In 1952 Hemingway finished his tale “The Old Man and the Sea”. This story about an old Cuban fisherman is a hymn to human courage and endurance. Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954.

Hemingway is famous for his simple style, which has been widely imitated but never achieved by other writers. His heroes show courage in the face of danger, the feature which Hemingway admired greatly and which he himself possessed. Unwilling to live with the grave physical disease, Hemingway committed suicide, as his father had done before him under similar circumstances.

Task:  - Answer the questions on the page 42 (Books and libraries).

Text №23

The gift of the magi

      One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Delia counted it. One dollar and eighty- seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.

       There was clearly nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Delia did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating.

        While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week. It did not exactly beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the lookout for the mendicancy squad.

        In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name "Mr. James Dillingham Young."

        The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, though, they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. But whenever Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Delia. Which is all very good.

         Delia finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. She stood by the window and looked out dully at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard. Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling-something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honor of being owned by Jim.

         There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen a pier-glass in an $8 flat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate conception of his looks. Delia, being slender, had mastered the art.

         Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass, her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its color within twenty seconds. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.

         Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's. The other was Delia's hair. Had the queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Delia would have let her hair hang out the  window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts. Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy.

         So now Delia's beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her. And then she did it up again nervously and quickly. Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn  red carpet.

        On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of skirts and with the brilliant sparkle still in her eyes, she fluttered out the door and down the stairs to the street.

        Where she stopped the sign read: "Mrs. Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds." One flight up Delia ran, and collected herself, panting. Madame, large, too white, chilly, hardly looked the "Sofronie."

       "Will you buy my hair?" asked Delia.

       "I buy hair," said Madame. "Take your hat off and let's have a sight at the looks of it."

        Down rippled the brown cascade.

        "Twenty dollars," said Madame, lifting the mass with a practiced hand.

        "Give it to me quick," said Delia.

         Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. Forget the hashed metaphor. She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present.

         She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores, and she had turned all of them inside out. It was a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design, properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation—as all good things should do. It was even worthy of The Watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be Jim's. It was like him. Quietness and value—the description applied to both. Twenty-one dollars they took from her for it, and she hurried home with the 87 cents. With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company. Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain.

        When Delia reached home her intoxication gave way a little to prudence and reason. She got out her curling irons and lighted the gas and went to work repairing the ravages made by generosity added to love. Which is always a tremendous task, dear friends—a mammoth task.

        Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, close-lying curls that made her look wonderfully like a truant schoolboy. She looked at her reflection in the mirror long, carefully, and critically.

       "If Jim doesn't kill me," she said to herself, "before he takes a second look at me, he'll say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what could I do-oh! what could I do with a dollar and eighty- seven cents?"

       At 7 o'clock the coffee was made and the frying-pan was on the back of the stove hot and ready to cook the chops.

       Jim was never late. Delia doubled the fob chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on the stair away down on the first flight, and she turned white for just a moment. She had a habit for saying little silent prayer about the simplest everyday things, and now she whispered: "Please God, make him think I am still pretty."

       The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two—and to be burdened with a family! He needed a new overcoat and he was without gloves.

        Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His eyes were fixed upon Delia, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face.

       Delia wriggled off the table and went for him.

       "Jim, darling," she cried, "don't look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold because I couldn't have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. It'll grow out again—you won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows awfully fast. Say " Merry Christmas!" Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a nice— what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you."

     "You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet even after the hardest mental labor.

      "Cut it off and sold it," said Delia. "Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm me without my hair, ain't I?"

      Jim looked about the room curiously.

      "You say your hair is gone?" he said, with an air almost of idiocy.

       "You needn't look for it," said Delia. "It's sold, I tell you—sold and gone, too. It's Christmas Eve, boy. Be good to me, for it went for you. Maybe the hairs of my head were numbered," she went on with sudden serious sweetness, "but nobody could ever count my love for you. Shall I put the chops on, Jim?"

        Out of his trance Jim seemed quickly to wake. He enfolded his Delia. For ten

seconds let us regard with discreet scrutiny some inconsequential object in the other direction. Eight dollars a week or a million a year—what is the difference? A mathematician or a wit would give you the wrong answer. The magi brought valuable gifts, but that was not among them. This dark assertion will be illuminated later on.

        Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.

         "Don't make any mistake, Dell," he said, "about me. I don't think there's anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any less. But if you'll unwrap that package you may see why you had me going a while at first."

         White fingers and nimble tore at the string and paper. And then an ecstatic scream of joy; and then, alas! a quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails, necessitating the immediate employment of all the comforting powers of the lord of the flat.

         For there lay The Combs-the set of combs, side and back, that Delia had worshipped long in a Broadway window. Beautiful combs, pure tortoise shell, with jewelled rims-just the shade to wear in the beautiful vanished hair. They were expensive combs, she knew, and her heart had simply craved and yearned over them without the least hope of possession. And now, they were hers, but the tresses that should have adorned the coveted adornments were gone.

      But she hugged them to her bosom, and at length she was able to look up with dim eyes and a smile and say: "My hair grows so fast, Jim!"

      And them Delia leaped up like a little singed cat and cried, "Oh, oh!"

Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly upon her open palm. The dull precious metal seemed to flash with a reflection of her bright and ardent spirit.

      "Isn't it a dandy, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to look at the time a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks on it."

       Instead of obeying, Jim tumbled down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.

        "Dell," said he, "let's put our Christmas presents away and keep them a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on."

       The magi, as you know, were wise men—wonderfully wise men-who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of exchange in case of duplication. And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house. But in a last word to the wise of these days let it be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. O all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.

Task:  I. Answer the following questions:

1). What are the names of the main characters of the text?

2). Why  was Della disappoint and why did she cry?

3). For whom did she want present to buy?

4). Did Jim like Della`s present?

5). What did Jim present for Della?

6). Were they happy, receiving their gifts? 

7). With whom did the author compare Della and Jim?

8). Did Della`s and Jim`s presents show love?

II. Give Ukrainian equivalents:

beggar  description;

to save every penny;

to plan for smth. nice for smb.;

to shine like a cascade of brown waters;

to falter for a minute;

a truant schoolboy;

to look at smb. that way;

to bring gifts to the Baby in the manger;

to live through Christmas without giving smb. a present;

a habit for saying little silent prayer about smth.

III. Give English equivalents:

досягати нижче колін;

я є собою і без свого волосся;

жодне з почуттів;

найпростіші повсякдені речі;

набір гребінців;

відрізати волосся;

ніколи не запізнюватись;

принести цінні дари;

швидко отямитися;

пригортати когось.

IV. True or false:

1. Della finished cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag.  

2. Della had enough money to buy present for Jim. 

3. She had been saving every penny she could for months.

4. She had a habit for saying little silent prayer about the simplest everyday things.   

5. Jim was only eighteen and to be burdened with a family. 

6. “Jim, darling,” she cried, “my hair will not grow out again”. 

7. I’m me without my hair.   

8. Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.   

9. She knew, they were very chip combs.  

10. All who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest.  

V. Discuss the following statements:

1). The magi were the wisest men who brought gifts to the Baby in the manger.

2). Della and Jim are magi.

3). Della and Jim are the wisest of all those who give presents for Christmas.

VI. Make the following tasks:

1). Make a plan for the text.

2). Describe a character of Della.

3). Describe a character of Jim.

Text №24

English Painting

Painting in England in the 17—19th centuries is represented by a number of great artists and during that period it was greatly influenced by foreign painters. The Flemish painter Van Dyck was really the father of English portrait school. The' English king personally invited Van Dyck to London and during his first year in England the painter spent most of his time painting the King and the Queen. Van Dyck created the impressive, formal type of portrait and such masters as Reynolds, Gainsborough, Lawrence and Raeburn owed much to their study of his works. He created a genre of aristocratic and intellectual portrait which influenced much the development of English painting. Van Dyck created the type of portrait which helped him to convey the sitter's individual psychology.

THE DISCRIPTION OF THE “FAMILY PORTRAIT” The sitter's individuality is vividly expressed in this portrait. One can easily follow the gentle and even character of the young woman and the outstanding searching, restless personality of her husband. The artist managed to create the impression of spiritual relationship In spite of the difference of characters. The colour scheme of this canvas is very beautiful.  The  prevailing  tones  are  red, golden and brown.

