Noun ending

      +

   [   ]

       e.g.

            But !

voiced consonants

vowels

voiceless consonants

     + s

   [z]

   [s]

a pen – pens

a flower – flowers

a desk - desks

-s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x,

-o

    + es

   [iz]

    [z]

a dress – dresses

a fox – foxes

a tomato - tomatoes

pianos, kilos, photos

-y

after voiceless consonants

          i

    + es

   [iz]

a city – cities

a family - families

a day – days

a boy - boys

-f

-fe

          v

    + es

    [z]

a leaf – leaves

a wife - wives

a roof – roofs

a chief - chiefs

Артикль

Значення

Однина

Множина

Незлічувані  іменники

a (an)

невідомий, вперше згадуваний

I saw a girl there.

____________

____________

любий, який-небудь

I’d like a book to buy.

____________

____________

один

There is a car and two buses there.

____________

____________

один із багатьох

I’m a pupil of the 11^th form.

____________

____________

з описовим прикметником

It’s a beautiful picture.

____________

____________

the

відомий, конкретний, раніше згадуваний

I saw a girl there. The girl was very sad.

I took apples from the basket. The apples were sweet.

Take the coffee from the cupboard.

представник виду

The lion is one of the strongest animals.

____________

____________

з обмежувальним означенням, порядковим числівником, прикметн. У найвищому ступені

I saw the most beautiful girl in the world. He was the first to come.

I took the sweetest apples I’ve ever tasted.

The first information is not always reliable.

єдиний у своєму роді

The sun shines brightly

______________

He says the truth.

- (0)

невідомий (і), вперше згадуваний(і)

____________

I took __apples. They were sweet.

любий(і), який (і)-небудь

____________

I like tea with __toasts

I like __coffee with __milk.

одні із багатьох

____________

Му parents are ___ teachers

____________

невизначеної кількості

____________

There are __apples in the basket.

There is __water in the glass.

з описовим прикметником

____________

These are __ripe red apples.

I’d like chocolate _ice-cream for dessert

-

continents

Europe, Asia, North America

countries

Scotland, France, Holland, Sweden

!

countries (except)

the UK, the USA, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic

cities

London, Warsaw, Paris, Cardiff, Edinburgh

!

cities (except)

the Hague

lakes

Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan,  Loch Ness

the

lakes

the Ontario, the Michigan, the Baikal

the

rivers, streams, channels

the Thames, the Gulf Stream, the English Channel

the

seas, gulfs and oceans

the Black Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Pacific (Ocean)

the

mountain ranges

the Carpathians, the Alps, the Himalayas 

-

single mountains

Everest, Ben Nevis, Hoverla

the

groups of islands

the British Isles, the Canary Islands, the Bahamas

-

single islands

Ireland, Greenland, Corsica

the

the group of people

the poor, the unemployed, the homeless

the

the whole family (plural)

the Browns, the Smiths, the Windsor family

Прикметник

Основна форма

(as… as…/ not so(as) ….as…)

Зміна

Порівняльний ступінь

(….than)

Найвищий ступень

(the …. (of))

Односкладові

clean

-

cleaner

the cleanest

Односкладові з кінцевим приголосним після короткого голосного

hot

big

+ t

+ g

hotter

bigger

the hottest

the biggest

Двоскладові на

–le, -ow, - er

simple

narrow

clever

simpler

narrower

cleverer

the simplest

the narrowest

the cleverest

Двоскладові на – у

early

y           i

earlier

the earliest

Багатоскладові та двоскладові  з наголосом на 1-й склад

beautiful

famous

more/less beautiful

more/less famous

the most/least beautiful

the most/least famous

Винятки!

good

bad

little

old

far

better

worse

less

older/elder

farther/further

the best

the worst

the least

the oldest/eldest

the farthest/ furthest

Personal

Особові

Objective

Об’єктні

Possessive

Присвійні

Possessive (absolute form)

Присвійні (абсолютні)

Reflexive (зворотні)

Emphatic (підсилювальні)

Singular   1 - I

    me

    my

mine

  myself

                  2 - You

    you

    your

   yours

  yourself

                  3 - He  

    him

    his

    his 

  himself

                       She

    her

    her

    hers

  herself

                       It

    it

    its

    its

  itself

Plural       1 - We

    us

    our

    ours

  ourselves

                  2 – You

    you

    your

    yours

  yourselves

                  3 - They

    them

    their

    theirs

  themselves

Every

Some

Any

No

One

Body  (хто)

everyone

everybody

someone

somebody

anyone

anybody

no one (= none)

nobody

Thing   (що)

everything

something

anything

nothing

Where    (де)

everywhere

somewhere

anywhere

nowhere

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT-CONTINUOUS

PRESENT

V / V+s(es)

(-/?) do/does +V

am/is/are+ Ving

have/has +Ved(III)

have/has been

+Ving

PAST

V+ed (II)

(-/?) did+V

was/were+ Ving

had +Ved(III)

had been +Ving

FUTURE

will+V

(?)  shall/will+V

will be + Ving

will have+Ved(III)

will have been

+Ving

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PRESENT

am/is/are +Ved(III)

am/is/are being +Ved(III)

have/has been +Ved(III)

PAST

was/were +Ved(III)

was/were being +Ved(III)

had been +Ved(III)

FUTURE

will be +Ved(III)

will have been +Ved(III)

Zero Conditional

Real

Always true in the present

If + Present Simple,

Present Simple

If you heat water, it boils.

