НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПАКЕТ

«АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ЗА ПРОФЕСІЙНИМ СПРЯМУВАННЯМ»
11 клас, історико-правовий профіль
0,5 години на тиждень • 18 уроків

Призначення матеріалів. Пакет розрахований на короткий курс професійно орієнтованої англійської для учнів 11 класу історико-правового профілю. Матеріали поєднують англійську мову з історією, правом, громадянською освітою та професійною орієнтацією.

Принцип добору. Тексти в цьому пакеті написані або адаптовані для шкільного використання автором цього матеріалу; офіційні джерела використовуються для фактологічної основи. Це дає змогу не відтворювати великі фрагменти захищених авторським правом посібників.

1. Нормативна та методична основа

• Чинна програма «Англійська мова. 10–11 класи. Профільний рівень» МОН України — для визначення мовленнєвих, лексичних, соціокультурних і загальнонавчальних результатів.

• Офіційна сторінка МОН з навчальними програмами для 10–11 класів.

• В. Бондаренко. English for Specific Purposes: Law in Use. ЛьвДУВС, 2024 — методичне джерело для професійної юридичної лексики; посібник містить 12 уроків і призначений насамперед для здобувачів вищої освіти, тому в цьому пакеті його матеріал не відтворюється дослівно, а використовується як орієнтир.

• Офіційні матеріали OHCHR, Ради Європи, Європейської комісії/EUR-Lex та інституцій ЄС — для тем прав людини, ЄКПЛ, верховенства права та європейських цінностей.

2. Календарно-тематичний розподіл

№	Тема	Основний результат
1	English for History and Law. Introduction	Уживає базову історико-правову лексику.
2	Historical Sources and Evidence	Розрізняє види історичних джерел і пояснює роль evidence.
3	Ancient Law and Roman Law	Пояснює вплив римського права на сучасну правову традицію.
4	Kyivan Rus and Ruska Pravda	Описує Ruska Pravda як історичну правову пам’ятку.
5	The Pylyp Orlyk Constitution	Порівнює окремі ідеї Конституції Пилипа Орлика з сучасним конституціоналізмом.
6	The Rule of Law	Пояснює поняття rule of law.
7	Human Rights and Freedoms	Обговорює базові права та свободи.
8	The Constitution and the State	Описує поняття constitution, state, sovereignty, authority.
9	Revision: History and Law Vocabulary	Систематизує професійну лексику І семестру.
10	Parliament and Law-Making	Описує базову логіку проходження законопроєкту.
11	The Judiciary and Courts	Уживає основну лексику судового процесу.
12	Crime and Punishment	Розрізняє crime, offence, suspect, victim, punishment.
13	Police and Law Enforcement	Веде простий професійно орієнтований діалог.
14	Legal Professions	Описує юридичні професії та професійні обов’язки.
15	Civil and Criminal Law	Порівнює civil і criminal law.
16	International Law and Human Rights	Пояснює роль міжнародних договорів і механізмів захисту прав людини.
17	Ukraine and European Legal Values	Аргументує значення демократії, прав людини та верховенства права.
18	Final Project: History and Law in English	Представляє короткий історико-правовий проєкт англійською.

3. Практичні матеріали до 18 уроків

Примітка: усі тексти нижче є авторськими навчальними адаптаціями. Офіційні документи та сторінки, наведені у списку джерел, використовуються як фактологічна база; дослівні великі фрагменти джерел не відтворюються.

Lesson 1. English for History and Law. Introduction

Reading / teaching text

Law is a system of rules that helps people live together in society. Laws define rights and duties and set limits on the actions of individuals and public authorities. A legal system includes institutions such as courts, law-enforcement bodies and legislative institutions. Justice is closely connected with fair treatment and equal application of the law.

History and law are also connected. Historical documents, laws and court records can help us understand how societies changed. For students interested in history and law, English is useful because many legal terms and international documents are written or discussed in English. It also helps future students read sources, communicate with people from other countries and compare legal systems.

A good legal discussion requires precise language. We need to distinguish a right from a duty, a law from a rule, and evidence from an opinion. Professional English is therefore not only about learning difficult words. It is about using the right words in the right context.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
law	право; закон
legal system	правова система
justice	справедливість; правосуддя
right	право
duty	обов’язок
authority	орган влади; повноваження
court	суд
evidence	докази
source	джерело
rule	правило; норма

Tasks

1. Match: 1 law 2 evidence 3 court 4 duty 5 justice — a) a legal responsibility b) a place/institution where cases are heard c) information used to prove something d) the system of rules e) fair treatment under law.

2. Complete: A legal system includes ______, courts and law-enforcement bodies.

3. Choose: A right is (a legal entitlement / a punishment). A duty is (a responsibility / a court).

4. Answer in English: Why can English be useful for a future historian or lawyer?

5. Speaking: Explain the difference between a right and a duty in two or three sentences.

Homework. Learn the 10 terms. Write 5 sentences using at least five of them.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a, 5-e. 2: courts. 3: right=legal entitlement; duty=responsibility. 4–5: open answers.

Lesson 2. Historical Sources and Evidence

Reading / teaching text

Historians work with evidence. Evidence is information that helps us understand what happened in the past. It may come from written documents, laws, letters, newspapers, photographs, maps, official records or objects. A source can be primary or secondary. A primary source was created during the period being studied, while a secondary source explains or analyses information from other sources.