During the 18th century the truly national school of painting was created, William Hogarth was the first great English painter who raised British pictorial art to a high level of importance. Hogarth (1697—1764} wasn't a success as a portrait painter. But his pictures of social life which he called "modern moral subjects" brought him fame and position. Among his favourite works are six pictures united under the title "Marriage a la Mode." This famous series is really a novel in paint telling the story of the marriage of an earl's son and city merchant's daughter, a marriage made for reasons of vanity and money. Despite the satirical, often amusing details, the painter's purpose is serious. He expects his pictures to be read and they are perhaps full of allusions. At the same time Hogarth remained an artist and passages especially in "Shortly after the Marriage" show how attractively he could paint. The Free handing of the "Shrimp Girl" Is combined with cockney vivacity. The girl is brushed onto the canvas in a vigorous impressive style. As a painter Hogarth was harmonious in his colouring, very capable and direct in his theme and composition. He painted many pictures. He is well known as a humorist and satirist on canvas. In the second half of the 18th century narrative and satirical themes lost their leading role in the English art. The ruling classes tried to show in art a confirmation and glorification of their social position. The most popular form of painting became ceremonial portraits of representatives of the ruling class. Sir Joshua Reynolds was the most outstanding portraitist of the period. In December 1768 the Royal Academy was founded and Reynolds became its first president. He created a whole gallery of portraits of the most famous of his contemporaries. He usually painted his characters in heroic style and showed them as the best people of the nation. As a result his paintings are not free of a certain idealization of the characters. Reynolds was greatly influenced as a painter by the old masters. This influence can be seen in his "Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus". The picture is close to Titian's style in the use of colour, but it is typical of the 18th century English school of its approach to subject-matter. He often included real personages in his mythological works (Venus — Lady Hamilton). Reynolds did. not want British art to be provincial and isolated. It was he who insisted that artists should be brought up in line with European art and that they should develop the Grand style of painting. As a president of the Royal Academy Reynolds delivered lectures. These lectures were regarded as the most sensible exposition of the Academic view that by well-directed work it was possible to learn the rules of art and use discoveries and ideas of the old masters to create a new style of one's own. He recommended that a would-be painter should put his faith in old masters from whom he should be ready to borrow. He advised that in portraits the grace should consist more in taking the general air than in exact rendering of every feature. He suggested that the proportions of a sitter's figure should be altered in accordance with a fixed ideal. Reynolds contemporary George Romney reflects Reynolds style to some degree. The portrait of Mrs. Greer shows a very attractive young woman whose beauty is emphasized by a contrast between her white face and dark eyes and the severe colouring of her toilette. He did not try to understand the psychology of the sitters. He created only general impression. John Hopper was one of the better-known portraitists at the turn of the 18th century. He was famous for his ability to portray elegant ladies and children. His men are simpler, especially in later paintings (portrait of Sheridan). The works of the Scottish painter Henry Raebum bear a certain resemblance to those of Reynolds and his school. But Raebum's portraits are done with greater feeling and he achieves this depth by the effective use of shadow and light (Portrait of Mrs. Raebum). Thomas Gainsborough, one of the greatest masters of the English school, was a portraitist and a landscape painter. His portraits are painted in clear tones. Blue and green are predominant colours. One of the most famous works is the portrait of the Duchess of Beufort. He managed to create a true impression of the sitter. Gainsborough greatly influenced the English school of landscape painting. He was one of the first English artists to paint his native land ("Sunset" , "The Bridge") and others. He was the first English artist to paint his native countryside so sincerely. His works contain much poetry and music. He is sometimes considered the forerunner or the impressionists. Gainsborough was the antithesis of the businesslike Reynolds, He was very poetic by his nature, he abhorred rules and cares little about the old masters. By necessity a portraitist he was by inclination a landscapist. John Constable an English landscape painter painted many well-known works ("A Cottage in a Cornfield" , "The Loch"). He is the first landscape painter who considered that every painter should make his sketches direct from nature that is working in the open air. His technique and colouring are very close to the impressionists. Constable ignored the rules established by Reynolds. He insisted that art should be based on observation of nature and feeling. He was the herald of romanticism. But the realistic qualities of his art are sensed very strongly. The furious apostle of the philosophy of romanticism was William Blake who was strongly opposed to the rules of Reynolds proposing that the guiding force for creative spirit should come from imagination not reason.

A complete expression of romantic ideal can find itself in the pictures of Turner. Joseph Turner was an outstanding painter whose most favourite topic was to paint sea ("The Shipwreck"). He painted waves and storms, clouds and mists with a great skill. Although his talent was recognized immediately he deliberately turned his back to the glittering social world of London. Victorian England which found it more important that a man be a gentleman in the first place and only in the second a genius, never forgave him. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was an association of painters, formed in London in 1848. Its chief members were Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. As a group, the Brotherhood lasted for little more than a decade, but it gave a new direction to Victorian art which lasted into the 20th century. They determined to paint direct from nature, with objective truthfulness, emulating the work of the great Italian artists before Raphael. They appreciated nothing but beauty and turned to the Bible and classical mythology for inspiration.

Task: Speak about the point on the page 42 (Arts and culture).

Text №25

Moscow Theaters

  - Read the text, translate it and tell what is new for you in it.

For decades Moscow  has  had  a  reputation  as  a  city  of theatres.  The birth plays of the historic "Bolshoy",  "Maly" and "Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a center for the  development exploratory modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it's  great  number  of  highly gifted,  interesting directors, actors, playwrights and artists.      Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open  to  streams of theatre-glowers. The best Moscow theatres devoted themselves to developing the principals of directing and acting  laid  down  by Stanislavski,   Meerhold,  Nemerovich-Danchenko,  Vachtangov  and others.  The discoveries and successes of Moscow  theatres  today exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.      I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The majestic building of  the  Bolshoy  Theatre  stands  in  Theatre Square in Moscow's central quarter,  not  far  from  Kremlin.  This  is  the leading   Russian   opera  house  with  the  best  vocalists  and choreographers in it's company.      The Bolshoi  traces  it's  history  to  1776 when a standing opera company was organized in Moscow.  The first opera shown  in Bolshoi  theatre was opera "life of tsar" (now "Ivan Susanin").At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky,  Serov,  Tchaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.      At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best  operas and  ballets by West European composers-Mozart,  Rossini,  Weber, Verdi and others.      The bolshoi  ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world's finest.  This is equally true of it's brilliant realistic style of performance and repertoire.

Text №26

The Art of Conversation

Conversation is a talk of 2 or more participants. Conversation is of 2 basic types: a) conversation for its own sake and; b)conversation for some other purpose.

The latter is practiced by politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. The first one is practiced among friends, relative, colleagues, etc.

To be successful one has to be a good conversationalist. And the art of conversation is a skill and can be acquired as many other work skills as typing, for example.

The ability to talk can be cultivated. To become a really good conversationalist it is necessary to acquire the habit of conscientiously stocking your mind with facts and information and then forming opinions on the basis of that knowledge.

Masters of art of conversation rarely give advice, and usually only when requested. It is then given without the intention to impose their will or wishes on other people.

On my opinion an effective conversationalist is someone who knows a lot of interesting facts, who has positive attitude towards what they are saying and who they are talking to.

In addition, an effective conversationalist is someone whose voice is pleasant and whose tone is calm and not imposing, who expresses themselves clearly.

A good conversationalist can stand on his ground and easily persuade people and be able to prove that his point of view or a way to solve a problem is the best one and the most relevant to the situation given.

Another important thing for a master of conversation is to be a good listener. It is impossible and annoying to talk to a person who is constantly interrupting and doesn’t want to listen to what the other person has to say.

Tasks: What is the difference between “a chat”, “a conversation”, “a discussion”, “an argument”?

Text №27

Russian Church Music

In the early centuries of the church, Christians sang in unison. The music used was never written out, but simply transmitted orally. These early Christians also utilized some elements and features of the Jewish liturgical chanting of the time. It was not until the third century A.D. however, that a system of church melodies was put together.