First Conditional

Real

Possible in the present and future

If + Present Simple,

Future Simple

(will + V)

If the weather is warm at the weekend, we will go camping.

Second Conditional

Unreal

Impossible in the present and future

If + Past Simple,

Future –in the Past

(would + V)

If the weather was warm at the weekend, we would go camping.

Third Conditional

Unreal

Impossible in the past

If + Past Perfect,

Future Perfect–in the Past

(would + have Ved (III)

If the weather had been warm last weekend, we would have gone camping.

Значення

e.g.

will + infinitive

Спонтанне рішення

I know! I will buy this dress!

Припущення, що базується на власній думці, сподіванні

I think we will travel in space in 2050.

Am/is/are  going to + infinitive

Намір, плани (збиратися)

I am going to spend my vacation in the Mediterranean.

Припущення, що базується на фактах, ситуації, спостереженні

Look at the sky! It is going to rain!

Present Continuous

Особисті плани, домовленості

I am meeting with Ann at 5 p.m.

Present Simple

За розкладом руху транспорту, занять, програмою передач і т.д.

My train leaves tomorrow morning.

Verb + to + infinitive

need, offer, fail, refuse, afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, expect, learn, manage, plan, promise, tend, help

Verb + object + to + infinitive

help, advise, need, ask, expect, choose, plan (sth to do)

Verb + object + infinitive

make sb do sth, let sb do sth, help sb do sth

Verb + ing form

enjoy, don’t mind, suggest, risk, admit, avoid, can’t stand, consider, deny, give up, learn, practise

Modal+V

+

-

?

Can (could)

Могти, вміти (фізична, розумова можливість, за обставинами)

Не могти, не вміти;

не можна, заборонено

Могти, вміти;

Прохання

Be able to

Могти, вміти;

Спромогтися, зуміти

Не могти, не вміти;

Не спромогтися, не зуміти

Могти, вміти;

Спромогтися, зуміти

May (might)

Могти (за дозволом)

Не можна, заборонено

Могти (за дозволом)

Must

Повинен, зобов’язаний

Не можна, заборонено

--------------------------

Have (has/had) to

Повинен, змушений

(don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to) немає потреби

Повинен, потрібно?

Need (to)

Потрібно, треба (зобов’язання)

Не потрібно, не обов’язково

Повинен, потрібно?

Should

Слід, треба (порада)

Не слід, не треба

----------------------

Ought to

Слід, треба (порада)

Не слід, не треба

Modals

+V

+be+Ving

+have+Ved

Must

Скоріш за все, мабуть, напевно (взагалі)

Скоріш за все, мабуть, напевно (зараз)

Скоріш за все, мабуть, напевно (в минулому)

Can’t

Не може бути, щоб (взагалі)

Не може бути, щоб (зараз)

Не може бути, щоб (в минулому)

May/might/ could

Може, можливо (взагалі)

Може, можливо (зараз)

Може, можливо (в минулому)

May not/might not

Може не, можливо не (взагалі)

Може не, можливо не (зараз)

Може не, можливо не (в минулому)

Participle I (дієприкметник активного стану теперішнього часу)

Participle II (дієприкметник пасивного стану минулого часу)

Interesting – цікавий

Interested – зацікавлений

Impressing- вражаючий

Impressed- вражений

Tiring - стомлюючий

Tired- стомлений

Giving – той, що надає

Given - поданий

Leaves, falling from the trees, were red and brown. – Листя, що падало з дерев, було червоним та коричневим.

The fallen leaves lay on the ground. – Опале листя лежало на землі.

Auxiliary verb

Subject

Auxiliary verb

Predicate

Object

Adverbial modifier of

manner

place

time

+

They

------------

are

played

playing

football

very well

at school

yesterday.

now.

-

They

did not

are not

play

playing

football

very well

at school

yesterday.

now.

?

Did

Are

they

play

playing

football

very well

at school

yesterday.

now.

Present Simple -

“He phones me every day”.

Past Simple

She said that he phoned her every day.

Present Continuous -

“Jack is phoning you”.

Past Continuous

She said that Jack was phoning me then.

Present Perfect / Past Simple

“Jack has just phoned you”.                                “Jack phoned you yesterday”.

Past Perfect

She said that Jack had just phoned me.

She said that Jack had phoned me the day before.

Future Simple

“Jack will phone you tomorrow”.

Future-in the Past

She said that Jack would phone me the next day.