Legal professionals also work with evidence, but they ask different questions. They may need to establish facts in a particular case. A witness can provide testimony about what they saw or heard. A document can confirm a date, an agreement or an official decision. However, evidence must be examined carefully. A source may be incomplete, biased or inaccurate.

Both historians and lawyers need critical thinking. They compare information, check its origin and distinguish facts from interpretations. This is why the words source, evidence, testimony and record are important in both historical and legal English.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
primary source	первинне джерело
secondary source	вторинне джерело
evidence	докази; свідчення
witness	свідок
testimony	свідчення
record	запис; офіційний документ
bias	упередженість
reliable	надійний
document	документ
interpretation	тлумачення

Tasks

1. Classify as primary (P) or secondary (S): a medieval charter; a modern textbook about medieval law; a diary written in 1944; a historian’s article.

2. Match: witness–testimony; source–evidence; record–official information.

3. True/False: Every source is automatically reliable. / A primary source was created during the period studied.

4. Find two questions a researcher should ask before trusting a source.

5. Speaking: Which source would you trust more for a historical fact and why?

Homework. Choose one historical source connected with Ukraine and describe it in 6–8 sentences in English.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: P, S, P, S. 3: False; True. Other items: open answers supported by the text.

Lesson 3. Ancient Law and Roman Law

Reading / teaching text

Roman law developed over many centuries and influenced legal traditions in Europe. Roman jurists created concepts and legal principles concerning property, contracts, family relations and obligations. One important feature of Roman legal thinking was the attempt to define rules and apply them to particular situations.

Roman law was not identical to modern law. Roman society had different social structures and ideas about citizenship and rights. Nevertheless, many legal terms and concepts developed in Roman law later influenced European legal education and legal systems.

Studying Roman law helps students understand that law changes with society. Legal institutions are shaped by historical experience. A legal rule may begin in one period, be interpreted differently later and eventually influence modern legislation. This connection between history and law is especially important for students who study the development of European legal traditions.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
Roman law	римське право
jurist	правознавець
property	власність; майно
contract	договір
obligation	зобов’язання
citizenship	громадянство
legal principle	правовий принцип
tradition	традиція
legislation	законодавство
influence	впливати

Tasks

1. Complete: Roman ______ influenced many European legal traditions.

2. Match: property–things a person legally owns; contract–a legal agreement; citizenship–legal membership of a state.

3. True/False: Roman law and modern law are exactly the same.

4. Give two examples of areas influenced by Roman legal thinking.

5. Compare: What can a modern legal system learn from history?

Homework. Write 8–10 sentences: Why is Roman law important in the history of European law?

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: law. 3: False. 4: property, contracts, family relations/obligations. Other: open.

Lesson 4. Kyivan Rus and Ruska Pravda

Reading / teaching text

Ruska Pravda is one of the best-known legal monuments of Kyivan Rus. It developed over time and is associated with the rulers of Kyivan Rus, including Yaroslav the Wise and his successors. The text contains rules concerning property, conflicts, offences and compensation.

Ruska Pravda reflects the society of its time. It did not create a modern system of criminal or civil law, but it shows how communities attempted to regulate behaviour and resolve disputes. Some offences were connected with property, violence or damage. In a number of cases, compensation was an important response.

For historians, Ruska Pravda is a valuable source because it provides information about social relations, economic life and ideas about justice. For students of law, it demonstrates how legal rules can develop from social needs and historical circumstances. Studying it in English also gives students an opportunity to describe an important part of Ukrainian legal history to an international audience.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
legal monument	правова пам’ятка
code	кодекс; звід норм
offence	правопорушення
compensation	відшкодування
property	майно
dispute	спір
damage	шкода
rule	норма
successor	наступник
social relations	суспільні відносини

Tasks

1. Put in order: social need → rule → dispute → legal response.

2. Find in the text three areas regulated by Ruska Pravda.

3. Complete: Compensation can be a response to ______.

4. Why is Ruska Pravda important for historians?

5. Speaking: Explain in 1 minute what Ruska Pravda is.

Homework. Prepare a 1-minute English presentation about Ruska Pravda.

Teacher's key / expected answers

2: property, conflicts, offences/compensation. 3: an offence/damage where compensation is relevant. Other: open.

Lesson 5. The Pylyp Orlyk Constitution

Reading / teaching text

The document commonly known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was adopted in 1710 in the context of the Ukrainian Cossack state. Its full historical title refers to agreements and rights concerning the political organisation of the Hetmanate. The document is important in the history of Ukrainian political and legal thought.

Among its ideas were limits on the ruler’s power, the role of representatives and attention to the rights and interests of the Cossack community. It is important to study the document in its historical context rather than simply describe it as identical to a modern constitution.

A constitution is a fundamental legal document that establishes the basic principles of a state and the organisation of public power. Modern constitutionalism also emphasises human rights, separation of powers and limits on governmental authority. Studying historical constitutional ideas helps students understand how political institutions and ideas about government developed over time.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
constitution	конституція
ruler	правитель
power	влада
representative	представник
authority	повноваження; влада
limit	обмежувати
separation of powers	поділ влади
government	уряд; державна влада
political organisation	політична організація
constitutionalism	конституціоналізм

Tasks

1. Complete: A constitution establishes basic principles of a ______.

2. Match: ruler–a person who governs; representative–a person acting for others; authority–official power.

3. Find two ideas in the text connected with limiting power.

4. Why is historical context important when studying the document?

5. Compare in a Venn diagram: historical constitutional ideas / modern constitutionalism.

Homework. Write 6–8 sentences comparing one idea of the Pylyp Orlyk Constitution with a modern constitutional principle.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: state. 3: limits on ruler’s power; representative role/rights. Other: open.