The use of instruments in Christian worship was discouraged by the early church fathers (i.e., St. Basil the Great and St. John Chrysostom) as they felt that instrumentation distracted the mind from thoughts of God and turned them toward the self.

The book of Psalms played a central role in early Christian worship, and in the East, the antiphonal method of chanting the psalms was well established by the end of the fourth century A.D.
After having received Christianity from Byzantium, the early Russian Church soon began to modify the newly-acquired Byzantine chant, while at the same time drawing upon the musical experience of pre-Christian Russia.

The Russian Church attributes the creation of the system of the eight tones of the Byzantine Church to St. John of Damascus (8th c. A.D.) and although the Russians accepted the Byzantine form of chanting according to the system of the eight tones, the Russian tones differ considerably from the Byzantine.

During the time of the Christianization of Russia, Byzantine priests brought with them the best Bulgarian chanters who made use of Bulgarian melodies (Byzantine melodies adapted to fit the language of the Bulgars, i.e., Slavonic). The Russians were attracted to these melodies which seems only natural considering that the Bulgars and the Russians share a common language. The Bulgarian chants, which were accepted by the Russians, are similar to the Russian Znamenny chants.
The Znamenny chant is a particular type of Russian chant which is slow moving and makes use of lengthy melodic lines. It was originally written down using a series of signs (the word znamenny itself originated from the Russian word znak, or sign). The Russians invented hundreds of different signs which represented single notes, two or more notes, or short musical patterns, and placed them above the liturgical text.

As time passed, the system of musical notations using signs fell into disfavour, and was replaced by a system of square notations, kvadratniya noti, which more closely resemble modern notations. This square notation was brought to Kiev from the West in the late 17th century, and it was actually not introduced in Moscow until the middle of the 18th century. Until the chanters were able to convert completely to the square notation, many chants were written with both square and sign notation.
Kievan chant is basically a plain chant which also closely resembles the Znamenny chant. It has its own system of the eight tones, and there are many Kievan melodies which are still being used in the Russian Church today.

For a brief period prior to the advent of sign notation in Russia, a method of chanting called khironomiya was used. This consisted of the choir director making signs with his hands, fingers, and feet which were easily understood by the chanters. This method of chanting was used mainly during special church ceremonies.

Part-singing was introduced into Russia at the beginning of the 16th century. Its origins are found in the chanting of the Latin church in Poland. This type of chant paved the way for further harmonization and westernization of Russian liturgical chant which took place over the next three hundred years.

The 19th century produced a wide variety of composers of liturgical music. Nikolai Bakhmetev, Peter Tchaikovsky, Mili Balakirev, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Anton Arensky, and others. These compositions, however, fall well out of the range of liturgical chant and under the heading of choral performance.

Task: - What kind of music belongs to the Church Music?

Text №28

Weddings and colors

The History of the White Wedding Dress

As a youngster -- or perhaps even as an adult -- have you ever sat dreamily imagining yourself in a fairytale wedding dress, about to marry your very own Prince Charming? And, what color is the wedding dress? The chances are it's a white one. Millions of girls and women that dream of the perfect marriage have a vision of the perfect white wedding dress in their minds. But why white? Where did this tradition come from?

Women Haven't Always Been Marrying in White

In fact, in the grand scheme of things, the tradition isn't even all that old. The white wedding dress of today is deep-seated tradition, and for many is worn to signify virtue as well as uphold tradition. Millions -- in fact billions -- of women all over the world start thinking about the perfect white wedding gown before they have even found the perfect partner.

Britain is a place that is rife with traditions and legends, so it is little wonder that the tradition of the white wedding dress was started by the English Monarchy. It was the wedding of Queen Victoria that spawned the interest and popularity of white wedding dresses as we know them today.

Queen Victoria married Albert of Saxe in 1840, and wore what would then have been considered a flamboyant white gown. Of course, this did not start the tradition immediately; however, many women saw this as a statement of class and style, and copied the Queen by also getting married in white.

The white wedding dress in those days had nothing to do with being virtuous -- it was all about wealth. Getting married in a white, extravagant gown was a sign that you could afford to buy a dress that you would never be able to wear again because of its style and color (whites were not easy to clean in those days as they are today!).

Of course, women still continued to be married in various colors and styles of dress -- it was only the vain and the wealthy that insisted on white to follow in the footsteps of the wealthy Monarch. However, during Edwardian times, the white wedding dress once more soared to new heights of popularity, as Coco Chanel unveiled its new knee-length white wedding dress, complete with extravagant train.

Even so, with the depression that followed World War I and the approach of World War II, many women continued to make do with whatever type of dress they could afford, and this went on for decades. Some women would marry in a short white informal wedding dress, which could then be dyed and used as an everyday dress. Again, it was only the fabulously wealthy that could really afford to splurge on an elaborate gown.

However, from the 1950s onwards, as the world watched Hollywood stars, royalty and members of high society get wed in stunning white gowns, the tradition of white became signed and sealed.

Wedding Dresses of Different Colors: A bit of folklore

As with many other things in life, there is much folklore and legend surrounding the various other colors that brides have been known to wed in. One old rhyme seems to sum up these notions:

Married in white, you have chosen all right.

Married in green, ashamed to be seen.

Married in red, you will wish yourself dead.

Married in blue, you will always be true.

Married in yellow, ashamed of your fellow.

Married in black, you will wish yourself back.

Married in pink, your spirits will sink

Of course, most people will think nothing of this poem, apart from the fact that each color has been coupled with a meaning that just happened to rhyme very well. We all know that there are plenty of people that have married in pinks, blues and every other color, and have enjoyed a long and happy marriage. And we certainly know that there are plenty of people that have married in white, who have not prospered quite so well.

Ordering Your Wedding Dress Online

Luckily, legend and folklore has given way to individuality in recent years, and brides now enjoy getting married in the color of their choice. Both celebrities and everyday women have injected their wedding dresses with their own sense of style and personality, and we have seen women marrying in colors ranging from delicate ivory to deepest red and even black.

Royalty and high society still tend to favour the tradition of marrying in white. However, since simply wearing a white wedding gown can no longer mark their stature due to the availability of the white wedding dress, they now do this by infusing the dress with the most expensive silks, pearls and material possible, making it worth a king's ransom by the time it is finished.

Luckily, we don't all have to pay a fortune to look stunning for our wedding day, and there is now so much choice in color, style, material and design that we can get married looking just the way we want -- and without having to sell all of our worldly possessions to do so!

The Internet is a great source for wedding dresses. You can enjoy excellent value for your money and unrivalled choice, enabling you to achieve just the look and theme that you want for your special day. Whether you want a full-on white gown with all the trimmings, a simple and elegant ivory dress, an informal yet classy wedding dress or something totally unique in a rich, vibrant color, the Internet will provide you with access to the perfect choice.

You will enjoy access to a wide range of dress styles online, including:

• Traditional wedding gowns
• Informal wedding dresses
• Designer wedding dresses
• Colored wedding gowns
• Gothic or medieval style wedding gowns
• Short wedding dresses
• Long wedding dresses

You can also select from a wide choice of material, so you can feel and look as stunning as you dare, and with the great quality available online you can cherish your special dress for years to come -- perhaps even pass it down to future generations.

What Wedding Colors Mean Today

The colors you choose for your wedding day set the style and tone for your event. You can influence the mood of your wedding through your choices of colors. Color appears in every aspect of the wedding: the dresses, flowers, table decorations and the invitations.

Carefully consider the following when choosing your wedding theme colors:

-- The location of your wedding and reception. Choose colors that complement the setting.
-- The mood you want to create. Vibrant colors add excitement, while soft colors induce a romantic ambiance. Also, colors are symbolic. For example, green is the color of fertility and harmony whereas red represents beauty, strength, passion, celebration and luck.

-- The time of year. The season you get married should influence your color scheme. Spring and summer colors are lighter, while fall and winter weddings lean in toward darker colors.

Text №29

Role of Women in Society

               The ongoing changes in social, political and economic spheres of the country entails not only the raise of women’s role in society, in addition they are accompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by sex that had been shaping through decades. Free economic relations and democratization of all spheres of life create the basis for eventual equal social rights for any human being regardless of sex, for both men and women.