Lesson 6. The Rule of Law

Reading / teaching text

The rule of law means that public power is exercised according to law and that laws apply to everyone. It is closely connected with democracy, human rights and independent courts. A society based on the rule of law should not depend on the personal wishes of a powerful individual.

Several principles are commonly associated with the rule of law. They include legality, legal certainty, equality before the law, separation of powers and effective judicial protection. Independent and impartial courts are important because people need a way to challenge unlawful decisions and protect their rights.

The rule of law is not simply the existence of many laws. Laws should be clear enough to guide people, public authorities should act within their legal powers, and institutions should be accountable. For young people, the idea can be understood through everyday situations: rules should be known in advance, applied fairly and not changed arbitrarily for one person.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
rule of law	верховенство права
legality	законність
legal certainty	правова визначеність
equality before the law	рівність перед законом
accountable	підзвітний
independent court	незалежний суд
impartial	неупереджений
arbitrary	свавільний
public authority	орган публічної влади
judicial protection	судовий захист

Tasks

1. Choose the correct idea: rule of law means (law applies to everyone / one person is above the law).

2. Match the principles with meanings: legality, equality, judicial protection, accountability.

3. Case: A school rule is changed secretly after one student breaks it. Is this fair? Why?

4. Name three principles of the rule of law from the text.

5. Speaking: Complete the sentence: A society needs the rule of law because…

Homework. Write your own 3–4 sentence definition of the rule of law.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: law applies to everyone. 3: not fair because rules should be known and applied consistently. 4: legality, certainty, equality, separation of powers, judicial protection/accountability.

Lesson 7. Human Rights and Freedoms

Reading / teaching text

Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person. International human-rights documents recognise rights connected with dignity, equality, freedom, security and participation in society. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 and became a landmark document in the history of human rights.

Human rights are universal, but protecting them requires institutions, laws and responsible behaviour. People may exercise freedom of expression, for example, but they also have responsibilities toward other people. Human rights education helps students understand both their own rights and the rights of others.

Important vocabulary includes dignity, equality, freedom, discrimination, privacy and protection. When discussing rights in English, students should learn to give reasons, refer to examples and distinguish a right from a preference. A preference is something we would like; a right is protected by law or recognised as a fundamental entitlement.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
human rights	права людини
freedom	свобода
dignity	гідність
equality	рівність
discrimination	дискримінація
privacy	приватність
protection	захист
expression	вираження поглядів
entitlement	право/належне право
responsibility	відповідальність

Tasks

1. Match: dignity–the value and worth of a person; privacy–the right to keep personal matters protected; discrimination–unfair treatment.

2. Name five human rights or freedoms.

3. Right or preference? ‘I want a new phone.’ / ‘I should be treated equally before the law.’

4. Why do rights also involve responsibilities?

5. Mini-debate: Should freedom of expression have limits when it seriously harms another person’s rights?

Homework. Prepare a list of 8 human rights and write one sentence about why each matters.

Teacher's key / expected answers

4: e.g. freedom of expression, equality, dignity, privacy, security. 3: first preference; second right. Other: open.

Lesson 8. The Constitution and the State

Reading / teaching text

A constitution is the fundamental legal framework of a state. It defines basic principles of the political system, establishes institutions of public power and protects fundamental rights. In Ukraine, the Constitution was adopted on 28 June 1996.

The state exercises public authority through institutions. These institutions have different functions and powers. The principle of separation of powers helps prevent excessive concentration of power. In a democratic state, public authorities are expected to act according to law and respect constitutional rights.

Key terms include sovereignty, citizenship, government, parliament, judiciary and executive power. Students can use these words to describe how a state is organised. When comparing countries, it is important to remember that constitutional systems may use different structures and terminology.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
constitution	конституція
sovereignty	суверенітет
citizenship	громадянство
public authority	публічна влада
parliament	парламент
judiciary	судова влада; судова система
executive power	виконавча влада
legislative power	законодавча влада
state	держава
constitutional rights	конституційні права

Tasks

1. Complete: The Constitution is the fundamental legal ______ of a state.

2. Match the three branches with: making laws / implementing policy and laws / interpreting and applying law through courts.

3. Answer: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

4. Why is separation of powers important?

5. Speaking: Describe Ukraine as a state using at least six vocabulary items.

Homework. Write 6 sentences about the Constitution of Ukraine.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: framework. 2: legislative–making laws; executive–implementing laws/policy; judiciary–courts/applying/interpreting law. 3: 28 June 1996.

Lesson 9. Revision: History and Law Vocabulary

Reading / teaching text

Revision lesson. Use the vocabulary from Lessons 1–8. The key aim is to move from recognition of terms to active use. Students should be able to explain basic legal concepts, describe historical legal sources and discuss rights and constitutional ideas.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
law	право/закон
evidence	докази
source	джерело
constitution	конституція
right	право
duty	обов’язок
rule of law	верховенство права
justice	правосуддя
authority	влада/повноваження
sovereignty	суверенітет
offence	правопорушення
court	суд

Tasks

1. Define five terms without translating them.

2. Complete: A constitution… / Evidence… / The rule of law… / A court…

3. Odd one out: court, judge, evidence, parliament.

4. Correct the errors: ‘A witness is a legal document.’ ‘A constitution is a type of punishment.’

5. Speaking cards: Explain one historical and one modern legal concept in 60 seconds.

Homework. Prepare for a 10-item vocabulary check. Suggested format: definitions + matching + sentence completion.