               From a legal point of view, a man and a woman in Ukraine are equal. However, in practice, there are no real mechanisms of women’s rights fulfilment as well as for their active participation in social life.

               Such questions as women and their place in the society, their political and social activity as well as enlightening of those problems in mass media; questions of creation of informational data-base as well as maternity and childhood cannot be effectively solved by governmental bodies, especially in the situation of economic crisis.

               That is why it is important today to assist the creation of such mechanisms through the activation of women’s public organizations. And non-governmental charity organizations become a single source for support of such projects.

               Housework, chores and raising children are generally considered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite the fact that birth rates in the country have been falling, children are obstacles in the labour market. It is understandable that women decide to defer having children later or do not have children at all. Along with that, there is a lack of knowledge about modern contraception and a correspondingly large number of abortions. The frequency of abortions in Russia is one of the highest in the world.

               Women comprise 54 percent of contemporary Ukrainian society. However, the number of women taking part in the country's political, economic and civic life shows that women are restricted in the spheres of politics and government. Women's salaries are on average lower than men's, and women are likewise far more likely to fall victim to violence and unemployment. According to United Nations Gender Organization data, 67 percent of those unemployed in Ukraine are women.

                A lack of state financing in social programs has caused further tightening in the labour market, particularly for women. Female unemployment is rising at a catastrophically high rate. Women have less access to retraining programs than men, while women entrepreneurs are a rarity.

                Women's social status is a serious problem. Few female decision-makers can be found in positions of social importance. This strengthens the stereotype of "male superiority" and hinders the creation of true partnerships between men and women.

                One of the most important reflections of equity is equal rights in the labour market. Analysis of existing legislation of Russia confirms its prohibition on gender discrimination. However, legislation itself creates only a certain legal environment, certain conditions for equality, but does not ensure their fulfilment.

                 So, the main goals are protection of women’s rights and elimination of discrimination in society; widening women’s participation in policy decision-making processes on the local, regional and national levels; support for cooperation between women’s organizations on the national and international arenas; widening access to international resources and experience of women’s organizations on an international level.

  - Does a man and a woman in our society have equal rights? Prove your answer/

- Write a topic “Five the most important things for the woman”.

Text №30

The USA

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Can­ada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a seaboarder with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.

If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The high­est peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.

America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Mis­souri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.

Though mainly European and African in origin, Ameri­cans are made up from nearly all races and nations, in­cluding Chinese and native Americans.

The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others.

The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the juridi­cal. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

The American flag is often called “The Stars and Stripes”, it is also called "Old Glory". It represents the growth of the na­tion. It has 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red and 6 white which stand for the original 18 states. In the top left hand corner there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star for each state. The national anthem of the United States is “The Star Span­gled Banner". The words written during the Anglo-American war of 1812-1814 and set to the music of an old song. Every state has its own flag, its own emblem and its own anthem too.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength). You can see the eagle on the back of a dollar bill.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York. It one of the first things people see when they arrive in New York by sea. This National Monument was a present  form France to the USA. France gave the statue to America in 1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom - in her right hand. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription "July 4,1776" - American Independence Day.

The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses: Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate presents the states and the House represents the population according to its distribution among the states. Each state is guaranted at least one representative in the House. The remainder are apportioned among the states according to their population. The Senate of US is composed one of the hundred members – two being elected from each state. Senators are chosen for six years, one-third retiring or seeking is re-elected every two years. Two senators from the same state never finish their terms at the same time, one of them is called "Senior Senator" and the other - "Junior Senator".

The presiding officer of the senate is the Vice-President of the United States, The Vice-President is not a member of the chamber over which he presides and he sometimes is not a member of the party in power.

The work of the US Congress is done mostly in different committees. The mostly important Rules, Appropriation Foreign Relations, Finance, Armed Services.

In the House of Representatives the most important are Rules, Appropriation, Ways and Means, Judiciary, Agriculture.

The chairmen of the standing committees are considered the real rules of the Senate and the House.

Text № 31

Wales 

Wales is a country of lakes and mountains. Its about the half the size of Switzerland, and it has a population of two and three quarter million. On the north of Wales is some of the most beautiful scenery in the British islands, the Snowdon mountain. Snowdon is Britain’s second highest mountain.

Wales is an not independent nation. In 1292, the English king, Edward , invaded Wales and built fourteen huge castles to control the Welsh people. His son, Edward, became the first prince of Wales, since then all the kings and queens of England have given their eldest sons the title, Prince of Wales. Prince Charles became the twenty-first Prince of Wales. Although the English have ruled Wales for many centuries, Wales still has its own flag, culture, and, above all, its own language. In the towns and villages of North Wales, many people speak English only as a second language. Their first language is Welsh. In Llanberis, a small town at the foot of Snowdon, eighty-six per cent people speak Welsh as their first language. At the local primary school children have nearly all their lessons in Welsh. The children should be bilingual by the time that they are eleven years old. It is not a problem for children to learn two languages at the same time. Children have insight into two cultures, so have all the folk tales of two languages. Children like Welsh because in Welsh you spell things just how you say them, in English there are more silent letters.

Welsh is one of the oldest languages in Europe. Its a Celtic language, like Breton in France, Gaelic in Ireland, or Gaelic in Scotland. Two and a half thousand years before these languages were spoken in many parts of Europe. They died out when the Romans invaded these areas, but some of them survived in the north-west corner of Europe. But over the last hundred years the number of Welsh-speaker  has fallen very quickly. Now only twenty per cent of Welsh people speak Welsh. Here are some of the reasons for the decline.

In the nineteenth century people thought that Welsh an uncivilized language. If you wanted to be successful in life you had to learn English, the language of the British Empire. So in many schools children were forbidden to speak Welsh.

At the beginning of the twentieth century many English and Irish people moved to South Wales to work in the coal mines and steel works. They did not learn Welsh.

People, especially young people, moved away from the Welsh-speaking villages and farms of north and west Wales to look for work in the big towns and cities, so the Welsh-speaking communities became much smaller.

In the 1960s and 1970s many English people bought holiday cottages in villages in Wales. Most of them did not learn Welsh. This also pushed up the price of houses so that local Welsh-speaking people cold not afford them.

English comes into every Welsh home trough the television, the radio, newspapers, books, etc. There are Welsh-language TV and radio stations, but far fever than English ones. And now there is cable and satellite TV, too-in English, of course!

The decline has now stopped, because a lot has been done. Road signs, bilingual documentation, and there is a Welsh language act. The future of Welsh is uncertain. The problem is that Welsh has to survive next door to English, and, as we all know, English is a very successful language.      

Text № 32

Scotland 

    Scotland is one of four part of the GB. In area Scotland is more than half as big as England. The principal cities of the country are : its capital Edinburgh and the main industrial centre Glasgow. Scottish towns look very different from English towns. Some words about Edinburgh .   Edinburgh, capital of Scotland, is one of Britain’s most attractive cities. It’s a city for people who like to walk. You are never far from green parks, gardens and hills - even in the main shopping streets. It’s a busy modern city, but the history is everywhere. At the top of the highest hill in Edinburgh is Edinburgh Castle. It was the home of Scotland’s royal family until 1603 when King James the 6^th of Scotland became king of England and moved to London. The road which begins at the castle and goes eastwards is called Royal Mile. At the other end of the Royal Mile is the Palace of Hollyroodhouse. It was built by a Scottish king before Scotland and England were united to make Great Britain. Now it is a second home for the Queen or her children, who usually visit Edinburgh in the summer. When the royal family is not there you can visit the palace and see a lot of interesting things. There are nine hills in Edinburgh. They are long-dead volcanoes. From the tops of them you can see two bridges : the modern road bridges an the old rail bridges which has carried trains to the Highlands for more than a hundred years. The highlands of Scotland is mountainous and wild. In the winter it’s white with snow but in the summer it’s purple. Highlands are famous for the Scottish Olympics or the Highland games ( it’s real name ). These games are not only sporting competitions : music and different traditional games are very important too. While athletes throw the hammer at the one end of the arena, you can watch a dancing competition at the other end. there is also a game for the strongest athletes - tossing the caber, which weights 60 kilos and is six metres long. These games are very popular in Highlands. Usually between the mountains are rivers and lakes. Scottish people like fishing very much, that’s why they say that Scottish rivers are good for two : fishing is one, the other is Scotch whisky. Whisky is made from water and barley. The method hasn’t changed for hundreds years. Scotch whisky is the best one. Scotland is also famous for it’s kilt, the most important part of national dress and bagpipes - the national instrument. Scotland is very beautiful country and if you visit it you shall never forget it.    

 

Topics for discussion

I. The Motherland

1. What can you tell your English-speaking partner about Ukraine(it’s geographical position, its weather and climate, etc.)?
2. What makes you proud of your Motherland (classic and modern writers, scientists, politicians)?
3. Why does Ukraine attract tourists from all over the world? What would you show to your friends in your country?
4. What cities, lakes, rivers is Ukraine famous for? Talk your partner into visiting them.

II. Kyiv

1. Is Kyiv really a political, cultural and scientific center of Ukraine? Prove it.
2. What facts from the history of Kyiv could be interesting to your friends from other countries?
3. Have you ever been to Kyiv? What surprised you most of all?
4. What places (towers, streets, squares, churches, museums, concert halls, theatres, monuments, etc.) is Kyiv famous for?
5. Which of them would you like to show to your friends coming to Kyiv for a visit?

III. Future career

1. What would you like to do after school? Was it your own decision?
2. Who helped you to make your decision?
3. Have you tried a part-time or summer job to find out what interests you most of all? What professions are in demand now?
4. What are advantages and disadvantages of your future profession/job?
5. Which of your personal characteristics will help you to succeed in your career? Which qualities of your character would you like to develop? Why?
6. Those who chose their career correctly are really happy, aren't they? Did you have "born teachers" at school?
7. Why teaching as a career is so important? Interview one of your teachers to make a report about it.

IV. Youth problems

1. You've got a lot of really difficult problems to solve, haven't you? Share them with your partner and then with your class.
2. What jobs, attitudes, looks, arts, books, hobbies are popular among the teenagers?
3. Would you like to get a good education? Why? Where?
4. Is it easy for a teenager to get a job and to earn some money? Have you ever tried to? Say a few words about your experience.
5. Do you always understand your parents? Do they understand you?
6. What are the reasons of misunderstanding?
7. Do you spend much time with your friends? What do you usually talk about? How do you choose friends?
8. What do you value in yourself, in your friends, in your parents?

V. Sport. Healthy living guide

1. How does your health depend on your life style?
2. Is sport a hobby or part of your everyday life?
3. Why is it important to exercise every day?
4. What do you do to keep fit?
5. Would you like to be a professional sportsman? Make a list of its advantages and disadvantages.
6. What famous sportsman do you know?
7. What questions would you ask him/her if you were a correspondent?
8. What sports are popular in your family?
9. Do your parents do sports regularly? Do you do it together? Is sport popular in Britain/America/Ukraine?
10. Which sports are especially popular in these countries?

VI. Traveling

1. Why is traveling so popular?
2. Do you (your family) travel? How often? Where and why?
3. Speak about the most interesting trip you have ever made.
4. Would you prefer to go abroad or to discover your own country? Explain why.
5. Why does Ukraine attract so many tourists from all over the world?
6. What would you show to your friends from other countries? Have you ever been to English-speaking countries? Anywhere abroad? Share your impressions.

VII. Environment. Ecological problems

1. Why are people so interested in environmental protection?
2. How does your health and your life depend on the environment? Give your reasons.
3. Who needs protection nowadays (people, animals, plants, oceans, etc.)?
4. Can you name any society fighting fog environmental protection? What do they do? Would you like to join the society?
5. How do you protect the environment?
6. Does your school and your family, your town and your country do its best to solve this problem? In which way?

VIII. Outstanding personalities of Ukraine and English-speaking countries

1. Who can be called a famous/great person?
2. What makes a person great?
3. What famous people of Ukraine would you tell your British/American friend about?
4. Why are you proud of them?
5. What famous Britons and Americans do you know? Are they known in your country? What for? Talk about the famous politicians who helped nations to get closer in the 20th century.

IX. Mass media

1. Do you regularly read newspapers and magazines?
2. Which are your favorite ones?
3. Do all the members of your family read the same newspaper/magazine or don't they? Why?
4. How often do you watch TV?
5. Which are your favorite TV programs?
6. What is good and bad about the TV programs for youngsters?
7. What new youth programs would you suggest? Share your opinion.

X. Hobbies and past time

1. Have you got much free time? How do you spend it?
2. What kind of rest do you prefer, very active (disco, traveling, doing sports, etc.) or less active (reading, watching TV. collecting, etc.)?
3. Are your hobbies connected with your future profession? What are they? Do you share your hobbies/activities with your friends?
4. Do you find understanding in your family?
5. What are typical British/American hobbies and sports?
6. Are they popular in Ukraine?

XI. English-speaking countries

1. What English-speaking countries do you know?
2. Do the people in these countries speak the "same English"?
3. Do they have similar traditions?
4. What do you know about the UK?
5. Why is the UK called an island state?
6. What is special about the political system of the UK?
7. What is important to know about the UK if you go there as a tourist (cities, towns, monuments, historical places, etc.)?
8. What is the official name of the USA?
9. What city is the capital of the USA?
10. How many states does the USA have? Name some of them.
11. What places of interest in the United States would you like to visit? Why?
12. What is a true/typical American like?
13. Which famous Americans do you know? Speak about your favorite one.

XII. London

1. What parts does London divided into?
2. Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar square?
3. What is the West end famous for?
4. What is situated in the East end?
5. Why is the City called the business center of London?
6. What do you know about the British Museum and the National Gallery?

XIII. Books and libraries

1. Have you got many books in your home library?
2. Who usually buys books in your family?
3. Are there different reading tastes in your family?
4. What do you think of poetry? Is a book the best present for you?
5. What kind of books do you enjoy reading? Explain why.
6. Who is your favorite Ukrainian/British/ American writer?
7. Which of his/her books do you like best of all? Say a few words about the writer and the book.
8. Why do some people prefer to watch TV adaptations of novels instead of reading books?
9. Do you think reading books is popular in the 21st century? Share your opinion.

XIV. Holidays in Ukraine and English-speaking countries

1. What would you tell your British/American friend about traditional Ukrainian holidays?
2. Which international holidays do you know?
3. How are they celebrated in the English-speaking countries?
4. Are they celebrated in Ukraine in the same way?
5. What specific British/American holidays and traditions do you know?
6. What are traditional Ukrainian/British/ American dishes offered on different holidays?
7. Why do people give presents to each other? How do they choose presents?

XV. Arts and culture

1. Do you often listen to music? To what kind of music?
2. Does it make you happy? Why?
3. Can you play any musical instrument?
4. Is a special musical training necessary to understand music?
5. Are you a fan of any pop or rock group? What makes it your favorite?
6. Do you listen to music at home or at the concert/disco?
7. Do you think the theatre and the cinema are modem arts?
8. Why is video so popular nowadays?
9. Who is your favorite actor (composer/ musician/artist)? What makes him/her special for you?
10. Which do you prefer ballet, opera, drama or comedy? Explain your choice.
11. Are you a member of any drama circle? Do you enjoy it? Why?

XVI. Political system of Ukraine

1. What kind of political system is there in Ukraine?
2. What does the government consist of?
3. What are the responsibilities of the President?
4. What is the judicial branch represented by?
5. What is state symbol of Ukraine?
6. What is the origin of the national emblem?