Teacher's key / expected answers

Open except classification: court/judge/evidence/parliament → parliament is the odd one out.

Lesson 10. Parliament and Law-Making

Reading / teaching text

In a democratic system, parliament is a central legislative institution. One of its main functions is to consider and adopt laws. The exact law-making procedure differs from country to country, but it normally includes several stages.

A proposed law may begin as a bill. The bill is discussed, examined and possibly amended. Members of parliament debate its provisions and vote. If the required procedure is completed, the bill can become law according to the constitutional rules of the country.

Law-making involves more than voting. Public discussion, expert analysis and consideration of possible consequences can improve the quality of legislation. Students can understand the process by simulating a parliament: one group proposes a bill, another group asks questions, and the class votes after discussion.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
parliament	парламент
legislative	законодавчий
bill	законопроєкт
draft law	проєкт закону
amendment	поправка
debate	дебати
vote	голосувати; голос
provision	положення
adopt	ухвалювати
legislation	законодавство

Tasks

1. Put in a logical order: debate – proposal/bill – amendments – vote – adoption according to procedure.

2. Match: bill–a proposed law; amendment–a change to a text; debate–formal discussion.

3. Why can a bill be amended?

4. Mini role-play: ‘Youth and Digital Safety Bill’ — proposer, critics, voters.

5. Write one argument for and one against a proposed school-related law.

Homework. Create a five-step flow chart: From Bill to Law.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: bill/proposal → debate → amendments → vote → adoption. Other: open.

Lesson 11. The Judiciary and Courts

Reading / teaching text

The judiciary is the branch of government concerned with courts and the administration of justice. A court considers a case according to applicable law and evidence. The exact structure of courts varies between countries.

Common legal roles include judge, claimant or plaintiff, defendant, prosecutor and defence lawyer, depending on the type of case and legal system. A hearing is a formal court session. After considering the case, a court may issue a judgment or decision. In criminal proceedings, a verdict may determine whether a defendant is guilty according to the applicable legal rules.

Appeal procedures allow certain decisions to be reviewed by a higher court. Independent and impartial courts are important for protecting rights and ensuring that legal disputes are resolved according to law.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
judiciary	судова влада
hearing	судове засідання
judge	суддя
plaintiff/claimant	позивач
defendant	відповідач/обвинувачений залежно від контексту
prosecutor	прокурор
defence lawyer	захисник
judgment	судове рішення
appeal	апеляція; оскарження
verdict	вердикт

Tasks

1. Match participant–role: judge, prosecutor, defence lawyer, plaintiff.

2. Complete: A case may be reviewed on ______.

3. True/False: Courts should be impartial.

4. Arrange a simplified hearing: opening – evidence – questions – closing – decision.

5. Role-play: judge / prosecutor / defence lawyer / witness.

Homework. Learn 10 terms and write 5 sentences describing a court hearing.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: judge–decides; prosecutor–presents public case where applicable; defence lawyer–defends; plaintiff–brings civil claim. 2: appeal. 3: True.

Lesson 12. Crime and Punishment

Reading / teaching text

A crime is an act or omission defined as an offence by law and subject to legal consequences. Legal systems distinguish different categories of offences and establish procedures for investigating and deciding cases.

In a criminal case, terms such as suspect, accused person, victim, witness and evidence may be used at different stages. A person suspected of an offence is not automatically guilty. A court must consider the case according to the applicable law and procedural safeguards.

Punishment and other legal consequences depend on the law and the circumstances of a case. The purpose and forms of criminal justice differ between legal systems, but fairness, due process and protection of rights are important principles in modern justice systems.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
crime	злочин
offence	правопорушення
suspect	підозрюваний
accused person	обвинувачений
victim	потерпілий
witness	свідок
investigation	розслідування
punishment	покарання
due process	належна правова процедура
guilty	винний

Tasks

1. Match: suspect–a person suspected of an offence; witness–a person who gives relevant information; victim–a person harmed by an offence.

2. Why should we not say that a suspect is guilty?

3. Complete: The court considers the case according to ______.

4. Classify: crime / witness / punishment / evidence.

5. Case discussion: What should a fair criminal justice system protect?

Homework. Write a short glossary of 8 terms and give one example sentence for each.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: suspect, witness, victim. 2: presumption and due process; a suspect is not automatically guilty. 3: applicable law.

Lesson 13. Police and Law Enforcement

Reading / teaching text

Law-enforcement bodies help maintain public safety and investigate suspected offences. Police officers may collect information, speak to witnesses, secure relevant evidence and carry out other actions authorised by law.

An investigation is a process of establishing facts. A witness may provide information about what they saw or heard. Investigators must distinguish reliable information from assumptions. Evidence should be handled according to legal procedures.