XVII. Political system of the USA and England

1. What are the three branches of the U.S. government?
2. What are their responsibilities?
3. What is the system of checks and balances?
4. What power does the President have under this system?
5. What are the major political parties of the USA?
6. What does the legislative branch consist of?
7. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy, isn’t it?
8. What is the name of the Queen of Great Britain?
9. Is her power limited by Parliament?
10. How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of? What are they?
11. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

Topic “Fashion”

VARIANT I

Task I

Choose the most suitable answer:

…  is something we deal with everyday.

a) Fashion   b) Taste  c) Style

The death of Princess Diana was a severe blow to ... where her clothes were daily news.

a) Life of the fashion   b) The high fashion world c) TV news

I do shopping only when I really …to wear.

a) need something fashionable   b)need something new to wear c) have free time

Most of the clothes that I have corresponds with …

a) my thoughts  b) the dress code c) feelings and emotions

Men are supposed to wear ties and …

a) sport suits  b) jeans  c) business suits

Task II

Complete the sentences:

1. We definitely get _____ from music clips, videos, books and television.
2. More _____ were sold in America after the movie “Man in Black”.
3. _____ do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk.

VARIANT II

Task I

Choose the most suitable answer:

… and other cultural icons have always influenced what we are wearing.

a) Musicians  b) Politicians   c) Teachers 

… teenagers dressed like Elvis Presley.

a) Early in June    b) Back in the 50-s  c) Back in the 40-s

Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, … every morning.

a) Do morning exercises  b) Choose clothes c) Choose perfumes

… enjoy wearing modern clothes but not obsessed by them.

a) Fashion slaves   b) Fashion fans  c) Fashion people

The colors should correspond to the corporate colors …

a) dark blue and white b) dark red and black  c) dark green and white

Task II

Complete the sentences:

1. Depending on their attitude towards ___, people can be divided in three group.
2. Movies also have ___ on what people wear.
3. I don’t spend much time choosing and buying _____.

VARIANT III

Task I

Choose the most suitable answer:

Back in the 50-s teenagers everywhere … Elvis Presley.

a) dance like   b) treat like   c)dressed like

Most of the … do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk.

a) girls   b) people  c) adults

All of the … are supposed to have collars.

a) T- shirts   b) shirts  c) skirts

… spend all their money on the latest clothes even if they don’t look good in them.

a) Fashion fans  b) Fashion slaves c) girls

We definitely get fashion ideas from …

a) our mothers   b) music clips  c) TV news

Task II

Complete the sentences:

Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, choose ___ every morning.

____ and other cultural icons s have always influenced what we are wearing.

Newspapers and magazines reported on what Hillary Clinton was wearing when she was the _____.

VARIANT IV

Task I

Choose the most suitable answer:

What influences our choice of clothes is an …

a) interesting question  b) difficult question c) popular question

It is known that more sunglasses were sold in the USA after the movie …

a) “The Woman in Black”  b) “Man in Black”  c) “Black Man”

Newspapers and magazines … what Hillary Clinton was wearing when she was the 1^st lady.

a) reported on  b) wrote  c) showed

Women’s clothes are not supposed to be …

a) skin-tight  b) bright  c) skin-bright

According to a dress code … is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work

a) pupils   b) teachers  c) an employee

Task II

Complete the sentences:

Fashion is _____ we deal with everyday.

Back in the 50-s _____ everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

The death of Princess Diana was a severe blow to _____.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Keys to some texts and tasks

Text 4 “A Question of Taste. Fashion”

VARIANT I

Task I

1. …  is something we deal with everyday.

a) Fashion   b) Taste  c) Style

2. The death of Princess Diana was a severe blow to ... where her clothes were daily news.

a) Life of the fashion   b) The high fashion world c) TV news

3. I do shopping only when I really …to wear.

a) need something fashionable   b)need something new to wear c) have free time

4. Most of the clothes that I have corresponds with …

a) my thoughts  b) the dress code c) feelings and emotions

5. Men are supposed to wear ties and …

a) sport suits  b) jeans  c) business suits

Task II

1. We definitely get fashion ideas from music clips, videos, books and television.
2. More sunglasses were sold in America after the movie “Man in Black”.
3. Most of the people do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk.

VARIANT II

Task I

1. … and other cultural icons have always influenced what we are wearing.

a) Musicians  b) Politicians   c) Teachers 

2. … teenagers dressed like Elvis Presley.

a) Early in June    b) Back in the 50-s  c) Back in the 40-s

3. Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, … every morning.

a) Do morning exercises  b) Choose clothes c) Choose perfumes

4.    … enjoy wearing modern clothes but not obsessed by them.

a) Fashion slaves   b) Fashion fans  c) Fashion people

5.    The colors should correspond to the corporate colors …

a) dark blue and white b) dark red and black  c) dark green and white

Task II

1. Depending on their attitude towards clothes and fashion, people can be divided in three group.
2. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear.
3. I don’t spend much time choosing and buying clothes.

VARIANT III

Task I

1. Back in the 50-s teenagers everywhere … Elvis Presley.

a) dance like   b) treat like   c)dressed like

2. Most of the … do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk.

a) girls   b) people  c) adults

3. All of the … are supposed to have collars.

a) T- shirts   b) shirts  c) skirts

4.    … spend all their money on the latest clothes even if they don’t look good in them.

a) Fashion fans  b) Fashion slaves c) girls

5.    We definitely get fashion ideas from …

a) our mothers   b) music clips  c) TV news

Task II

1. Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, choose clothes every morning.
2. Musicians and other cultural icons s have always influenced what we are wearing.
3. Newspapers and magazines reported on what Hillary Clinton was wearing when she was the 1^st lady.

VARIANT IV

Task I

1. What influences our choice of clothes is an …

a) interesting question  b) difficult question c) popular question

2. It is known that more sunglasses were sold in the USA after the movie …

a) “The Woman in Black”  b) “Man in Black”  c) “Black Man”

3. Newspapers and magazines … what Hillary Clinton was wearing when she was the 1^st lady.

a) reported on  b) wrote  c) showed

4.    Women’s clothes are not supposed to be …

 a) skin-tight  b) bright  c) skin-bright

5.    According to a dress code … is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work

a) pupils   b) teachers  c) an employee

Task II

1. Fashion is something we deal with everyday.
2. Back in the 50-s teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.
3. The death of Princess Diana was a severe blow to the high fashion world.

 

”Text 5 “City Life”

Which capital city would you most like to spend a weekend in?

• After I visited Paris last summer, I’ve been dreaming of spending at least a weekend in the capital city of Spain, Madrid. It’s been my dream since I started studying Spanish four years ago. It would be really nice simply to feel the atmosphere of Spain. I think it must be different from that of other European countries and therefore I can’t even imagine what it is like there. So the trip is definitely to bring surprises and fascinating impressions.
• I would definitely go to the most popular place in Madrid El museo del Prado, also I would visit La Plaza Mayor (the Major Square) and one of the palaces. Maybe I would try and go to see corrida, although I’m against cruel treatment of animals, but just once and just to get an impression of what it is in the real life, it would be ok. Besides, I would definitely experience Spanish night life, which I heard of so many times!
• No matter whether I’ll be able to see a lot or not, It would be really nice to practice my Spanish, visit a totally new country and culture, and just get an impression of what Spain is like.

How would you describe the general atmosphere of the city?

-              For me city is a large gathering of angry, tired, irritated people, it is stress, tension, traffic jams, self-concentration. One is always in a hurry and is late everywhere. One doesn’t have time to do all they want to.

-              On the other hand, it’s the romance of old streets and gorgeous parks. It is the atmosphere of business and fullness of life. Living in a city one is in the centre of so many different events going on.

What precautions do you suggest we should take when walking home at night?

-              I think we should have smb meet us at the underground station and accompany us home. It’s more likely that one gets attacked walking alone than with smb else.

-              It’s also important not to walk late at night. Besides, we should avoid dark streets and parks and large gatherings of potentially aggressive people.

What do you think police could do to improve the situation?

• Police could put up close circuit TV cameras in public areas. Also, police patrol at night could help. It would be useful to have security guards on public transport. Street lightning all night would also work towards improving the situation.

 

Text 8 “The human body”

“Людське тіло”

Людське тіло складається з трьох частин. Це є голова тулуб і кінцівки. Багато кісток різної величини формуються у скелет. Кістки з’єднуються разом з хрящами, зв’язками і суглобами. Суглоби дозволяють кісткам рухатися.