Professional communication is important. A police officer may need to ask clear questions, explain a procedure and listen carefully. A witness should communicate facts rather than guesses. In English practice, students can simulate a short interview using a fictional, non-violent situation such as a lost bicycle or a damaged school property case.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
law enforcement	правоохоронна діяльність
police officer	поліцейський
investigation	розслідування
witness	свідок
statement	заява; свідчення
question	запитання
evidence	доказ
procedure	процедура
fact	факт
assumption	припущення

Tasks

1. Choose: A witness should give (facts / guesses) when possible.

2. Match: statement, evidence, investigation, procedure.

3. Complete a dialogue: Officer: What did you see? Witness: I saw…

4. Role-play: police officer–witness about a fictional lost bicycle.

5. Reflect: Why must professional questions be clear and neutral?

Homework. Write an 8–10-line dialogue between a police officer and a witness about a fictional lost item.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: facts. 3: accept varied sensible completion. 5: clarity and neutrality reduce misunderstanding and bias.

Lesson 14. Legal Professions

Reading / teaching text

The legal profession includes many different roles. A lawyer may advise clients, prepare legal documents and represent a client within the law. A prosecutor represents the public interest in criminal proceedings where appropriate under the national legal system. A judge is responsible for deciding cases impartially according to law. A notary performs legally defined functions related to documents and transactions. A legal adviser may provide legal support to an organisation.

Different legal professions require different skills: careful reading, logical thinking, clear communication, attention to detail and professional ethics. English can help legal professionals read international materials and communicate across borders.

Career choice should be based not only on prestige but also on interests and strengths. A student who enjoys public speaking may like advocacy, while someone who prefers research may enjoy legal analysis.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
lawyer	юрист/адвокат залежно від контексту
prosecutor	прокурор
judge	суддя
notary	нотаріус
legal adviser	юрисконсульт/правовий радник
client	клієнт
advocacy	адвокатська діяльність/захист
legal document	юридичний документ
ethics	етика
legal analysis	правовий аналіз

Tasks

1. Match profession–function.

2. Which skills are important for legal professionals? Choose five.

3. Complete: A judge should act ______.

4. Speaking: Which legal profession interests you most and why?

5. Pair task: interview your partner about their imagined legal career.

Homework. Write 100–120 words: ‘The legal profession I would choose’.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: judge–decides cases; prosecutor–represents public case where applicable; lawyer–advises/represents; notary–legally defined document/transaction functions. 3: impartially.

Lesson 15. Civil and Criminal Law

Reading / teaching text

Civil and criminal law deal with different kinds of legal matters. Civil law commonly concerns relationships between individuals or organisations, including disputes about contracts, property or compensation. Criminal law concerns offences against the law for which the state may impose criminal consequences.

In a civil case, terms such as plaintiff or claimant, defendant, claim, contract and damages may be used. In a criminal case, terms such as suspect, accused person, prosecutor, victim and evidence are common.

The distinction is useful for understanding legal news and basic court procedures. However, exact terminology and procedures differ between legal systems. Students should therefore avoid translating legal terms word for word without considering context.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
civil law	цивільне право
criminal law	кримінальне право
claim	позовна вимога
plaintiff/claimant	позивач
defendant	відповідач
damages	відшкодування збитків
contract	договір
criminal proceedings	кримінальне провадження
case	справа
dispute	спір

Tasks

1. Sort into CIVIL or CRIMINAL: contract dispute; theft offence; compensation claim; prosecution.

2. Match plaintiff, defendant, prosecutor, victim.

3. Why can legal terminology change depending on context?

4. Create a two-column comparison: purpose, participants, typical matters.

5. Case cards: Decide whether each fictional situation is mainly civil or criminal.

Homework. Complete a comparison table of civil and criminal law and learn 10 terms.

Teacher's key / expected answers

1: civil: contract dispute, compensation claim; criminal: theft offence, prosecution. 2: plaintiff–claim; defendant–respond; prosecutor–public case; victim–person harmed.

Lesson 16. International Law and Human Rights

Reading / teaching text

International law consists of rules and principles that govern relations involving states and other international actors. Treaties and conventions are important sources of international legal obligations. International human-rights law provides standards for protecting people and their freedoms.

The European Convention on Human Rights is a major Council of Europe instrument. It protects a range of rights and provides a system through which applications can reach the European Court of Human Rights under the conditions established by the Convention.

Students should distinguish an international organisation, a treaty and a court. They should also understand that international legal systems do not simply replace national law. Instead, international commitments interact with domestic legal systems according to constitutional and legal rules.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
international law	міжнародне право
treaty	договір; міжнародний договір
convention	конвенція
obligation	зобов’язання
human-rights law	право у сфері прав людини
international organisation	міжнародна організація
application	заява/скарга до міжнародного органу
court	суд
protection	захист
commitment	зобов’язання

Tasks

1. Match treaty–formal international agreement; convention–international legal instrument; obligation–a legal responsibility.

2. Name two purposes of international human-rights law.

3. What is the European Convention on Human Rights?

4. Why should students distinguish international and national law?

5. Speaking: Why are international standards important for human rights?

Homework. Choose one international human-rights instrument and prepare 8–10 sentences about it.

Teacher's key / expected answers

2: protect rights and establish common standards. 3: major Council of Europe human-rights instrument. Other: open.

Lesson 17. Ukraine and European Legal Values

Reading / teaching text

European legal and political cooperation is based on values such as human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights. These values are reflected in the founding treaties of the European Union and in wider European human-rights instruments.

For Ukraine, European integration also involves legal and institutional development. Understanding common values helps students discuss citizenship, democratic participation and the protection of rights. It also provides useful English for discussing European institutions and international cooperation.

European values should not be treated as a list of abstract words. Democracy involves participation; equality requires equal treatment; the rule of law requires lawful and accountable public power; human rights require effective protection. Students can connect each value with a practical example from school, community or public life.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
human dignity	людська гідність
democracy	демократія
equality	рівність
rule of law	верховенство права
accountability	підзвітність
participation	участь
citizenship	громадянство
integration	інтеграція
fundamental rights	основоположні права
justice	справедливість/правосуддя

Tasks

1. Match each value with a practical example: democracy, equality, rule of law, dignity.

2. Complete: Public authorities should be ______ to the law.

3. Why is participation important in a democracy?

4. Mini-debate: Which value is most important for a democratic society? Give reasons.

5. Create a ‘values map’ with five values and one example for each.

Homework. Prepare five arguments for the statement: ‘European legal values are important for Ukraine.’

Teacher's key / expected answers

2: accountable/subject. 3: citizens help shape public decisions. Other: open.

Lesson 18. Final Project: History and Law in English

Reading / teaching text

Final project lesson. Students choose one topic from the course and prepare a short English presentation. Suggested topics are: Ruska Pravda; the Pylyp Orlyk Constitution; the rule of law; human rights; the Constitution of Ukraine; parliament and law-making; courts; legal professions; international human-rights law; European values.

A successful presentation should have a clear title, a short introduction, three or four key points and a conclusion. Students should use professional vocabulary accurately and avoid copying large passages from sources. They should explain information in their own words and name the sources used.

Active vocabulary

English	Українською
presentation	презентація
source	джерело
key point	ключовий пункт
evidence	доказ/підтвердження
conclusion	висновок
reference	посилання на джерело
compare	порівнювати
explain	пояснювати
argue	аргументувати
summarise	узагальнювати

Tasks

1. Choose a topic and make a 4-slide plan.

2. Write an opening sentence and a conclusion.

3. Select 8 professional terms to use.

4. Peer check: Is the presentation clear? Are sources named? Is the information in the student's own words?

5. Presentation: 2–3 minutes per student/group.

Homework. Finalise the presentation and submit the source list.

Teacher's key / expected answers

All tasks are project-based; assess accuracy, structure, vocabulary, speaking and source use.

4. Підсумкове оцінювання курсу

Рекомендований формат підсумкового мініпроєкту — 2–3 хвилини усного виступу або 4–6 слайдів.

Критерій	Макс.	Орієнтир
Зміст і фактологічна точність	4	Розкрито тему, немає суттєвих фактичних помилок
Професійна лексика	3	Коректно використано 6–10 термінів
Мовлення	3	Зрозуміле усне мовлення, зв’язність
Структура та аргументація	2	Вступ, основні пункти, висновок
Робота з джерелами	2	Названо використані джерела; немає копіювання великих фрагментів
Всього	14

5. Список використаних і рекомендованих джерел

1. Міністерство освіти і науки України. Англійська мова. 10–11 класи. Профільний рівень. Навчальна програма.

2. Міністерство освіти і науки України. Навчальні програми для 10–11 класів.

3. Бондаренко В. А. English for Specific Purposes: Law in Use: Tutorial. Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2024. 132 с.

4. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

5. European Court of Human Rights / Council of Europe. European Convention on Human Rights; simplified educational materials.

6. European Commission. What is the rule of law?

7. EUR-Lex. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union, Article 2.

8. European Union. Aims and values.

9. Конституція України. Офіційна база законодавства України (Верховна Рада України).

10. Історичні та правові відомості про Руську Правду, Конституцію Пилипа Орлика та розвиток української державності — для фактологічної адаптації навчальних текстів.

6. Веб-ресурси для вчителя

• МОН України — навчальні програми 10–11 класів: https://mon.gov.ua/osvita-2/zagalna-serednya-osvita/osvitni-programi/navchalni-programi-dlya-10-11-klasiv

• МОН України — програма English 10–11, профільний рівень: https://mon.gov.ua/static-objects/mon/sites/1/zagalna%20serednya/programy-10-11-klas/1-eng-pr.pdf

• ЛьвДУВС — English for Specific Purposes: Law in Use: https://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/7954

• OHCHR — Universal Declaration of Human Rights: https://europe.ohchr.org/universal-declaration-human-rights

• Council of Europe / ECHR — European Convention on Human Rights: https://www.echr.coe.int/en/european-convention-on-human-rights

• European Commission — What is the rule of law?: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/upholding-rule-law/rule-law/what-rule-law_en

• EUR-Lex — Treaty on European Union, Article 2: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/teu_2012/art_2/oj

• European Union — Aims and values: https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/principles-and-values/aims-and-values_en

Методична примітка. Для уроків із юридичною термінологією доцільно постійно нагадувати учням, що переклад юридичного терміна залежить від правової системи та контексту. Наприклад, lawyer, attorney, advocate, legal adviser не завжди є взаємозамінними. Матеріали цього пакета мають навчальний, а не юридично-консультаційний характер.

7. Граматичний модуль Legal English

Граматичний модуль інтегровано з тематикою 18 уроків. Його мета — навчити учнів розуміти й використовувати граматичні конструкції, характерні для професійно орієнтованого англійського мовлення та юридичних текстів. Важливо: у сучасному Legal English значення модальних дієслів залежить від контексту й типу документа; тому учням слід пояснювати не механічне правило «одне слово = одне юридичне значення», а функцію конструкції.