Головною частиною голови є череп. Кістки черепа складають черепну і лицеву частини. Череп оточує мозок. Лоб, виски, щоки, вилиці, дві щелепи і рот складають обличчя. Зуби і язик є розміщені в роті. Зуби пережовують їжу, а язик відчуває смак. Губи є двома краями рота. Ми бачимо очима, дихаємо і відчуваємо запах носом і чуємо вухами.

Тулуб складається з хребтового стовпа, грудної клітки і тазових кісток. У хребтовому стовпі є багато хребців. Це є шийний, грудний, поперековий, крижовий хребці і куприк. Хребтовий стовп розділяється на дві великі порожнини діафрагмою. Верхня порожнина хребтового стовпа називається грудною і нижня називається черевною. В центрі грудної клітки є довга кістка, яка називається грудиною. Ребра з’єднуються з грудиною хрящами. Легені і серце містяться над діафрагмою в грудній порожнині. У черевній порожнині (абдомінальній порожнині) знаходяться внутрішні органи такі як шлунок, печінка, сечовий міхур, нирки, селезінка і петлі кишок (кешечника). На грудній клітці є два соски і у жінок є молочні залози з сосками. Пупок є у центрі живота. В нижній частині живота є статеві органи (зовнішні статеві органи).

Верхня кінцівка поділяється на надпліччя, плече передпліччя і кисть. З’єднання між плечем і передпліччя ми називаєм ліктем. Зап’ясток з’єднує передпліччя з кистю. Кожна рука має п’ять пальців: вказівний, середній, безіменний, мізинець, великий.

Нижня кінцівка складається з бедрової кістки (стегна), великогомілкової і малогомілкової. Ми називаємо литкою задню частину гомілки нижньої кінцівки. Суглоб між стегном і гомілкою називається колінним суглобом. Цей суглоб захищає надколінна чашечка (надколінник). Суглоби між литками і ступнями є щиколотками. Стопа складається з п’яти, підошви і пальців.

М’язи складають близько сорока процентів ваги тіла. Вони поділяються на три групи. Ці групи є м’язами тулуба, серця і кінцівок. Є близько шістсот скелетних м’язів.

Що стосується їхньої форми вони можуть бути довгі, широкі і короткі. Довгі м’язи утворюють вільні кінцівки широкі лежать на тулубі і формують стінку порожнин тіла. Короткі м’язи не є численні. Деякі з них формують лицеві м’язи. М’язи кріпляться до кісток, внутрішніх органів і кровоносних судин. Вони дозволяють нам роботи внутрішні і зовнішні рухи зумовлені їхнім скороченням і розслабленням.

Щодо структури м’язів їх є також три типи: посмуговані (скелетні), гладкі (вісцеральні) м’язи і серцевий м’яз. Перші надають руху кісткам, обличчю і очам. Другі надають руху нашим внутрішнім органам, таким як травній системі, кров’яним судинам і видільному каналу. Ми не можемо контролювати скорочення вісцеральних м’язів і серцевого м’язу. М’язи мають багато м’язових волокон (клітин), які є з’єднані між собою сполучною тканиною. Само собою зрозуміло, що у м’язах є багато нервів і кровоносних судин.

 

Text 9 “Heart”

“Серце”

Серце є порожнистий мускульний орган, який підтримує циркуляцію крові в людському тілі.

Є чотири порожнини у нашому серці. Дві верхні порожнини є передсердя і дві нижні порожнини є шлуночок. Біля входу і виходу шлуночків можна побачити чотири впадини.

Наше серце є в межах сильного волокнистого мішечка, відомого як перикардом. Серце складається з трьох шарів: епікард, міокард і ендокард.

Епікард і ендокард складаються із сполучних тканин. Мускульна тканина серця відома як міокард.

Для регуляції серцевої діяльності є важливими нервові сполучення, особливо з блукаючим нервом і симпатичними нервами.

Клапани серця створюють шуми відомі як сердечні звуки.

У кожному серці б’ються 2 передсердя, що скорочуються і викидають їх вміст у шлуночки.

Task I (answers):

1. Heart is a hollow muscular organ.
2. There are four cavities in our heart.
3. There two upper cavities ariums and the two lower ones are ventricles.
4. Our heart is within a strong fibrous bag known as the pericardium. The heart consists of tree layers: the epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium.
5. The epicardium and the endocardium consists of connective tissue. The muscular tissue of the heart is known as the myocardium.
6. For the regulation of the heart’s action there are important nervous connections.
7. The valves of the heart make the heart’s sounds. At each heart beat the two atriums contract and expel their contents into the ventricles.

 

Text 10 “Sport”

“Спорт”

За віком спорт майже такий, як саме людство. Він розвивався з розвитком і ростом людства. Повсюди в світі люди будь-якого віку люблять спорт та спортивні ігри. Спорт не тільки допомагає людям ставати сильнішими й фізично розвиватися, але й робить їх більш диспишіі-нованими й організованими у їхніх повсякденній діяль­ності. Він підтримує у здоровому тілі здоровий дух. Спорт допомагає людям зберегти добре здоров'я.

Нам усім необхідні фізичні навантаження. Навіть якщо ви не плануєте робити кар'єру в спорті, вам необхідне тренування. Регулярні вправи нададуть вам більше енергії. Ось тому людям, що страждають від загальної стомленості, більш необхідні фізичні навантаження, ніж відпочинок. Фізичні вправи покращують ваше самопочуття й зовнішній вигляд.

Найкращі вправи ті, що містять рухи, які повторю­ються, як, наприклад, ходіння, біг чи плавання. Нахили та розтягування додадуть вашому тілу почуття легкості. зроблять його більш гнучким.

Серед видів спорту, популярних у нашій країні, є такі як футбол, баскетбол, волейбол, плавання, хокей, теніс. гімнастика, фігурне катання. Усякий може обрати спорт на будь-яку пору року та на будь-який смак.

 

Text 23 “Gift of magi”

Task IV. True or false:

1. Della finished cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag.   +

2. Della had enough money to buy present for Jim.  -

3. She had been saving every penny she could for months. +

4. She had a habit for saying little silent prayer about the simplest everyday things.    +

5. Jim was only eighteen and to be burdened with a family.  -

6. “Jim, darling,” she cried, “my hair will not grow out again”.  -

7. I`m me without my hair.    +

8. Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.    +

9. She knew, they were very chip combs.   -

10. All who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest.   +

 

Text 24 “English Paintings”

“Английская живопись”

(переклад російською мовою)

Живопись в Англии в 17 — 19-ого столетий представлена множеством больших художников и в течение того периода, это было очень под влиянием иностранных живописцев. Flemish живописец Ван Дик был действительно отец Английской школы портрета. ' Английский король лично пригласил Вана Дика на Лондон и в течение его первого года в Англии живописец потраченное большинство его времени, окрашивая Короля и Королеву. Ван Дик создавал внушительный, формальный тип портрета и таких владельцев как Reynolds, Gainsborough, Лоренс и должный Raeburn Много к их изучению его работ. Он создавал жанр аристократического и интеллектуального портрета, который повлиял много на развитие Английской живописи. Ван Дик создавал тип портрета, который помог ему передавать индивидуальную психологию пассажира. ОПИСАНИЕ « ПОРТРЕТ СЕМЕЙСТВА » Индивидуальность пассажира ярко выражена в этом портрете. Можно легко следовать нежный и даже за характером(знаком) молодой женщины и невыполненного(выдающегося) поиска, беспокойная индивидуальность ее мужа. Художник сумел создавать впечатление от духовных отношений Несмотря на различие характеров(знаков). Цветовая схема этого холста очень красива. Преобладающие тоны красны, золотые и коричневые. В течение 18-ого столетия верно национальная школа живописи была создана, Уильям Хогарт был первый большой Английский живописец, кто поднял Британское иллюстрированное искусство к высокому уровню важности. Hogarth (1697 — 1764} не имел успех как живописец портрета. Но его картины социальной жизни, которую он назвал " современные моральные предметы " принесли ему известность и положение(позицию). Среди его любимых работ - шесть картин, объединенные под правом(названием) " Брак Ла Способ. " Этот известный ряд - действительно роман в краске, сообщающей историю брака сына графа и дочери городского торговца, брак, сделанный по причинам тщеславия и денег. Несмотря на сатирический, часто забавные детали, цель живописца серьезны. Он ожидает, что его картины будут читаться, и они возможно полны намеками. В то же самое время Hogarth остался художником и проходами особенно в " Вскоре после Брака " показ, как привлекательно он мог красить. Свободное вручение " Девочка Креветки " Объединено с оживлением кокни. Девочку чистят на холст в энергичном внушительном стиле. Поскольку живописец Хогарт был гармоничен в его окраске, очень способной и прямой в его теме и составе. Он окрасил много картин. Он известен как юморист и сатирик на холсте. Во второй половине от 18-ого столетия рассказа и сатирических тем потерял их ведущую роль в Английском искусстве. Правящие классы(занятия) пробовали показывать в искусстве подтверждение и прославление их социального положения(позиции). Наиболее популярная форма живописи стала церемониальными портретами представителей правящего класса. Сэр Джошуа Рейнолдс был наиболее невыполненный(выдающийся) портретист периода. В декабре 1768 Королевская Академия была основана, и Reynolds стал его первым президентом. Он создавал целую галерею портретов наиболее известный из его современников. Он обычно окрашивал его характеры(знаки) в героическом стиле и показал им как лучшие люди нации. В результате его картины не свободны от некоторой идеализации характеров(знаков). Reynolds очень повлиял как живописец Старыми владельцами. Это влияние может быть замечено в его " Cupid Несвязь Зоны Венеры ". Картина - близко к стилю Титиана в использовании цвета, но это типично от 18-ого столетия Английской школы его подхода к предмету. Он часто включал реальных персонажей в его мифологические работы (Венера — Леди Хамилтон). Reynolds делал. Не хотят, чтобы британское искусство было провинциальным и изолированным. Именно он настаивал, чтобы художники были воспитаны в соответствии с Европейским искусством и что они должны развить Великий стиль живописи. Как президент Королевской Академии Reynolds поставленный лекции. Эти лекции были расценены как наиболее заметная(разумная) выставка Академического представления(вида), что хорошо-направленной работой было возможно изучить правила об искусстве и открытиях использования и идеях относительно старых владельцев, чтобы создать новый стиль собственный. Он рекомендовал, чтобы потенциальный живописец поместил его веру в старые владельцы от того, кого он должен быть готов заимствовать. Он уведомлял(советовал), что в портретах изящество(любезность) должно состоять больше во взятии общего воздуха чем в точном предоставлении каждой особенности. Он предлагал, чтобы размеры числа(фигуры) пассажира были изменены в соответствии с установленным идеалом. Современник Рейнольда Джордж Ромней отражает стиль Рейнольда до некоторой степени. Портрет Госпожи Грир показы очень привлекательная молодая женщина, чей красота подчеркнута по контрасту между ее белым лицом и темными глазами и серьезной окраской ее toilette. Он не пробовал понять психологию пассажиров. Он создавал только общее впечатление. Джон Хоппер был один из знаменитых портретистов в повороте от 18-ого столетия. Он был известен его способностью изобразить изящных леди и детей. Его люди - simplier, особенно в более поздних картинах (портрет Sheridan). Работы Шотландского Живописца Генри Раебума переносят некоторое подобие таковым Reynolds и его школе. Но портреты Раебума сделаны с большим чувством, и он достигает этой глубины эффективным использованием тени и света (Портрет Госпожи Раебум). Томас Гаинсбороуг, один из самых больших владельцев Английской школы, был портретист и живописец пейзажа. Его портреты окрашены ясными тонами. Синий и зеленый - преобладающие цвета. Одна из наиболее известных работ - портрет Герцогини Beufort. Он сумел создавать истинное впечатление от пассажира. Gainsborough очень повлиял на Английскую школу живописи пейзажа. Он был один из первых Английских художников, чтобы , которые будут красить его родную землю ("Закат", " Мостом ") и другими. Он был первый Английский художник, чтобы , который будет красить его родную сельскую местность так искренне. Его работы содержат много поэзии и музыки. Он иногда рассматривается предшественником или импрессионистами. Gainsborough был антитеза деловитого Reynolds, Он был очень поэтический по его характеру(природе), он, abhored управляет и заботы(осторожность) немного относительно старых владельцев. При необходимости портретист он был склонностью landscapist.

Джон Констабл Английский живописец пейзажа окрасил много известных работ (" Дом в Поле ", " Loch "). Он - первый живописец пейзажа, кто полагал, что каждый живописец должен делать его эскизы прямыми из характера(природы), который работает в открытой площадке. Его техника и окраска - очень близко к импрессионистам. Констебль игнорировал правила, установленные Reynolds. Он настаивал, чтобы искусство было основано на наблюдении характера(природы) и чувства. Он был геральд романтизма. Но реалистические качества его artare ощущали очень настоятельно. Разъяренный апостол философии романтизма был Уильям Блак, кто был настоятельно оппозиционно настроен в отношении правил Reynolds предложения, чтобы сила руководства для творческого духа прибыла от воображения не, рассуждают. Полное выражение романтичного идеала может оказаться в картинах Turner. Джозеф Турнер был невыполненный(выдающийся) живописец, чей большинство любимой темы должно было красить море (" Кораблекрушение "). Он окрасил волны и штормы, облака и туманы с большим навыком. Хотя его талант был признан, немедленно он преднамеренно направил его спину к блестящему социальному миру Лондона. Victorian Англия, которая нашла это более важным что человек быть джентльмен во-первых и только в второй гений, никогда не простил ему. Пред-raphaelite Братство было ассоциация живописцев, сформированных в Лондоне в 1848. Его главные члены были Охота Holman, Джон Еверетт Миллаис и Dante Габриэль Россетти. Как группа, Братство продолжалось для немного больше чем десятилетие, но это дало новое руководство(направление) к Victorian искусству, которое продолжалось в 20-ого столетия. Они решили красить прямым от характера(природы), с объективной правдивостью, подражая работе больших Итальянских художников перед Рафаэлом. Они оценили только красоту и обратились к Библии и классической мифологии для вдохновения.

 

Text 26 “Art of Conversation”

Task I (answers):

Chat – is an informal conversation

Conversation – is a formal talk

During a discussion people express their points of view on a matter

Argument – is a synonym of discussion, debate, or even disagreement. It is a conversation in the course of which people try to prove that it is their point of view which is correct.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Content

Texts:                    Page

1. Our English Studies           2
2. Pre-Germanic Britain (from the history of England)      3
3. Tastes differ             4
4. A Question of Taste. Fashion          5
5. City Life            5
6. Kyiv, its Places of Interest          7
7. Seasons            8
8. The Human Body           9
9. Heart             11
10. Sports             11
11. Healthy Living Guide and Sport         12
12. Smoking            13
13. The Olympic Games           14
14. Revival of the Olympic Games         15

The Events             16

15. Food and Drink           17
16. Leisure Time of the British Teenagers        18
17. Teenagers’ Problems           18
18. Mass Media            19
19. TV                          19

TV. Past and Future           20

20. TV: is it a Good Thing?          20
21. Ecological Problems           21
22. Environmental Protection          22
23. Global Warming           23
24. Holidays in Ukraine           24
25. Pleasure of Reading. My favorite Writer        26
26. The Gift of the Magi            27
27. English Painting           31
28. Moscow Theaters           32
29. The Art of Conversation          33
30. Russian Church Music          33
31. Weddings and Colors           34
32. Role of Women in the Society         36
33. The USA            37
34. Wales             38
35. Scotland            39

Topics for Discussion           39

1. The Motherland           39
2. Kyiv             39
3. Future Career            40
4. Youth Problems           40
5. Sport. Healthy living guide          40
6. Traveling            40
7. Environment. Ecological problems         41
8. Outstanding personalities of Ukraine and English-speaking countries    41
9. Mass media            41
10. Hobbies and past time          41
11. English-speaking countries          41
12. London            42
13. Books and Libraries           42
14. Holidays in Ukraine and English-speaking countries      42
15. Arts and culture           42
16. Political system of Ukraine          43
17. Political System of the USA and England        43

Key to some Texts and Tasks          46