1. Modal verbs in legal English

Основні функції:
• shall — у договорах може встановлювати договірний обов’язок або правило, особливо щодо дій сторони;
• must — сильна вимога/необхідність, часто в правилах, законодавстві та інструкціях;
• may — право, дозвіл або дискреційна можливість;
• will — майбутня дія або домовленість; у договорах значення залежить від контексту;
• should — рекомендація, очікувана або бажана дія, а не найсильніша юридична вимога.

Приклади:
The Seller shall deliver the goods within 30 days.
The Buyer must provide the documents.
Either party may terminate the Agreement.
The parties will meet next week.
The applicant should submit the form before Friday.

Вправи

1. 1. Choose: The Seller ___ deliver the goods within 30 days. (shall / may)

2. 2. Choose: Either party ___ terminate the Agreement by written notice. (may / must)

3. 3. Rewrite using a stronger requirement: The notice should be in writing.

4. 4. Complete: The applicant ___ provide accurate information. (must / may)

5. 5. Translate into English: «Сторона має право розірвати договір».

6. 6. Explain the difference between shall, may and must in the examples.

Ключі. 1 shall; 2 may; 3 The notice must be in writing.; 4 must; 5 The party may terminate the Agreement. 6 open explanation: shall = contractual obligation/rule in context; may = permission/right; must = strong requirement.

2. First Conditional and legal conditions

First Conditional: If + Present Simple, will/shall + infinitive.
У професійному мовленні конструкція використовується для опису реальної або можливої умови та її наслідку.

If the Client fails to pay, the Contractor shall charge a penalty.

Юридичні замінники:
provided that — за умови, що;
provided — за умови;
subject to — з урахуванням / за умови дотримання;
in the event that — у разі якщо;
in the event of + noun — у разі;
in case — у разі, якщо.

Зверніть увагу: після if / provided that / in case для майбутнього значення зазвичай не вживаємо will у підрядній частині.

Вправи

1. 1. If the Buyer ___ (fail) to pay, the Seller ___ (send) a notice.

2. 2. If the documents are incomplete, the application ___ (not / be) accepted.

3. 3. Rewrite with provided that: The licence is renewable if the fee is paid.

4. 4. Complete with in the event of: ___ a breach, the contract may be terminated.

5. 5. Complete with subject to: ___ Section 4, liability is limited.

6. 6. Make one legal conditional sentence about a school rule.

Ключі. 1 fails / shall send (will send also possible depending on context); 2 will not be accepted; 3 The licence is renewable provided that the fee is paid.; 4 In the event of; 5 Subject to; 6 open answer.

3. Passive Voice in legal texts

Пасивний стан часто використовується, коли важливіші дія, процедура або об’єкт, ніж виконавець.

Active: The court issued the decision.
Passive: The decision was issued by the court.

У нормативних і договірних текстах:
Payments shall be made by bank transfer.
The documents must be submitted before Friday.
The application will be considered within ten days.

Формула: be + Past Participle (V3). Час визначається формою be.

Вправи

1. 1. Change to passive: The court issued the decision.

2. 2. Change to passive: The parties shall sign the agreement.

3. 3. Complete: The documents must ___ (submit) before Friday.

4. 4. Complete: The application ___ (consider) within ten days.

5. 5. Change to active: The contract was signed by both parties.

6. 6. Write one passive sentence about a legal document.

Ключі. 1 The decision was issued by the court. 2 The agreement shall be signed by the parties. 3 be submitted. 4 will be considered. 5 Both parties signed the contract. 6 open answer.

4. Articles, defined terms and pronoun substitutes

У договорах та інших юридичних текстах важлива послідовність у називанні сторін і документів. Визначені терміни можуть писатися з великої літери: the Buyer, the Seller, the Agreement, the Parties. Якщо термін уже визначено в документі, його назву бажано використовувати послідовно.

У традиційній юридичній мові можна зустріти such, said, aforesaid, the same. Для шкільного курсу важливо пояснити, що частина таких форм є архаїчною або надмірно формальною. У сучасному Plain English часто краще використовувати прості займенники: it, they, them, this, that, these, those.

Example:
If the goods are defective, they shall be returned.
Traditional: If the goods are defective, such goods shall be returned.

Вправи

1. 1. Choose: ___ Buyer shall pay the price. (The / A)

2. 2. Replace the repetition: The Seller shall inspect the goods and the Seller shall report the results.

3. 3. Replace formal such goods with a clear pronoun.

4. 4. Choose: The Agreement / agreement defines the rights of the Parties.

5. 5. Rewrite in clearer modern English: The Landlord shall repair the roof and maintain the same in good condition.

6. 6. Explain why consistent defined terms are useful.

Ключі. 1 The; 2 The Seller shall inspect the goods and shall report the results. / The Seller shall inspect the goods and report the results.; 3 they; 4 The Agreement (when it is a defined document title); 5 The Landlord shall repair the roof and maintain it in good condition.; 6 open explanation: precision and consistency.

5. Participle Clauses

Participle clauses допомагають стисло поєднати інформацію.

Present participle (-ing):
Excluding the cases provided by law, the rule applies to all cases.

Past participle (V3):
Documents required by law must be submitted.

Повна форма може бути:
The documents that are required by law must be submitted.

Учням важливо наголосити, що скорочений зворот має логічно стосуватися підмета основного речення.

Вправи

1. 1. Rewrite using a participle clause: The documents that are required by law must be submitted.

2. 2. Complete: ___ (exclude) the exceptions, the rule applies to all cases.

3. 3. Rewrite: The evidence that was collected by the police was examined.

4. 4. Identify the participle clause: Having reviewed the documents, the lawyer prepared the report.

5. 5. Write one sentence with a present participle clause.

Ключі. 1 Documents required by law must be submitted.; 2 Excluding; 3 The evidence collected by the police was examined.; 4 Having reviewed the documents; 5 open answer.

6. Infinitive of purpose in legal writing

Інфінітив може виражати мету, особливо в інструкціях і формальному професійному мовленні:
To comply with the law, the company must keep accurate records.
The parties must sign the document to confirm their agreement.

Інші поширені моделі:
in order to + infinitive — щоб;
to be + V3 — для того, щоб бути...
to ensure that + clause — щоб забезпечити, що...

Вправи

1. 1. Join: The company keeps records. It wants to comply with the law.

2. 2. Rewrite using in order to: The lawyer checked the document so that he could avoid an error.

3. 3. Complete: The parties signed the agreement ___ confirm their obligations.

4. 4. Write a sentence with to ensure that.

Ключі. 1 The company keeps records to comply with the law.; 2 The lawyer checked the document in order to avoid an error.; 3 to; 4 open answer.

8. Розподіл граматики за 18 уроками

Урок	Граматичний фокус	Практичне застосування
1	Modal verbs: shall, may, must, will, should	Зобов’язання, право, дозвіл, рекомендація
2	First Conditional	Реальні умови та наслідки
3	Passive Voice	Опис процедур і юридичних дій
4	Articles and defined terms	Точність назв сторін і документів
5	Participle Clauses	Стислі формальні конструкції
6	Infinitive of purpose	Мета юридичної дії
7	Modal verbs + Passive	Human rights: must be protected, may be limited
8	Passive Voice + relative clauses	Constitutional language
9	Grammar revision	Повторення 1–8
10	First Conditional + shall/must	Умови законодавчого процесу
11	Passive + modal verbs	Court procedures: may be appealed, must be heard
12	Passive + Conditionals	Crime, responsibility and legal consequences
13	Question forms + reported information	Police interviews and statements
14	Relative clauses + infinitives	Legal professions and duties
15	Contrast structures + Passive	Civil vs criminal law
16	Passive + Conditionals	International law and human rights
17	Modal verbs + conditionals	European values and public responsibilities
18	Integrated grammar revision	Проєкт і мовне редагування презентації

9. Додатковий граматичний тренажер

A. Modals

1. The defendant ___ be informed of the decision. (must / may)
2. The parties ___ terminate the agreement by mutual consent. (may / must)
3. The notice ___ be sent in writing. (shall / may)
4. You ___ submit false information. (must not / may)

B. Conditionals

1. If the applicant fails to provide the documents, the application ___ (be) rejected.
2. The agreement is valid provided that both parties ___ (sign) it.
3. In the event of a breach, the injured party ___ (may / must) seek a remedy.

C. Passive

1. The contract ___ (sign) yesterday.
2. The documents must ___ (keep) safely.
3. The case will ___ (hear) next week.
4. The decision ___ (issue) by the court.

D. Editing

Improve the sentence: ‘The Seller shall deliver the goods and the Seller shall maintain the goods.’
Rewrite in modern plain English: ‘The Landlord shall maintain the same.’

Ключі до тренажера: A — 1 must, 2 may, 3 shall, 4 must not. B — 1 will be, 2 sign, 3 may. C — 1 was signed, 2 be kept, 3 be heard, 4 was issued. D — можливі відповіді: ‘The Seller shall deliver and maintain the goods.’ / ‘The Landlord shall maintain it.’

10. Методичні зауваги для вчителя

• Не варто подавати shall як універсальний «юридичний майбутній час». Його значення залежить від жанру й контексту документа.

• У сучасному юридичному письмі перевага часто надається Plain English: чітким реченням, активному стану там, де важливо назвати виконавця, та простим займенникам замість архаїчних said/same/aforesaid.

• Для 0,5 години на тиждень граматику краще інтегрувати в тематичний урок: 8–10 хвилин пояснення + 10 хвилин контрольованої практики + 5 хвилин застосування в юридичній ситуації.

• Оцінювати доцільно не лише правильність форми, а й уміння вибрати конструкцію відповідно до комунікативної функції: обов’язок, право, дозвіл, умова, процедура, мета.

11. Додані джерела з Legal English та граматики

11. Bondarenko, V. A. English for Specific Purposes: Law in Use. Lviv State University of Internal Affairs, 2024.

12. NCB Training. Contract Drafting in Legal English — матеріали про формулювання договірних положень.

13. JustSchool. «Юридична англійська: базові терміни, поради та пояснення».

14. Pravo.ua. «Юридична англійська: гайд для правників».

15. LawExplores. Drafting Legal Documents: Language and Structure.

16. Yappi. Матеріали з граматики англійської мови.

17. EnglishDom. Англійська для юристів: лексика та ресурси для вивчення.

18. Wolters Kluwer. Матеріали про мову та структуру юридичних документів.

19. HSA. The Legal Language Tree: матеріали про граматичні особливості юридичної англійської.